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Lightshelves unfold on the façade. ZVK Verwaltungsgebäude in Wiesbaden, Arch. T. Herzog. Image: Herzog u. Partner
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In this paper, we explore an integrated approach blending active, mechanical systems in whole, comprehensive façade systems. To do so, we draw a state of the art of these technologies and analyze their performance in several cases of study built in Germany the last years. We conclu de outlining the key elements an integrated façade should consider,...
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This paper pays particular attention to the passive/active interface in mathematics, which has its own special dynamics and tension and can form an impenetrable learning barrier. Though psychological and invisible, this barrier is common but largely neglected in traditional methods of teaching mathematics. The purpose of this brief paper is to draw...
Citations
... Para Laranja (2010), o Estilo Internacional incorporou as inovações tecnológicas, tornando a arquitetura independente do clima ao ignorar a posição geográfica, o entorno, a orientação de fachadas, a iluminação natural, trazendo assim prejuízos para a arquitetura. A fachada da edificação perde a importância no controle de luz e calor, sendo transferida tal função para os sistemas mecânicos de aquecimento, refrigeração e iluminação artificial (CASTRILLÓN, 2009). ...
The curtain wall is a widespread glass facade system in architecture from the international aesthetics of the Modern Movement to contemporary times. The glazed building model has spread around the world based on air conditioning artificial technology, ignoring the cultural and climatic characteristics of the destination’s site. For the hot and humid climate of Maceió it is important to know well the parameters and variables that influence the performance of this type of envelope for an adequate architectural project. The general objective of this doctoral research is to evaluate the reflections caused by glass facades of vertical buildings in daylighting in the tropical city of Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil. To achieve this main goal, the following specific objectives were accomplished: identification of the impact of natural light reflected from different geometries of glass facades on the internal illuminance of the neighboring front building; analyze the variation of reflected light as a function of the angle of incidence in the different types of facade glass; evaluation the impact of the glass facade on natural lighting outside vertical buildings in parameterized urban block arrangements. The methodology was created from a critical review of literature on glass facades with justification of the adopted problem. From the analysis of the use of the glass facade in the city of Maceió, canyons and urban blocks were modeled based on the Construction Code and Master Plan of the city. The simulations were carried out in the Troplux program, the transmittance and reflectance measurements of the types of glass were carried out respectively on a digital spectrophotometer and experimental assembly of equipment (light source, lenses, iris, goniometer and luximeter) on a pneumatic table. Measurements were performed for angles from 0 to 90 ° with an interval of 5 °. The results showed the great difference that reflectance can have depending on the shape, the type of glass and the urban configuration that favors a greater angle of view of the sky. That is, for the same land and building in which a façade from flat geometry is changed to concave, convex and prismatic, the surface area increases, thus increasing the amount of reflected light. The clear sky provided higher illuminance values while the partially cloudy sky represented greater uniformity of results and significant reduction. The times between 9:30 am and 3:30 pm are the times when the reflectance increases the value exponentially, diverging from the manufacturer's specification and international glass database for softwares that indicates the value only in perpendicular incidence. Transmittance also reduces inversely, at times when the use of natural light is most needed for activities inside the building. It is expected to contribute from technical regulations that consider the reflectance of glass in the insertion of new buildings as well as the evolution of the city's bioclimatic architectural repertoire, valuing the identity, culture and sustainability of the envelope systems with less energy demand in the city. tropical weather.
Keywords: Daylighting, Curtain Wall, Glass Facade.
... The trend will be to integrate not only windows, solar protection and other passive devices, but also active systems such as cabling infrastructure, lighting, decentralized air conditioning systems, automatic solar protection, photovoltaic cells, and others. The integration of active and passive systems into multifunctional façades opens a new chapter of potential capital gains that guides the energy efficiency of buildings to a new era [10]. Looking at the different categories of multifunctional façades, it is necessary to emphasize the energy collector façade, which can aggregate, for example, the functions of climate protection, passive solar capture, natural light capture, reception and pre-air conditioning of new air, with an additional function of active energy production, namely using solar thermal collectors or photovoltaic cells. ...
