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Light micrographs of paracytic stomata: A, Fagopyrum esculentum; B, Persicaria barbata; C, Persicaria campanulata; D, P. glabra; E, Persicariahydropiper; F, P. lanigera; G, P. minor; H, P. posumbu; I, P. tenella <scale bar: 10mm (A); 20mm (BeC); 50mm (D); 20mm (E-F); 20mm (G-H); 10mm (I)>.
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Polygonaceae, a morphologically diverse family, cosmopolite to temperate region. In India the family has extensive array of distribution from the coastal plains to the subtropical temperate region and almost to the sub alpine regions. Polygonaceae has a very restricted flowering and fruiting period, limiting over proper identification using floral...
Citations
... Furthermore, the presence of nonglandular, uniserriate, multicellular trichomes on the abaxial surfaces of tree epiphytes and shrub epiphyte delimit them from lithophyte and terrestrial ferns which do not possess any hair-like appendages. In tandem with previous studies in some other genera, foliar anatomical characters have been employed as useful taxonomic tools for taxa delimitation (Oloyede et al., 2011;Paul and Chowdhury 2021). Our result confirms the existence of Phymatosorus scolopendria within the study area as a fern with markedly contrasting habitat features. ...
ABSTRACT
There is a dearth in ecological details on Cryptogamia when compared to available literature on higher plants. Hence, we
investigated the extent of variation in altitude, light intensity and sunlight duration existing in four contrasting habitats
dominated by Phymatosorus scolopendria in relation to fern foliar anatomical dynamics using standard anatomical
procedures and ecological protocol. The species consistently possessed diacytic and anisocytic stomata across the habitats
whereas anomocytic stomata were also found in the shrub epiphytes. Similarly, unicellular trichomes were consistently
present in epiphytic plant forms while oil droplets were consistent throughout except in the tree epiphytes. Also, the stomatal
index and number of stomata differed significantly (P<0.05) and were highest in the epiphytes growing on the tree barks
(17.337±3.00; 14.33±1.154) but least in the erect forms (12.875±1.10; 8.67±0.577) respectively. The lithophytes recorded
highest number of epidermal cells (76.67±15.280) whereas the erect forms recorded the least (46.33±4.041). Altitude varied
between 8.23 to 10.36 m; light intensity ranged between 1045 to 13088 lux while sunlight duration ranged from 2 to 8
hours/day. Correlation analysis revealed significant (P<0.05 and P<0.01) coefficients. Specifically, altitude indicated strong
positive association with light intensity (r= 0.987*
) and sunlight duration (r= 0.990**) while light intensity correlated strongly
with sunlight duration (r= 0.958). The stomatal types were strongly associated with altitude (r=0.679), light intensity (r=
0.769) and sunlight duration (0.570) while stomatal index correlated inversely with altitude (r= - 0.505) and sunlight duration
(r= - 0.553). Implicitly, shady habitats with short durations of low light intensity induced higher stomatal development and
density while prolonged sunlight duration and increasing light intensity retained low stomatal density in this plant. This
pattern indicates a close association between species anatomical progression in relation to prevailing environmental
conditions. This information reveals aspects of plant survival mechanism in different environmental scenarios and may aid
future conservation efforts.
... Furthermore, the presence of nonglandular, uniserriate, multicellular trichomes on the abaxial surfaces of tree epiphytes and shrub epiphyte delimit them from lithophyte and terrestrial ferns which do not possess any hair-like appendages. In tandem with previous studies in some other genera, foliar anatomical characters have been employed as useful taxonomic tools for taxa delimitation (Oloyede et al., 2011;Paul and Chowdhury 2021). Our result confirms the existence of Phymatosorus scolopendria within the study area as a fern with markedly contrasting habitat features. ...
