Figure 1 - uploaded by Astrid Forneck
Content may be subject to copyright.
![Life cycles of grape phylloxera (modified from [1]). Above-and below-ground stages are shown in green and brown, respectively.](profile/Astrid-Forneck/publication/336026787/figure/fig1/AS:807026414329856@1569421499048/Life-cycles-of-grape-phylloxera-modified-from-1-Above-and-below-ground-stages-are.png)
Life cycles of grape phylloxera (modified from [1]). Above-and below-ground stages are shown in green and brown, respectively.
Source publication
![Figure 1. Life cycles of grape phylloxera (modified from [1])....](profile/Astrid-Forneck/publication/336026787/figure/fig1/AS:807026414329856@1569421499048/Life-cycles-of-grape-phylloxera-modified-from-1-Above-and-below-ground-stages-are_Q320.jpg)
Grape phylloxera (Daktulosphaira vitifoliae Fitch) is a major pest of cultivated grapevines (Vitis spp.), occurring in virtually all viticultural regions around the world. Different grape phylloxera strains can be found at varying levels on leaves and roots on both own-rooted plants and in plants grafted onto partially resistant rootstocks. Conside...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... phylloxera (Daktulosphaira vitifoliae Fitch) is an obligate biotroph on Vitis spp. Its life cycle exists in many variants, but it is generally considered as holocyclic with both sexual and asexual reproductive stages (Figure 1) [1]. Briefly, and considering northern hemisphere conditions, the first generation is initiated parthenogenetically in spring when climatic and plant phenological conditions are optimal. ...
Context 2
... this complex life cycle, and in a susceptible host, grape phylloxera generates serious structural damages in the plant that might eventually cause plant death after several years of infestation [2]. In roots, grape phylloxera induces the formation of organoid galls immediately behind the root tip or near the zone of elongation (Figure 1). These galls induce the generation of root nodosities (in young root tips) and/or root tuberosities (in mature roots), which serve as the insect's nutritional basis [3,4]. ...
Context 3
... galls induce the generation of root nodosities (in young root tips) and/or root tuberosities (in mature roots), which serve as the insect's nutritional basis [3,4]. In leaves, it induces the formation of histoid galls on newly expanded leaves (Figure 1) to increase the availability of nutrients and facilitate their acquisition by a complex reprogramming of vine leaf development, structure and metabolism [5]. As a result, grape phylloxera might cause severe vine decline or death by a series of mechanisms that include: (I) a removal of photosynthates that may cause loss of vine vigour; (II) root mortality by secondary pathogens entering feeding wounds (which cause additional water and nutrient stresses to the vine); and (III) indirect physiological disruption of photosynthates and water stress [2,[6][7][8]. ...
Context 4
... a result, grape phylloxera might cause severe vine decline or death by a series of mechanisms that include: (I) a removal of photosynthates that may cause loss of vine vigour; (II) root mortality by secondary pathogens entering feeding wounds (which cause additional water and nutrient stresses to the vine); and (III) indirect physiological disruption of photosynthates and water stress [2,[6][7][8]. Insects 2019, 10, x 2 of 20 expanded leaves ( Figure 1) to increase the availability of nutrients and facilitate their acquisition by a complex reprogramming of vine leaf development, structure and metabolism [5]. As a result, grape phylloxera might cause severe vine decline or death by a series of mechanisms that include: (I) a removal of photosynthates that may cause loss of vine vigour; (II) root mortality by secondary pathogens entering feeding wounds (which cause additional water and nutrient stresses to the vine); and (III) indirect physiological disruption of photosynthates and water stress [2,[6][7][8]. ...
Context 5
... a result, grape phylloxera might cause severe vine decline or death by a series of mechanisms that include: (I) a removal of photosynthates that may cause loss of vine vigour; (II) root mortality by secondary pathogens entering feeding wounds (which cause additional water and nutrient stresses to the vine); and (III) indirect physiological disruption of photosynthates and water stress [2,[6][7][8]. Figure 1. Life cycles of grape phylloxera (modified from [1]). ...
