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The occurrence of fire in road tunnels poses high risks to the life and health of people. The resulting smoke, fire gases and high temperatures can be the cause of poisoning and burns. Additionally, dense smoke can significantly reduce visibility, which can result in difficulties during evacuation. This paper aims to investigate the effect of speci...
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... When a disaster occurs on one side of the tunnel, trapped people and vehicles are evacuated to the other side of the tunnel through the pedestrian cross-passage and vehicle cross-passage in the middle of the tunnel on both sides [13], such as Chengkai Tunnel and Qinling-Tiannanshan Tunnel. The longitudinal evacuation mode is applicable to large shield tunnels, mainly underwater shield tunnels, where trapped people are evacuated to the lower passage of the tunnel through evacuation stairs or slides [14]. Representative tunnels are Shanghai Yangtze River Tunnel and Wuhan Yangtze River Tunnel. ...
The smoke from tunnel fires spreads over long distances and is difficult to vent. Smoke accumulation leads to high temperatures, low visibility, and high concentrations of toxic gases, which greatly hinders the evacuation of people inside the tunnel. In this paper, a representative extra-long highway tunnel—Chengkai Tunnel—is selected as the engineering background, and a tunnel model is built using FDS and Pathfinder software to simulate the fire scenario and evacuation scenario under different longitudinal wind speeds. The concept of safe evacuation reliability is proposed to describe the relationship between the ASET (available safe egress time) and the RSET (required safe egress time). The simulation results show that with the increase in longitudinal wind speed, the ASET upstream of fire source increases first and then remains unchanged, while ASET downstream of fire source increases first and then decreases. The ASET upstream of the fire source is affected by visibility, while the ASET downstream of the fire source is affected by visibility when the wind speed is low, and is affected by temperature as the wind speed increases. The bottleneck effect is an important reason for the long evacuation time of people. The blockage time is a power function of the evacuation movement time, and increasing the width of the cross passage can improve the evacuation efficiency of the tunnel. The increase in the number of evacuees will reduce the reliability of the safe evacuation of personnel. Among all simulated scenarios, a longitudinal wind speed of 2.5 m/s has the highest safe evacuation reliability, with 0.79, 0.92, and 0.99 for scenarios R1, R2, and R3, respectively. Excessive wind speed reduces the safe evacuation reliability downstream of the fire source.
... 2.3 Detection and effect of toxic gases during the fire overhaul Fire gases can be the cause of burns and smoke can reduce visibility, which can result in difficulties during operation (Koch et al., 2021). Smoke or gas inhalation and thermal stress are among major types of injuries occurring during fire overhaul operations (Evarts and Molis, 2018). ...
Purpose –Existence of hidden and dangerous points after a fire results in the loss of commanding the rescue teams, life, and financial events. Identifying these points by taking into account their contributing factors will help to better manage, prevent, and prepare for the risks even after their occurrence.
Design/methodology/approach – In this study, the fire overhaul was investigated by identifying the risks of this stage and ranking them in terms of impact. This article introduces danger points using empirical knowledge (questionnaire) along with theoretical knowledge (literature review) and suggested solutions. Finally, by investigating the dangers and their effects on each other, it introduced three main danger paths. The main problem is the lack of applied knowledge, the relationship between theoretical knowledge at this stage of fire, and its application in firefighting operations. To solve this problem, a model was developed to determine the relationships between the effects on firefighters' health during fire overhaul using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) in the building. To develop this model, dangerous points were first identified, categorized, and weighted, and then the effect of each of these points and their interactions was determined.
Findings – This paper contributes to the literature by identifying hazardous points and investigating their impacts on firefighters’ health using the SEM method. This study identifies 17 points that can be traversed through three paths.
Research Implications – Hazardous points could affect the success of the fire overhaul operation. Adopting a flexible model during this stage can enhance safety.
Originality/value – The results of this study can be used to rank and classify fire overhaul hazards in buildings and to increase firefighters̓ safety and other related factors.
... For example, it was shown that a cause-and-effect analysis is beneficial in sustainable supply chain competitiveness [19]. In addition, transportation safety management is one the fields in which cause-and-effect analysis is highly used [20]. The cause-and-effect scheme is also evident in fields such as sustainable solid waste management [21]. ...
Railway operations is a complicated field that requires a specialized team to operate trains safely and effectively. The focus of this paper was on a Middle Eastern-based railway company to understand the current train shunting process at the north–south passenger line and investigate possible issues in order to resolve them. The aim of this paper is to go through the DMAIC cycle and use it to define, measure, analyze and recommend improvements to enhance and control the current process. The results show that the bottleneck process can be greatly improved and optimized by fixing the root causes identified by the cause and effect diagram, which should positively contribute to increasing the overall performance of train operations and provide more time to maintain the trains.