There is a dearth in ecological details on Cryptogamia when compared to available literature on higher plants. Hence, we investigated the extent of variation in altitude, light intensity and sunlight duration existing in four contrasting habitats dominated by Phymatosorus scolopendria in relation to fern foliar anatomical dynamics using standard anatomical procedures and ecological protocol. The species consistently possessed diacytic and anisocytic stomata across the habitats whereas anomocytic stomata were also found in the shrub epiphytes. Similarly, unicellular trichomes were consistently present in epiphytic plant forms while oil droplets were consistent throughout except in the tree epiphytes. Also, the stomatal index and number of stomata differed significantly (P<0.05) and were highest in the epiphytes growing on the tree barks (17.337±3.00; 14.33±1.154) but least in the erect forms (12.875±1.10; 8.67±0.577) respectively. The lithophytes recorded highest number of epidermal cells (76.67±15.280) whereas the erect forms recorded the least (46.33±4.041). Altitude varied between 8.23 to 10.36 m; light intensity ranged between 1045 to 13088 lux while sunlight duration ranged from 2 to 8 hours/day. Correlation analysis revealed significant (P<0.05 and P<0.01) coefficients. Specifically, altitude indicated strong positive association with light intensity (r= 0.987* ) and sunlight duration (r= 0.990**) while light intensity correlated strongly with sunlight duration (r= 0.958). The stomatal types were strongly associated with altitude (r=0.679), light intensity (r= 0.769) and sunlight duration (0.570) while stomatal index correlated inversely with altitude (r= - 0.505) and sunlight duration (r= - 0.553). Implicitly, shady habitats with short durations of low light intensity induced higher stomatal development and density while prolonged sunlight duration and increasing light intensity retained low stomatal density in this plant. This pattern indicates a close association between species anatomical progression in relation to prevailing environmental conditions. This information reveals aspects of plant survival mechanism in different environmental scenarios and may aid future conservation efforts.
... It is well known that leaf morphology can play an important role in species delimitation (Barthlott 1981) providing useful data for the systematic evaluation of members of Polygonum (Ayodele & olwokudejo 2006, Paul & Chowdhury 2021. It has been revealed that leaf micromorphological features such as epidermis cell shape and surface, stoma type, anticline wall features, trichome, and epicuticular wax differ among Polygonaceae members Paul & Chowdhury (2021). ...
... It is well known that leaf morphology can play an important role in species delimitation (Barthlott 1981) providing useful data for the systematic evaluation of members of Polygonum (Ayodele & olwokudejo 2006, Paul & Chowdhury 2021. It has been revealed that leaf micromorphological features such as epidermis cell shape and surface, stoma type, anticline wall features, trichome, and epicuticular wax differ among Polygonaceae members Paul & Chowdhury (2021). There are a limited number of examinations on the leaf's micromorphology of the Turkish Polygonum (Keskin et al. 2021). ...
Polygonum terzioglui (Polygonaceae), a new species from northernmost part of Turkey, is described based morphological, and molecular evidence. In addition, the leaf, ochrea, and fruit micromorphological traits of the new species are described. All findings revealed that the new species is closely related to P. samsunicum which is endemic to Turkey, but differs in its ochrea divided near the apex, 21 ̶ 27 nerved ochrea, obovate-broadly elliptic leaf, and ovate ̶ narrowly ovate fruit. The current results from the ITS data set also show that P. terzioglui is a member of the sect. Polygonum and separated from its morphologically closest relatives.
... Morphology of laminar surfaces can be particularly informative, as these organ characters can be highly polymorphic and can generate distinguishable features between taxa. 2 of 12 Venation and trichome characters are recognized widely as taxonomic tools, but less emphasis has been placed on micromorphological characters such as stomata and epidermal cell walls, likely due to the difficulty and cost of examination. However, this approach has been found to be instrumental in determination of taxa within several widespread genera such as Solanum L., Persicaria Mill., and Crotalaria L. [8][9][10], to name a few. ...
... Venation and trichome characters are recognized widely as taxonomic tools, but less emphasis has been placed on micromorphological characters such as stomata and epidermal cell walls, likely due to the difficulty and cost of examination. However, this approach has been found to be instrumental in determination of taxa within several widespread genera such as Solanum L., Persicaria Mill., and Crotalaria L. [8][9][10], to name a few. ...
