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Light microscopic images (magnification 400 × ) of Hansenula polymorpha cells cultivated for 48 h in wastewater samples: (a) sample of type no. 5, containing 600 mg/l monomeric formaldehyde and 230 mg/l methanol; (b) sample no. 3 (undiluted), containing chemically bound formaldehyde at concentration 500 mg/l (mostly trioxane and trioxane polymers), free FD monomer at 250 mg/l, methanol at 220 mg/l, and other – apparently toxic – components.
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The application of methylotrophic yeast Hansenula polymorpha to the treatment of methanol and formaldehydecontaining wastewater was experimentally verified. A variety of real wastewater samples originating from chemical industry effluent were examined. The yeast cell culture could grow in the wastewater environment, revealing low trophic requiremen...
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Context 1
... a rapid Table 1). The morphology of the cell culture grown in nontoxic wastewater media, e.g., in wastewa- ter no.4 as shown in Figure 4a, resembled that of the yeast cells proliferating in optimal media conditions. The time required by the growing culture to achieve the final growth stage was dependent mainly on the chemical content of the medium; the more toxic the environment, the longer was the lag phase usu- ally needed for physiological adaptation. ...
Context 2
... stress reaction was very similar to that described as a "nutritional stress" (Gleeson & Sudbery 1988a, b). In such cases the cells take multiple morphological forms and shapes such as "mating figures" exemplified by conjugation tubes seen in Figure 4b. These figures are typical of the stress-induced generative phase which leads to intense genetic recombination and sporulation, and fi- nally to new clones of better adapted progeny. ...
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Citations
... In addition, liquid C 1 substrates, sustainably produced from CO 2 , used for the production of bulk chemicals via fermentation can pinpoint the direction towards a cyclic bioeconomy to reduce mankind's greenhouse gas emission footprint while providing economic benefits. Already in the early 2000s, the application of methylotrophic yeasts in the agricultural sector as biofertilizers and for the treatment of the methanol and formaldehyde containing wastewater was shown [54,55]. ...
Global energy-related emissions, in particular carbon dioxide, are rapidly increasing. Without immediate and strong reductions across all sectors, limiting global warming to 1.5 °C and thus mitigating climate change is beyond reach. In addition to the expansion of renewable energies and the increase in energy efficiency, the so-called Carbon Capture and Utilization technologies represent an innovative approach for closing the carbon cycle and establishing a circular economy. One option is to combine CO2 capture with microbial C1 fermentation. C1-molecules, such as methanol or formate are considered as attractive alternative feedstock for biotechnological processes due to their sustainable production using only CO2, water and renewable energy. Native methylotrophic microorganisms can utilize these feedstock for the production of value-added compounds. Currently, constraints exist regarding the understanding of methylotrophic metabolism and the available genetic engineering tools are limited. For this reason, the development of synthetic methylotrophic cell factories based on the integration of natural or artificial methanol assimilation pathways in biotechnologically relevant microorganisms is receiving special attention. Yeasts like Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Yarrowia lipolytica are capable of producing important products from sugar-based feedstock and the switch to produce these in the future from methanol is important in order to realize a CO2-based economy that is independent from land use. Here, we review historical biotechnological applications, the metabolism and the characteristics of methylotrophic yeasts. Various studies demonstrated the production of a broad set of promising products from fine chemicals to bulk chemicals by applying methylotrophic yeasts. Regarding synthetic methylotrophy, the deep understanding of the methylotrophic metabolism serves as the basis for microbial strain engineering and paves the way towards a CO2-based circular bioeconomy. We highlight design aspects of synthetic methylotrophy and discuss the resulting chances and challenges using non-conventional yeasts as host organisms. We conclude that the road towards synthetic methylotrophic yeasts can only be achieved through a combination of methods (e.g., metabolic engineering and adaptive laboratory evolution). Furthermore, we presume that the installation of metabolic regeneration cycles such as supporting carbon re-entry towards the pentose phosphate pathway from C1-metabolism is a pivotal target for synthetic methylotrophy.