Similar publications
The Anatolian peninsula otherwise known as Asia Minor is considered one of the centers that shaped grape (Vitis spp.) evolution and domestication. This region with diverse ecological conditions also has a long history of viticulture and growing grapes has been a part of the local culture since very old times. However, very little information is ava...
Citations
... SSR microsatellite markers, also known as simple sequence repeats (SSRs), are abundant short tandem repeat sequences (STRs) that are scattered throughout the genome, representing genomic repeat regions [12,13]. SSR fragments are abundant in the nuclear genome and the organelle genome, and due to their stability and transferability, they have been widely used in systematic germplasm identification and population genetic analysis [14]. ...
Radix asparagi is the dried root tuber of the Liliaceae plant Asparagus cochinchinensis (Lour.) Merr., which is a major Chinese medicinal herb with high medicinal and edible value in China. The planting area of A. cochinchinensis is extensive, and there is blind introduction in various regions, leading to confusion the origin of Radix asparagi and impure germplasm. This study conducted morphological and karyotype analyses on cultivated Asparagus resources from seven main production areas in China and developed SSR molecular markers suitable for the identification of Asparagus germplasm resources based on the transcriptome sequencing results. The morphological results indicate that in addition to A. cochinchinensis (Lour.) Merr., recorded in the Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China, there are also A. taliensis Wang et Tang and A. lycopodineus (Baker) Wang et Tang cultivated in China. All the tested Asparagus resources were diploid and had 20 chromosomes. A total of 8841 single genes containing SSR loci were identified using transcriptome sequencing of Neijiang Asparagus, including 761 SSR loci with trinucleotide repeat units. One hundred pairs of SSR primers were randomly designed from the trinucleotide repeat loci for PCR and polymorphism verification, and ten pairs were selected for identification of Asparagus germplasm resources. The genetic diversity results of ten pairs of primers in seven Asparagus-producing regions were consistent with the morphological identification. This study provides technical support for the comprehensive evaluation and utilization of Asparagus germplasm resources.
... The highest similarity ratio among cultivars was found to be 95.5% between Kokulu Kara (List no: 5) and Siyah Üzüm (List no: 17) and between Siyah Üzüm (List no: 29) and Yerli Siyah (List no: 30) cultivars. Kokulu Kara (List no: 5) and Siyah Üzüm (List no: 17) were different from each other in one allele of the VVMD7 locus, and Siyah Üzüm (List no: 29) and Yerli Siyah (List no:30) were different from each other in one allele of the VVMD28 locus. However, the Kokulu Kara (List no: 5) and Siyah Üzüm (List no: 17) cultivars have relatively different morphological features, and they are quite different in terms of their sampling place. ...
Grape (Vitis vinifera L.) is among the most important commercial fruit species grown worldwide in terms of its economic value. Anatolia (Turkey), located in the favorable climate zone for viticulture, has a rich grape genetic potential due to its location at the intersection of the grapevine gene centers. In Turkish Kara grape germplasm, there are problems in terms of accuracy during the production phase due to the inadequacies in ampelographic definitions, and also very little information is available on genetic analysis of Kara grape germplasm. This study carried out genetic analysis of 49 Kara grape cultivars from six regions (sub-populations) of Turkey and 3 reference cultivars using 22 microsatellite loci (SSR), and ampelographic analysis were also performed concerning 39 OIV descriptors. In the SSR analysis, the average number of alleles per locus was 8.91, ranging from 4 to 13; four synonymous and five homonymous cases were also identified. In the population structure analysis, the genetic differentiation (Fst) values among six populations were moderate. In the BAPS analysis, all populations except Central Anatolia were found to be highly admixed with each other, and in the FCA analysis, the East Anatolia population was completely separated. In the multilocus lineages (MLLs) analysis, a total of three accessions were matched to different accessions as clone assignment. In this study, SSR-based genetic characterization of the Turkish Kara grape germplasm was revealed for the first time, and it is thought that the obtained data will help other grape genetic characterization studies and contribute to viticulture research in other areas such as breeding, protection and variety registration.