... Over the past decades, facade technologies have undergone substantial innovations, as they have integrated specific elements for adapting the mediation of the outside conditions to the user´s requirements in both quality of materials and components and the overall conception and design of the facade system. Such improvements include passive technologies, as sun protections, ventilations, multi layered glazing, among others [1]. ...
A large variety of transparent materials is available for uses in buildings façades and all glazing properties must be considered in their choice. Such a selection should be a careful process of evaluation and weighing of tradeoffs. The correct glazing specifications for façades can reduce energy consumption in buildings, because the heat exchange and passage of radiation into the building as light and heat occur through transparent surfaces. Therefore, glazing significantly contributes to the heat transfer between outdoor and indoor spaces, which act directly on daylighting and thermal comfort. This manuscript addresses a spectrophotometric characterization of glazings for the study of components for the design of a modular façade system based on the climate of Portugal. The study focused on results of spectrophotometric measurements of an optical behavior in different solar spectrum intervals (ultraviolet, visible and near infrared), specifically the transmittance of some types of simple glazings. The results show the percentage of transmission to spectrum intervals, which enabled the analysis (OK?) of the efficiency of the glazing regarding daylighting and correlation to the thermal performance. Indications for specifications and adequate uses based on transmission of transparent surfaces have been obtained and complemented the datasheets available from the manufactures.
... Recently, we designed a new decentralized ventilation system to adapt to the hot and humid climate. The major benefits of decentralized ventilation systems are lower pressure losses due to the shorter transportation distances, space savings due to reduced duct volume, lower construction costs [4], the possibility of users influencing the room climate by simple zoning control [5], and flexibility combining natural ventilation with active ventilation system. This new system includes three heat exchange stages, which have free reheating load. ...
This research presents energy and exergy analyses of a new decentralized ventilation system to adapt to the hot and humid climate compared to general centralized ventilation systems. A zone model of an office building was applied for a heat pump cooling system in Singapore. The cooling load capacity of the zone model was simulated using the building energy simulation software “TRNSYS” and energy and exergy analyses of the new ventilation system were carried out through numerical calculations based on the measured cooling load capacity. An effective energy solution for buildings was to increase cooling and ventilation efficiency. The energy and exergy analyses evaluated the performance of the various cooling systems. The research revealed that the new decentralized ventilation system adapted to the hot and humid climate had better performance compared to a centralized all-air system and to a chilled ceiling with centralized air handling unit system.
... Especially the ducting occupies much space in a room. Major benefits of decentralized ventilation system are lower pressure drops due to the short transportation distances, space savings of duct volume, lower construction costs [16], user influence on the room climate possible [15], and flexible utilities as a hybrid ventilation system. While this system has been currently popular in Switzerland and European countries, some downside factors that have difficulties to dehumidify air in hot and humid climate have been also claimed [14]. ...
... Especially the ducting occupies much space in a room. Major benefits of decentralized ventilation system are lower pressure drops due to the short transportation distances, space savings of duct volume and lower construction costs [7]. A decentralized systems combined with chilled-ceiling panel is much more energy efficient than a normal Air Handling Unit (AHU) to cool and dehumidify the supply air, since the volume of supply air is much smaller than those of AHU system and less reheating energy is also needed. ...