... In light of this, the removal of these pollutants from wastewaters to avoid the adsorption by organisms, using an efficient and cost-effective procedure is critical. The various physical, chemical, and biological methods are introduced to the refinement of wastewater such as ion exchange [9], adsorption [10], chemical precipitation [11], membrane filtration [12], flocculation [13], coagulation [14], solvent extraction [15], flotation [16], biodegradation [17], ozonation [12], photocatalysis [18] and electrochemical methods [19]. However, the application of some of these methods is still not practicable in field applications due to the low efficiency, expensive, time-consuming, low selectivity, energy usage, generated toxic byproducts, and limited performance in the presence of interfering organic matter [3,20,21]. ...
We have reported a facile, low-cost, and environmentally friendly procedure to eliminate toxic ions of lead(II) and organic dye of methylene blue (MB) by green synthesized Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) on the pillared bentonite (Al–B) utilizing Cordia myxa leaf extract. The synthesized Fe3O4@Al–B nanocomposite was characterized using different techniques. The Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope showed that the Fe3O4 MNPs were successfully produced by the green route and homogeneously dispersed on the surface of bentonite. The green synthesized magnetic nanocomposite obtained an average surface area of 117.53 m²/g with a saturation magnetization of 27/1 emu/g. The high Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) specific surface area confirmed its potential application in the separation of pollutants such as dyes and toxic metals from the environment. Hence, the removal efficiency of the synthesized Fe3O4@Al–B nanocomposite was examined in the removal of lead(II) and MB from aqueous media. In the optimization step, the effects of the pH, the dosage of the nanocomposite, and initial adsorbate concentration were also studied in the adsorption processes. The fitted experimental data to kinetic isotherms clarified that the adsorption process, for both adsorbates, obeyed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The resulted data showed that as-synthesized Fe3O4@Al–B nanocomposite operates as an effective adsorbent in the removal of lead(II) and MB from aqueous media with good recycle-ability several times.
... Moreover, methylotrophic yeast can be used in the gene regulation study in eukaryotes and as biofactories for heterologous and homologous proteins ( Cremata and Díaz 1999;Negruţă et al. 2010) (Table 3.1). This group of yeast is able to survive by metabolising monocarbonic compounds such as formaldehyde and methanol ( Kaszycki et al. 2001). Methylotrophic yeasts are able to grow on extract of woods and other pectic material especially in fruits and vegetable products ( Craveri et al. 1976). ...
... Apart from this, H. polymorpha is used for studying gene regulation of enzymes associated with abiotic stress tolerance, methanol metabolism, heavy metal resistance and nitrate assimilation. They are widely used in the methanol-contaminated waste water treatment also (Kaszycki and Koloczek 2002;Kaszycki et al. 2001). The methylotrophic yeast has the ability to grow in extreme environment also. ...
Prokaryotic methylotrophic bacteria are able to consume a number of C1-carbon compounds such as methane, methylamine and methanol, whereas only methanol can be consumed by eukaryotic methylotrophic bacteria as source of carbon and methylamine as a source of nitrogen. The intensive researches explain the beneficial relationship between plants and methylotrophic bacterial communities earlier. Different genera of methylotrophic yeasts such as Candida, Pichia, Torulopsis and Hansenula are able to metabolise C1 corbon compound like formaldehyde and methanol.and a number of genes are involved in the methanol and other substrate utilisation pathways such as AOX (alcohol oxidase), DAS (dihydroxyacetone synthase), FDH (format dehydrogenase) and DAK (dihydroxyacetone kinase). The phylogeny and identification of these methylotrophic yeast strains are done based on either conserved gene sequences or functional gene sequences. The current description involves the genetic diversity of different strains of methylotrophic yeast from various ecosystems, identified at gene level.
... Among relevant factors, the variety of microorganisms acting as a degradation engine in the biofiltration system are considered to be the major element. However, a significant inhibition phenomenon is found at high formaldehyde concentrations because of the antimicrobial character of formaldehyde [16]. Therefore, screening for microorganisms with a high tolerance to formaldehyde is a priority research objective in the field of formaldehyde biodegradation. ...
