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Light micrographs of Pratylenchus hippeastri female from Costa Rica. A: Entire body; B: Anterior region; C-D: Posterior end; E: Lateral lines near mid-body. (Scale bar: A: 100 μm, B: 10 μm, C: 10 μm, D: 25 μm and E: 20 μm).
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... first 2,500,000 generations (2,500 trees) were discarded as burn-in. The tree topologies were visualized using the program FigTree 1.4.3 (Rambaut, 2012). ...
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... data were obtained from 15 females, and measurements are provided in the following format: mean (range). The female body is slender with length = 594 (565-625) µm (Fig. 1A), maximum body diameter = 23 (21-24) µm. Lateral field with four lines (Fig. 1E). The stylet is short and thick with length = 15 (14-16) µm, basal knobs usually rounded with a height = 2.2 (2.0-2.4) µm and width = 4.4 (3.3-5.6) µm (Fig. 1B), dorsal esophageal gland opening (DGO) = 3.0 (2.5-3.5) µm. Anterior end to center of the ...
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... data were obtained from 15 females, and measurements are provided in the following format: mean (range). The female body is slender with length = 594 (565-625) µm (Fig. 1A), maximum body diameter = 23 (21-24) µm. Lateral field with four lines (Fig. 1E). The stylet is short and thick with length = 15 (14-16) µm, basal knobs usually rounded with a height = 2.2 (2.0-2.4) µm and width = 4.4 (3.3-5.6) µm (Fig. 1B), dorsal esophageal gland opening (DGO) = 3.0 (2.5-3.5) µm. Anterior end to center of the metacorpus = 61.8 (60.2-62.9) µm, body width = 20.2 (16.1-22.0) µm, vulval body ...
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... provided in the following format: mean (range). The female body is slender with length = 594 (565-625) µm (Fig. 1A), maximum body diameter = 23 (21-24) µm. Lateral field with four lines (Fig. 1E). The stylet is short and thick with length = 15 (14-16) µm, basal knobs usually rounded with a height = 2.2 (2.0-2.4) µm and width = 4.4 (3.3-5.6) µm (Fig. 1B), dorsal esophageal gland opening (DGO) = 3.0 (2.5-3.5) µm. Anterior end to center of the metacorpus = 61.8 (60.2-62.9) µm, body width = 20.2 (16.1-22.0) µm, vulval body diameter = 21.2 (19.0-23.3) µm with protruded lips (Fig. 1D) and distance between vulva and anus = 99.7 (89.7-111.0) µm, anal body width = 13.3 (10.8-16.2) µm. Tail is ...
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... with length = 15 (14-16) µm, basal knobs usually rounded with a height = 2.2 (2.0-2.4) µm and width = 4.4 (3.3-5.6) µm (Fig. 1B), dorsal esophageal gland opening (DGO) = 3.0 (2.5-3.5) µm. Anterior end to center of the metacorpus = 61.8 (60.2-62.9) µm, body width = 20.2 (16.1-22.0) µm, vulval body diameter = 21.2 (19.0-23.3) µm with protruded lips (Fig. 1D) and distance between vulva and anus = 99.7 (89.7-111.0) µm, anal body width = 13.3 (10.8-16.2) µm. Tail is conoid with bluntly pointed or subhemispherical, smooth terminus with length = 37.5 (30.8-43.3) µm (Fig. 1C, D). De Man ratios are a = 27.9 (32.1-31.5) µm, b = 5.1 (4.6-6.1), c = 16.1 (4.6-6.1), c' = 2.6 (2.4-2.9), V = 77.3 ...
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... metacorpus = 61.8 (60.2-62.9) µm, body width = 20.2 (16.1-22.0) µm, vulval body diameter = 21.2 (19.0-23.3) µm with protruded lips (Fig. 1D) and distance between vulva and anus = 99.7 (89.7-111.0) µm, anal body width = 13.3 (10.8-16.2) µm. Tail is conoid with bluntly pointed or subhemispherical, smooth terminus with length = 37.5 (30.8-43.3) µm (Fig. 1C, D). De Man ratios are a = 27.9 (32.1-31.5) µm, b = 5.1 (4.6-6.1), c = 16.1 (4.6-6.1), c' = 2.6 (2.4-2.9), V = 77.3 (76.4-79.1). No males were found. The morphometric details of female were consistent with Pratylenchus hippeastri Gu et al., 2014;Wang et al., 2016;Knoetze et al., ...