In Big Cypress National Preserve, the federally threatened Everglades bully (Sideroxylon reclinatum subsp. austrofloridense) is sympatric with its conspecific, more widespread relative, the Florida bully (Sideroxylon reclinatum subsp. reclinatum). In this area of overlap, the only reliable characters to distinguish the two are cryptic, micromorphological traits of the abaxial laminar surface. In order to better understand the distribution of the federally threatened taxon, we used a combination of habitat suitability modeling (HSM), field surveys, and microscopy. Using models to inform initial surveys, we collected leaf material of 96 individuals in the field, 86 of which we were able to identify to subspecies. Of these, 73 (85%) were identified as the threatened taxon, expanding both the known range and population size within Big Cypress. We used these 73 new occurrences to rerun HSMs to create a more accurate picture of where the taxon is likely to occur. A total of 15,015 hectares were predicted to be suitable habitat within Big Cypress, with 34,069 hectares across the entire study area. These model results could be used to inform the critical habitat designation for this taxon. For at-risk, cryptic taxa, such as the Everglades bully, multiple approaches are needed to inform management and conservation priorities, including the consideration of a hybridization zone.
... Whereas there is strong evidence for the monophyly of Persicarieae (Schuster et al., 2013;Schuster et al., 2015), the delimitation of several contentious subclades remains particularly problematic. Although members of the genus Persicaria are usually easily recognized by the presence of an ocrea, nodes that are swollen in comparison to the axis, and quincuncial aestivation, some subgroups are difficult to identify because of overlapping character states and morphological plasticity (Decraene and Smets, 2000;Choudhary et al., 2012;Fan et al., 2013;Paul and Chowdhury, 2021). Earlier studies considered Aconogonon, Bistorta, Koenigia, and Persicaria to be closely related genera, with roughly 200 known species worldwide (Sanchez et al., 2009;Sanchez et al., 2011). ...
... State data for the morphological characteristics were collected from herbarium specimens, experimental observation data, our field observations, and from previous publications (Decraene and Smets, 2000;Li et al., 2003;Kong and Hong, 2019;Kong et al., 2021;Paul and Chowdhury, 2021). Immersion in warm water was used to rehydrate the dry sample, which was then inspected under the dissecting microscope, the light microscope (LM), and the scanning electron microscope (SEM). ...
Southwestern China, adjacent to the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP), is known as a hotspot for plant diversity and endemism, and it is the origin and diversification center of Persicarieae. As one of the major lineages in Polygonaceae, Persicarieae represents a diverse adaptation to various habitats. As a result of morphological plasticity and poorly resolving molecular markers, phylogenetic relationships and infrageneric classification within Persicarieae have long been controversial. In addition, neither plastome phylogenomic studies nor divergence time estimates on a larger sample of Persicarieae species have been made thus far. We sequenced and assembled 74 complete plastomes, including all of the recognized genera within Persicarieae and their relatives. We conducted a comprehensive phylogenetic study of the major clades within Persicarieae and, based on the thus obtained robust phylogeny, also estimated divergence time and the evolution of diagnostic morphological traits. Major relationships found in previous phylogenetic studies were confirmed, including those of the backbone of the tree, which had been a major problem in previous phylogenies of the tribe. Phylogenetic analysis revealed strong support for Koenigia as sister to Bistorta, and together they were sister to the robustly supported Persicaria. Based on the phylogenetic and morphological evidence, we recognize five sections in Persicaria: Persicaria, Amphibia, Tovara, Echinocaulon, and Cephalophilon. It is estimated that the divergence of the Persicarieae began around the late Paleocene, with diversification concentrated in the Eocene and Miocene. In addition, it is suggested that the increasing westerly and monsoon winds in conjunction with the uplift of the QTP may be the driving force for origin and diversification of Persicarieae species. These results provide a valuable evolutionary framework for the study of adaptation in Polygonaceae and insights into plant diversification on the QTP and adjacent areas.
... Moreover, in (El-Raouf 2021) study using morphological and anatomical characteristics of leaves, it is possible to determine the taxonomic significance of the Aizoaceae family. In addition, (Paul and Chowdhury 2021) also suggested that foliar micromorphology could be an important key to the grouping of the Polygonaceae family. Although molecular techniques are currently also applied in determining taxonomic affinity, morphological characters remain relevant (Susandarini et al. 2013) because morphological characterization is the basic information for further DNA analysis. ...