A formaldehyde-degrading bacteria strain, B1, was isolated. Strain B1 was characterized morphologically, physiologically and biochemically, and it was identified as Pseudomonas putida. Then, the formaldehyde biodegradation characteristics were evaluated in a biofilter. A formaldehyde removal rate above 90% was maintained when inlet loading was below 38.9 mg L ⁻¹ h ⁻¹ . In addition, strain B1 quickly became dominant bacteria when the reactor was restarted following a 30-days’ disruption, illustrating that the strain is both adaptable and resilient. The numerical simulation results demonstrate that the maximum degradation rates in the biofilter with strain B1 are better fitted with the Haldane model. © 2019 The Korean Society of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry
... The degradation of formaldehyde has been well studied. Methylotrophic yeast Hansenula polymorpha can utilize formaldehyde up to 1750 mg/l in wastewater, while formaldehyde in this concentration is toxic to most microorganisms (Kaszycki et al., 2001). Aspergillus nomius SGFA1 and Penicilium chrysogenum SGFA3, isolated from untreated sewage sediments in formaldehyde-contaminated areas, degraded 3000 and 9000 mg/l of formaldehyde completely within 7 days, respectively (Yu et al., 2014). ...
Hydraulic fracturing, coupled with the advances in horizontal drilling, has been used for recovering oil and natural gas from shale formations and has aided in increasing the production of these energy resources. The large volumes of hydraulic fracturing fluids used in this technology contain chemical additives, which may be toxic organics or produce toxic degradation byproducts. This paper investigated the chemicals introduced into the hydraulic fracturing fluids for completed wells located in Pennsylvania and West Virginia from data provided by the well operators. The results showed a total of 5071 wells, with average water volumes of 5,383,743 ± 2,789,077 gal (mean ± standard deviation). A total of 517 chemicals was introduced into the formulated hydraulic fracturing fluids. Of the 517 chemicals listed by the operators, 96 were inorganic compounds, 358 chemicals were organic species, and the remaining 63 cannot be identified. Many toxic organics were used in the hydraulic fracturing fluids. Some of them are carcinogenic, including formaldehyde, naphthalene, and acrylamide. The degradation of alkylphenol ethoxylates would produce more toxic, persistent, and estrogenic intermediates. Acrylamide monomer as a primary degradation intermediate of polyacrylamides is carcinogenic. Most of the chemicals appearing in the hydraulic fracturing fluids can be removed when adopting the appropriate treatments.
... The removal rate of COD is about 89%, and the highest can reach 90.36%. The different removal rates of formaldehyde and COD show that formaldehyde degradation and its degradation products are not completely synchronous [12,13]. Longer time is needed before it becomes fully biodegradable. ...
In recent years, the effect of formaldehyde on microorganisms and body had become a global public health issue. The multistage combination of anaerobic and aerobic process was adopted to treat paraformaldehyde wastewater. Microbial community structure in different reaction stages was analyzed through high-throughput sequencing. Results showed that multistage A-O activated sludge process positively influenced polyformaldehyde wastewater. The removal rates of formaldehyde were basically stable at more than 99% and those of COD were about 89%. Analysis of the microbial diversity index indicated that the microbial diversity of the reactor was high, and the treatment effect was good. Moreover, microbial community had certain similarity in the same system. Microbial communities in different units also showed typical representative characteristics affected by working conditions and influent concentrations. Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidetes were the dominant fungal genera in the phylum level of community composition. As to family and genus levels, Peptostreptococcaceae was distributed at various stages and the dominant in this system. This bacterium also played an important role in organic matter removal, particularly decomposition of the acidified middle metabolites. In addition, Rhodobacteraceae and Rhodocyclaceae were the formaldehyde-degrading bacteria found in the reactor.