... Simple Sequence Repeats or Microsatellite Markers are a category of abundant Short Tandem Repeats (STRs) scattered throughout the genome that make up genomic repetitive regions (Agarwal et al., 2008;Kantartzi, 2013;Tello and Forneck, 2019). They usually concern 5-50 "monotonous" repetitions of the type (GA)n, or (GATA)n or similar minute sequence repeat. ...
The contribution of vine cultivation to human welfare as well as the stimulation of basic social and cultural features of civilization has been great. The wide temporal and regional distribution created a wide array of genetic variants that have been used as propagating material to promote cultivation. Information on the origin and relationships among cultivars is of great interest from a phylogenetics and biotechnology perspective. Fingerprinting and exploration of the complicated genetic background of varieties may contribute to future breeding programs. In this review, we present the most frequently used molecular markers, which have been used on Vitis germplasm. We discuss the scientific progress that led to the new strategies being implemented utilizing state-of-the-art next generation sequencing technologies. Additionally, we attempted to delimit the discussion on the algorithms used in phylogenetic analyses and differentiation of grape varieties. Lastly, the contribution of epigenetics is highlighted to tackle future roadmaps for breeding and exploitation of Vitis germplasm. The latter will remain in the top of the edge for future breeding and cultivation and the molecular tools presented herein, will serve as a reference point in the challenging years to come.
... When compared to amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis, microsatellites can generate more highly discriminating data (Behura 2006). In contrast to microsatellite analysis, the AFLP method requires high quality DNA for enzymes to bind correctly, and it is often difficult to distinguish heterozygotes from homozygotes (Tello and Forneck 2019). Microsatellites have been widely used to examine population genetics and breeding structures for Ae. ...
The mosquito Aedes aegypti is the primary vector of the dengue, yellow fever, and chikungunya viruses. Evidence shows that Ae. aegypti males are polyandrous whereas Ae. aegypti females are monandrous in mating. However, the degree to which Ae. aegypti males and females can mate with different partners has not been rigorously tested. Therefore, this study examined the rates of polyandry via parentage assignment in three sets of competitive mating experiments using wild-type male and female Ae. aegypti. Parentage assignment was monitored using nine microsatellite DNA markers. All Ae. aegypti offspring were successfully assigned to parents with 80% or 95% confidence using CERVUS software. The results showed that both male and female Ae. aegypti mated with up to 3-4 different partners. Adults contributed differentially to the emergent offspring, with reproductive outputs ranging from 1 to 25 viable progeny. This study demonstrates a new perspective on the capabilities of male and female Ae. aegypti in mating. These findings are significant because successful deployment of reproductive control methods using genetic modification or sterile Ae. aegypti must consider the following criteria regarding their mating fitness: 1) choosing Ae. aegypti males that can mate with many different females; 2) testing how transformed Ae. aegypti male perform with polyandrous females; and 3) prioritizing the selection of polyandrous males and/or females Ae. aegypti that have the most offspring.
... Random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) is another molecular method used to study the genetic variation. RAPD is a convenient and rapid technique to investigate genetic polymorphisms in insects (Tello and Forneck 2019). The RAPD markers can detect DNA polymorphisms by using the single primers without the need to know the genomic sequence (Kumar and Gurusubramanian 2011). ...