This paper discusses the use of decentralized supply air units for ventilation and dehumidification as a part of a LowEx building concept in tropical climates. The combination of decentralized ventilation with high temperature radiant cooling offers the potential for a very energy efficient operation of buildings in tropical climates and to decreases their exergy destruction. Specifically this study looks at the cooling and dehumidification performance of novel decentralized supply air units. These units are equipped with two heat exchangers arranged in series that are hydraulically connected in parallel. In the process of the air treatment the two heat exchangers take the roles of pre-cooling and cooling-dehumidification respectively. A theoretical model predicting the cooling and dehumidification performance of the two heat exchanger-setup has been put up. Also, measurements were carried out on a prototypical ventilation unit to assess its performance as well as to validate the theoretical calculations. The performance charts of enthalpy effectiveness and humidity ratio effectiveness were used to present the results. Both, calculations and measurements show that higher cooling loads appear on the first heat exchanger, indicating that outside air is already partly condensed and a combined sensible and latent load is covered at this first stage. Further it was found that under Singapore conditions with high outside temperatures and large humidity levels, target humidity ratios around 8 g/kg in the supply air can be achieved with the current setup for an airflow rate of 45 m3/h.
... In recent decades façade technologies have undergone to substantial innovations both in quality of materials/components and the overall design concept of the façade system by integrating specific elements to adapt the mediation of the outside conditions to user requirements. These improvements include passive technologies, such as multi layered glazing, sun protections, ventilation, Trombe walls, etc. (Castrillón, 2009). ...
... In recent decades, façade technologies have undergone to substantial innovations both in quality of materials/components and in the overall design concept of the façade system by integrating specific elements to adapt the mediation of the outside conditions to user requirements. These improvements include passive technologies, such as multi layered glazing, sun protections, ventilation, Trombe walls, etc. (Castrillón, 2009) as shown previously. In order to test passive solutions and foresee their performance in a more economical and less timeconsuming way than with practical experiments, computer simulation offer a variety of tools that can be used. ...
Trombe wall and high performance glazing are the façade system improvements used in this research. This paper reports about an ongoing investigation on a new façade system: Façade Modules for Ecoefficient Refurbishment of Buildings, focused on thermal performance of Trombe wall and glazing. Computational simulations were performed with DesignBuilder software for different arrangements of modules, occupancy profile and internal gains according to Portuguese reality. For this research were considered two double-glazing, four climates in Portugal, one and two Trombe walls and four solar orientations. Results show an important energy consumption decrease with use of Trombe walls and double self-cleaning glazing.
... Facade technologies were undergone in the last decades to substantial innovations by integrating specific elements to adapt the mediation of the outside conditions to user requirements, both in the quality of materials and components and in the overall conception and design of the facade system. These improvements include passive technologies, such as multi layered glazing, sun protections, ventilations, etc (Castrillón, 2009). ...
... The company Wicona-Hydro, the Fachhochschule Biberach, and the Universität Dortmund have developed a facade that includes a number of functions, including optimized energy management, automatic adjustment of heating and cooling needs and natural and mechanical Portugal SB10: Sustainable Building Affordable to All ventilation. Also integrated in the facade are sun and glare shields, and it is also possible to regulate the daylight admission and lighting, as well as the colour of the light (Castrillón, 2009). ...
A building’s façade is its main interface with the external environment. Adaptive façade, one recent invention in the façade industry, has the capability to change its behaviour in real-time to respond to internal and/or external parameters, by means of materials, components, and systems. Among these, the adaptive shading and the façade glazing are two components that must fit together. This paper focuses on the spatial relationship between these components. It presents the results of the morphological analysis of façades with adaptive shading systems and the spatial relation between the adaptive shading system and the building’s glass envelope. To characterise this relation, we formulated two measures: depth and distance. The results revealed four types of such relations: (i) the shading elements are located outside the building’s glass envelope, (ii) they are covered by the glass envelope, (iii) they are located between the layers of the glazing façade, and (iv) they represent thin coatings that are flush with the surface of the glass. These results provide important insights into the emergence of new aesthetical trends in architecture, especially given the most recent technologies adopted in façades. In conclusion, we bring empirical evidence that the location of the shading system in relation to the glass envelope of a building is the key morphological feature that determines the extent of spatial transformation of the architectural structure on which such a system is installed.