... hansenula polymorpha is regarded as a rich source of glutathione, due to the role of this tripeptide in detoxifications of key intermediates of methanol metabolism, formaldehyde, as well as hydrogen peroxide and alkyl hydroperoxides, which are accumulated during the methylotrophic growth (ubiyvovk et al. 2011). HANSENULA POLYMORPHA (OGATAEA POLYMORPHA, PICHIA ANGUSTA, HANSENULA ANGUSTA) as the one of the best methylotrophic organisms for heterologous protein production methylotrophic yeasts are primitive eukaryotic microorganisms able to metabolize monocarbonic compounds such as methanol (sibirny et al. 1988;Kaszycki et al. 2001). ...
... although new alternative industrial technologies tend to reduce the risk of formaldehyde contamination, the use of this chemical is still widespread in developing countries and it causes severe environmental problems. formaldehyde itself is a highly reactive compound, toxic to living organisms (Kaszycki et al. 2001). according to the observations of Kaszycki et al. at concentrations of approx. ...
... A variety of yeast species are known to secrete enzymes capable of degrading xenobiotic compounds. The proliferation of yeast cells in industrial wastewater is often accompanied by a concomitant xenobiotic biodegradation [41], e.g., color substances [40,42e45], phenol-and chlorophenol-related substances [46e50], PAHs [51,52], and other toxic xenobiotics [19,41]. ...
... A variety of yeast species are known to secrete enzymes capable of degrading xenobiotic compounds. The proliferation of yeast cells in industrial wastewater is often accompanied by a concomitant xenobiotic biodegradation [41], e.g., color substances [40,42e45], phenol-and chlorophenol-related substances [46e50], PAHs [51,52], and other toxic xenobiotics [19,41]. ...
... The methylotrophic yeast Hansenula polymorpha can utilize formaldehyde at concentrations up to 1750 mg,L À1 , levels toxic to most microorganisms, for treating methanol and formaldehyde-containing chemical industry wastewater through methylotrophic pathway reactions [41]. C. tropicalis, which was screened from avermectin fermentation wastewater and showed tolerance to avermectins residue, removed 67% COD and 99% avermectins [19]. ...
Microbial single-cell-protein (SCP) production from high-organic-strength industrial wastewaters is considered an attractive method for both wastewater purification and resource utilization. In the last two decades, pollutant removal-oriented yeast SCP production processes, i.e., yeast treatment processes, have attracted a great deal of attention from a variety of research groups worldwide. Different from conventional SCP production processes, yeast treatment processes are characterized by higher pollutant removal rates, lower production costs, highly adaptive yeast isolates from nature, no excess nutrient supplements, and are performed under non-sterile conditions. Furthermore, yeast treatment processes are similar to bacteria-dominated conventional activated sludge processes, which offer more choices for yeast SCP production and industrial wastewater treatment. This review discusses why highly adaptive yeast species isolated from nature are used in the yeast treatment process rather than commercial SCP producers. It also describes the application of yeast treatment processes for treating high-carboxyhydrate, oil-rich and high-salinity industrial wastewater, focusing primarily on high-strength biodegradable organic substances, which usually account for the major fraction of biochemical oxygen demand. Also discussed is the biodegradation of xenobiotics, such as color (including dye and pigment) and toxic substances (including phenols, chlorophenols, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, etc.), present in industrial wastewater. Based on molecular information of yeast community structures and their regulation in yeast treatment systems, we also discuss how to maintain efficient yeast species in yeast biomass and how to control bacterial and mold proliferation in yeast treatment systems.
... proved highly tolerant to exogenous methanol and formaldehyde (Fd), both known as environmentally hazardous xenobiotics. For that reason, both strains have great application potential and were proposed as good biotechnological tools capable of bioselective environmetal monitoring and efficient biodegradation of industrial pollutants (Glancer-Soljan et al. 2001;Gonchar et al. 2002;Kaszycki and Koloczek 2000;Kaszycki et al. 2001Kaszycki et al. , 2006Khlupova et al. 2007;Sigawi et al. 2011). ...