In the present study, we used RAPD marker, COI gene sequence and RFLP analysis to investigate the genetic variation of 11 Pulvinaria aurantii Cockerell populations from different regions in northern Iran. The twenty-one RAPD primers generated 834 amplification products, of which 702 (84.17%) bands were polymorphic. The genotypic similarity of the populations ranged from 0.46 to 0.85 based on the Dice similarity coefficient. UPGMA dendrogram indicated that there is no clear relationship between genetic distances and geographical distances. An 850 bp fragment of COI gene was sequenced for 33 samples, resulting in five haplotypes. COI sequencing indicated that 63.63% of the samples (seven populations) had the same nucleotide sequence as outgroup (Japan). Enzymatic digestion of P. aurantii COI gene (656 bp fragment) resulted in 315 restriction fragments with 11 different sizes. The results indicated genetically differences of the populations but the level of variations was independent of geographical distances.
• Successful amplification of the COI barcode region of Pulvinaria aurantii
• Twenty-one RAPD primers generated 834 bands with 84% polymorphism
• Identify five different haplotypes based on the COI barcode region
• Detection of genetic diversity among some populations based on RAPD, COI and RFLP
• No clear correlation was found between geographical distances and genetic distances
... Since the identification of four SSR markers for phylloxera identification, by Corrie et al. [22], they are increasingly being used as markers in population genetics studies of grape phylloxera (being well suited for association studies and the genotyping of individuals) [23]. SSRs were hereby used to differentiate phylloxera populations based on hostplant species and to differentiate spatial and temporal sampling levels [13,22,24,25]. ...
Depending on their life cycle, grape phylloxera (Daktulosphaira vitifoliae Fitch) leaf-feeding populations are initiated through asexually produced offspring or sexual recombination. The vine's initial foliar larvae may originate from root-feeding phylloxera or wind-drifted foliar larvae from other habitats. Though some studies have reported phylloxera leaf-feeding in commercial vineyards, it is still unclear if they are genetically distinct from the population structure of these two sources. Using seven SSR-markers, this study analyzed the genetic structure of phylloxera populations in commercial vineyards with different natural infestation scenarios and that of single-plant insect systems that exclude infestation by wind-drifted larvae. We saw that during the vegetation period, phylloxera populations predominately go through their asexual life cycle to migrate from roots to leaves. We provided evidence that such migrations do not exclusively occur through wind-drifted foliar populations from rootstock vines in abandoned thickets, but that root populations within commercial vineyards also migrate to establish V. vinifera leaf populations. Whereas the former scenario generates foliar populations with high genotypic diversity, the latter produces population bottlenecks through founder effects or phylloxera biotype selection pressure. We finally compared these population structures with those of populations in their native habitat in North America, using four microsatellite markers.
... Although the morphological modifications during grape phylloxera root gall formation are comparably well studied [8,9,13,16,17,24,[35][36][37], the underlying biomolecular basis of root-feeding grape phylloxera biotypes is far from clear. Work employing molecular markers failed to identify biomarkers linked to host preference, e.g., [25,28,38,39] other than leaf feeding in native habitats. ...
Grape phylloxera is one of the most dangerous insect pests for worldwide viticulture. The leaf- and root-galling phylloxerid has been managed by grafting European grapevines onto American rootstock hybrids. Recent reports pinpoint the appearance of host-adapted biotypes, but information about the biomolecular characteristics underlying grape phylloxera biotypisation and its role in host performance is scarce. Using RNA-sequencing, we sequenced the transcriptome of two larval stages: L1 (probing) and L2-3 (feeding) larvae of two root-feeding grape phylloxera lineages feeding on the rootstock Teleki 5C (biotype C) and V. vinifera Riesling (biotype A). In total, 7501 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were commonly modulated by the two biotypes. For the probing larvae, we found an increased number of DEGs functionally associated with insect chemoreception traits, such as odorant-binding proteins, chemosensory proteins, ionotropic, odorant, and gustatory receptors. The transcriptomic profile of feeding larvae was enriched with DEGs associated with the primary metabolism. Larvae feeding on the tolerant rootstock Teleki 5C exhibited higher numbers of plant defense suppression-associated DEGs than larvae feeding on the susceptible host. Based on the identified DEGs, we discuss their potential role for the compatible grape phylloxera–Vitis interaction belowground. This study was the first to compare the transcriptomes of two grape phylloxera lineages feeding on a tolerant and susceptible host, respectively, and to identify DEGs involved in the molecular interaction with these hosts. Our data provide a source for future studies on host adaptation mechanisms of grape phylloxera and help to elucidate grape phylloxera resistance further.