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... The D3 segment allowed the identification of the root-lesion nematode. P. hippeastri was confirmed in the central region of Costa Rica in strawberry (Brenes-Campos et al., 2022). ...
Introduction. The root-lesion nematodes, Pratylenchus spp., have a wide host range and reduce the yield of different crops. Information on the diversity of Pratylenchus species is scarce in Costa Rica. Objective. To identify the Pratylenchus species associated with 12 crops based on the D3 region of the 28S rDNA gene. Materials and methods. During 2013 to 2015, root samples were collected in Alajuela, Cartago, Guanacaste, Heredia, and San José in crops of rice (Oryza sativa), black pepper (Piper nigrum), sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum), aster (Aster sp.), coffee (Coffea arabica), banana (Musa paradisiaca), lily (Lilium sp.), gypsophila (Gypsophila sp.), onion (Allium cepa), potato (Solanum tuberosum), strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa), and leather-leaf fern (Rumohra adiantiformis). The D3 region of the 28S rDNA gene from each population was amplified and sequenced. A GenBank Blast Search was performed for each sequence. The phylogenetic relationships were established by Bayesian Inference. Results. Blast Search indicated the presence of P. pseudocoffeae in aster, P. brachyurus in black pepper, P. crenatus in onion and potato, P. hippeastri and P. gutierrezi in sugarcane and coffee, respectively. Pratylenchus bolivianus in leather-leaf fern and potato, P. penetrans in onion, strawberry, gypsophila, and lily, P. zeae in rice and sugarcane, while P. speijeri in banana. The phylogenetic analysis corroborated the Pratylenchus species identity with exceptions of sequences from 1) banana, grouped to P. coffeae complex group, 2) sugar cane, grouped to P. hippeastri complex group 3) onion and potato were related with P. crenatus, in an independent group, and 4) leather-leaf fern and potato were grouped with P. bolivianus with low resolution. Conclusions. Nine genetic groups of Pratylenchus were found, some of those should be verified with other molecular markers to get a conclusive identification.
A synoptic review of plant disease epidemics and outbreaks was made using two complementary approaches. The first approach involved reviewing scientific literature published in 2021, in which quantitative data related to new plant disease epidemics or outbreaks had been obtained via surveys or similar methodologies. The second approach involved retrieving new pest presence records added to the CABI Distribution Database in 2021. The literature review for the first approach had two stages. Stage 1 aimed to identify publications on plant diseases caused by pathogen taxonomic groups and led to retrieval of 99 core articles describing studies in 62 categories (pathogen species or species complexes) across more than 40 host species in 6 continents. In Stage 2, the core articles were augmented with further articles providing more context and information for the pathogen species identified in Stage 1. When both sets of articles were combined, the pathogen species with more than 5 articles were: Bursephalenchus xylophilus, Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus, cassava mosaic viruses, citrus tristeza virus, Erwinia amylovora, Fusarium spp. complexes, Fusarium oxysporum f.sp cubense, Magnaporthe oryzae, maize lethal necrosis co-infecting viruses, Meloidogyne spp. complexes, Pseudomonas syringae pvs, Puccinia striiformis f.sp tritici, Xylella fastidiosa, and Zymoseptoria tritici. The automated search of the CABI Distribution Database led to 617 new distribution records from 283 plant pathogens in 2021 and was followed by manual review of all pathogens with more than 4 new records, to identify confirmed first reports in a new location. A total of 15 pathogens was identified: apple hammerhead viroid, apple rubbery wood viruses, Aphelenchoides besseyi, Biscogniauxia mediterranea, Ca. Liberibacter asiaticus, citrus tristeza virus, Colletotrichum siamense, cucurbit chlorotic yellows virus, Erwinia rhapontici, Erysiphe corylacearum, Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense Tropical Race 4, Globodera rostochiensis, Nothophoma quercina, potato spindle tuber viroid, and tomato brown rugose fruit virus. Although 3 very important pathogens – Ca. Liberibacter asiaticus, citrus tristeza virus and Fusarium oxysporum f.sp cubense – were represented in the results of both approaches, in general the two approaches revealed distinct sets of plant disease outbreaks and new records, with little overlap in the results.