... In the presence of methanol, H. polymorpha proved to be a highly efficient biodegrader at lower Fd concentrations (close to a 100 % up to 750 mg/l Fd) and then, along increasing Fd, the degradation efficiency decreased to 60 % at 2,000 mg/l). Detailed Fd decay kinetics for different initial concentrations of this xenobiotic had already been studied and published in previous papers (Kaszycki and Koloczek 2000;Kaszycki et al. 2001). In the case of Trichosporon sp., the yeast revealed very high tolerance enabling it to efficiently degrade Fd over the broad range of concentrations reaching extreme levels of 7,000 mg/l which was close to maximum values reported previously (Kaszycki et al. 2006). ...
... It should be noted that both H. polymorpha and Trichosporon sp. were earlier reported to require methanol in order to reveal maximum exogenous formaldehyde biodegradation effect (Kaszycki and Koloczek 2000;Kaszycki et al. 2001Kaszycki et al. , 2006. Among the possible explanatory mechanisms, one should consider the methanol-based induction of methylotrophy including the FdD activation (Hartner and Glieder 2006;Gleeson and Sudbery 1988;Yurimoto et al. 2011;van der Klei et al. 2006) as well as the presence of independent biodegradative step with the methyl formate synthase as proposed by the Kato group (Murdanoto et al. 1997;Sakai et al. 1995). ...
The methylotrophic yeasts Hansenula polymorpha and Trichosporon sp. revealed enhanced biodegradation capability of exogenously applied formaldehyde (Fd) upon biostimulation achieved by the presence of methanol, as compared to glucose. Upon growth on either of the above substrates, the strains proved to produce the activity of glutathione-dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase-the enzyme known to control the biooxidative step of Fd detoxification. However, in the absence of methanol, the yeasts' tolerance to Fd was decreased, and the elevated sensitivity was especially pronounced for Trichosporon sp. Both strains responded to the methanol and/or Fd treatment by increasing their unsaturation index (UI) at xenobiotic levels below minimal inhibitory concentrations. This indicated that the UI changes effected from the de novo synthesis of (poly) unsaturated fatty acids carried out by viable cells. It is concluded that the yeast cell response to Fd intoxication involves stress reaction at the level of membranes. Fluidization of the lipid bilayer as promoted by methanol is suggested as a significant adaptive mechanism increasing the overall fitness enabling to cope with the formaldehyde xenobiotic via biodegradative pathway of C1-compound metabolism.
... 3 Purification of wastewater containing phenols can be achieved by non-destructive processes (extraction, steam entrapment, coagulation with chemical reactive, adsorption on active carbon), processes that cannot reduce phenol concentration under the maximum allowable level for discharge in surface waters, and destructive processes (biological processes, incineration, oxidation under high temperature and pressure, catalytic oxidation with oxygen from the air, advanced oxidation processes). [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14] Mild oxidation with oxygen from air can be utilized in case of wastewaters containing small quantities of stable organic compounds and it is realized at relatively low temperature and pressure. Advanced chemical oxidation with different oxidizing agents (ozone, hydrogen peroxide, ozone/hydrogen peroxide, and/or UV radiation, Fenton reagent, UV radiation/Fenton reagent) is a treatment method used in case of wastewaters with relatively small COD (chemical oxygen demand) content (COD < 5g/L). ...
Advanced chemical oxidation of organic biorefractory compounds is a very
important process used in industrial wastewater treatment. This paper presents
experimental results obtained in phenol advanced oxidation process from
wastewaters using heterogeneous Fenton, hydrogen peroxide solution in excess
(100%) and a Fe-Zn-zeolitic volcanic tuff catalyst (Fe-Zn-ZVT). Catalyst quantity
and temperature influence over the process efficiency was studied and activation
energy for the phenol total oxidation (H2O2 and Fe-Zn-ZVT catalysts) were
calculated based on experimental values. Maximum oxidation conversions
(Xtotal = 95.90%, Xphenol = 100%) were obtained for 4 g catalyst (100 cm3 phenol
wastewater) and 60°C.