This study aims to analyze the relationship among species in the Poaceae family based on their similarities in morphological characteristics. The method used was a taximetry method describing the taxonomic affinity based on morphological characteristics of plants, including leaves, stems, roots, flowers, and fruit. Morphological character data was compiled on Ms Excel, representing the character of each organ and morphological scoring data. Furthermore, the scoring results were analyzed with the NTSys-PC version 2.02i program, and the final results were presented as a dendrogram. The research results show five species of members of the Poaceae family, including Zea mays, Oryza sativa, Saccharum officinarum, Pennisetum purpureum and Cymbopogon citratus, showed that Zea mays and Cymbopogon citratus had the closest affinity with a coefficient of 0.47. In contrast, the most distant affinity was Pennisetum purpureum, with a coefficient of 0.25.
ABSTRAK: Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk menganalisis kekerabatan antar spesies dalam satu famili Poaceae berdasarkan persamaan sifat dan ciri morfologinya. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode taksimetri untuk menjelaskan kekebrabatan fenetik berdasarkan karakter morfologi tumbuhan meliputi daun, batang, akar, bunga, dan buah. Data karakter morfologi disusun pada Matriks Ms. Excel yang mewakili karakter masing-masing organ, dan data skoring morfologis. Selanjutnya hasil skoring dianalisis dengan program NTSys-PC versi 2.02i dan hasil akhir disajikan dalam bentuk dendogram. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian lima spesies anggota famili Poaceae, antara lain Zea mays, Oryza sativa, Saccharum officinarum, Pennisetum purpureum dan Cymbopogon citratus menunjukkan bahwa hubungan kekerabatan fenetik Zea mays dan Cymbopogon citratus memiliki hubungan kekerabatan yang paling dekat dengan koefisien 0.47 sedangkan kekerabatan yang paling jauh adalah Pennisetum purpureum dengan koefisien 0.25.
... The use of anatomical features in the identification and delimitation of plant groups is widely accepted (Aworinde et al. 2013;Awomukwu et al. 2015;Syaheera et al. 2015;Nwachukwu et al. 2016;Budel et al. 2018;Migacz et al. 2018;Nikmah et al. 2020;Paul and Chowdhury 2021;Zakaria et al. 2022). The leaf anatomy characters are considered the second most important characters after flowers and fruits in taxonomic studies (Chauhan and Daniel 2011;Muzzazinah et al. 2021). ...
... Principal component analysis (PCA) can be used to determine the relative contribution of each character to the total variation and to identify the most informative character to represent the existing variability using the corresponding factor loadings within the species (Arriel et al. 2007;Akinyele et al. 2020). PCA has also been used by various authors to evaluate the systematic importance of various attributes (Paul and Chowdhury 2021). In this study, PCA revealed that all leaf anatomical characters are diagnostic and valuable for differentiating taxa especially at the species level, although they are not working well yet at the genera level. ...
Suratman, Suranto, Muzzazinah, Purnomo. 2022. Leaf anatomical characters variation of Strobilanthes s.l. from Sumatra, Indonesia and its taxonomic implications. Biodiversitas 23: 3705-3720. The objective of this study was to evaluate leaf anatomical character variation among species of Strobilanthes s.l. from Sumatra. A total of 35 species from four genera previously recognized within the subtribe Strobilanthineae (Strobilanthes, Hemigraphis, Sericocalyx, Semnostachya) were used for leaf paradermal section observations. A total of seventeen leaf anatomical characters consisting of ten quantitative and seven qualitative characters were selected for leaf anatomical comparison. The quantitative and qualitative character analysis showed great variability in the majority of tested leaf anatomical characters. This result indicates the large diversity of leaf anatomical characters occurs among species of Strobilanthes s.l. A similarity dendrogram among species of Strobilanthes s.l. based leaf anatomical character data revealed two major clusters. The first cluster consists of eleven species with regular epidermal cell shape and straight cell wall with a similarity coefficient of 0.67. The second cluster consists of twenty four species that differed from species in the first cluster due to their irregular epidermal cell shape and undulate anticlinal cell wall with a similarity coefficient of 0.59. This study indicates that leaf anatomical characters are valuable taxonomic features in taxa delimitation at the species level. The results of this study also support earlier works through molecular studies that all members of the Strobilanthinae then accepted as Strobilanthes s.l. group which could not be easily split into smaller component genera.
... 528013). Micromorphological terminology was followed from earlier studies (18)(19)(20)(21). ...
Qualitative and quantitative morphological characterization in different growth stages of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L. fruits and seeds were investigated. Capsules are compressed, two celled, green, cordate to round or elliptical with one flattened seed in each half. Both LM and SEM study were conducted to gather micromorphological features of matured epicarp and seed testa. Non-glandular, uniseriate, slender trichome and anomocytic stomata were found on epicarp, whereas same was absent on seeds. Some crystalline substance was noticed on both epicarp cells and seed testa. The fruiting stages were divided into 0 to V stages starting from first day of fruit appearing and total required days needed for maturity. Remarkable differences such as fruit and seed size, weight and colour were varied in each stage. Significance of surface micromorphology of matured epicarp and seed testa of N. arbor-tristis is also discussed here. Single-factor ANOVA analysis and Regression were performed to test the significance level of the studied parameters and their relationship.
Bu çalışmada Aconogonon Rchb., Bistorta (L.) Adans. ve Fallopia Adans. cinslerinin ülkemizde yayılış gösteren üyeleri yaprak makro-mikromorfolojik özellikleri açısından ayrıntılı şekilde incelendi ve taksonomik açıdan değerlendirildi. Çalışmalar, türlerin doğal yayılış gösterdiği alanlardan toplanmış ve Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Üniversitesi Biyoloji Bölümü Herbaryumunda (RUB) saklanan örnekler üzerinde ışık ve taramalı elektron mikroskopu kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. İncelenen tüm taksonlarda yaprak şekillerinin geniş veya dar lanseolat, ovat ve kalpsi olduğu belirlenmiştir. Aconogonon ve Bistorta taksonlarının amfistomatik, Fallopia türlerinin ise hipostomatik olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bununla beraber yaprakların adaksiyal yüzeylerinde çizgili ve çizgili-granüllü epikutikular mum tabakası mevcut iken abaksiyal yüzeylerin ise çizgili, granüllü, çizgili-granüllü ve kristalli olduğu ayrıca tespit edilen bu özelliklerin incelenen taksonları ayırmada önemli katkı sağladığı sayısal analizler kullanarak ortaya konmuştur.
Previous phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that Polygonoideae, the largest subfamily in the Polygonaceae, is monophyletic. Phylogenetic relationships within the Polygonoideae have been substantially controversial. We collected 160 samples representing all currently recognized tribes for a more comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of the subfamily. Here, we reconstructed phylogenetic relationships of the Polygonoideae, inferred ancestral character states, and estimated the divergence time with a dense taxon sampling. This study corroborated and expanded previous results regarding the phylogenetic relationships of the Polygonoideae clade, and resolved the phylogenetic status of some controversial taxa by integrating evidence from molecular and morphological evidence. Phylogenetic analyses based on the complete plastomes suggested strong support for six primary clades that correspond to the most recent circumscription of tribes: Polygoneae, Rumiceae, Calligoneae, Pteroxygoneae, Fagopyreae, and Persicarieae. In addition, we provided further morphological data and assessed characters that supported different clades. The 3‐colpate pollen, five‐parted perianth, and three styles were inferred to be the ancestral states of Polygonoideae. Divergence time estimation revealed that Polygonoideae originated around the late Cretaceous, and diversification was concentrated in the Eocene and Miocene. Time estimation indicated that the rapid uplift of the Tibetan Plateau and the intensification of the Asian monsoons might be potential driving forces for the diversification of Polygonoideae. Overall, this study advances our understanding of the phylogeny and diversification of the Polygonoideae and highlights the adaptive evolution of the taxa. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