... RAPD was also used together with intersimple sequence repeats (ISSRs) to study the genetic diversity of 18 Iranian populations of Nigella sativa, showing that these molecular markers can be useful for identifying and classifying plant species [29]. RAPD and SSR markers were also used to assess the genetic diversity of finger millet (Eleusine coracana), showing these molecular markers techniques are suitable for various plants, as well as for other organisms such as insects [30,31]. ...
Climatic changes affect various organisms, including plant species, becoming unfavorable for the environment and socioeconomic value, prompting an increase in activities related to plant resources conservation. The successful conservation of plant genetic resources depends on the proper identification and characterization of plant material. One of the notable developments in genetic conservation is the use of molecular markers for assessing the conservation and use of plant genetic resources. This review is devoted to the use of molecular marker techniques for genetic assessment of plant genetic variations. Development in these techniques provides smooth, reliable, and effortless ways for assessing known and unknown taxa, between and within species. These techniques provide a revelation to researchers on taxonomical and evolutionary questions which were not possible earlier. The polymerase chain reaction-based molecular markers give rise to various novel techniques due to the simplicity and high reproducibility of the methods. Examples including a combination of earlier techniques, such as restriction fragment length polymorphism, random amplification of polymorphic DNA, simple sequence repeat, intersimple sequence repeats, single nucleotide polymorphism, and amplified fragment length polymorphism, have been used for plant genetic variations and polymorphism studies. Progress in the advanced high-throughput sequencing techniques or next-generation sequencing technologies has been rapidly utilized to study genetic diversity broadly and to identify suitable genes and alleles rapidly. These techniques offer a practical resolution to the challenges in crop genomics. This review explains the recent advances in the molecular marker techniques, along with the advantages, uses, and limitations. Each technique differs in resolving the genetic variations and polymorphism in plant species.
... Indeed, we expect that using high-definition molecular markers, more especially sequencing, other fascinating phenomena will be described in the near future, perhaps wholly unexpected, as some of the aforementioned phenomena have been in their own right. We live in a golden age of discovery in this respect, simply because modern technology allows us to probe and investigate areas and topics in aphidology undreamt of by earlier generations of aphid researchers, for example the genomics data on members of the Aphididae tested to date, as well as in relation to new molecular findings concerning closely related grape phylloxera (Hemiptera: Phylloxeridae) (Tello & Forneck, 2019) In the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum, the IAGC syndicate's findings, following the first sequencing of the entire genome of an aphid, highlighted genes associated with basic metabolism, mtDNA, telomeres, TEs, duplications and deletions, and influences of the genome in relation to endosymbiotic bacteria. In relation to the last aspect, the IAGC (2010) states 'Our findings indicate that overall aphids have acquired few functional genes via lateral gene transfer from bacteria. ...
Aphids are renowned plant parasites of agriculture, horticulture and forestry, causing direct physical damage by sucking phloem and especially by transmission of plant pathogenic viruses. The huge yield loss they cause amounts to hundreds of millions of dollars globally, and because of this damage and the intense efforts expended on control, some 20 species are now resistant to pesticides worldwide. Aphids represent an ancient, mainly northern temperate group, although some species occur in the tropics, often as obligate asexual lineages or even asexual ‘species’. However, besides their notoriety as enemies of plant growers, aphids are also extremely interesting scientifically, especially at the molecular and genetic levels. They reproduce mainly asexually, one female producing 10–90 offspring in 7–10 days and therefore, theoretically, could produce billions of offspring in one growing season in the absence of mortality factors (i.e. climate/weather and antagonists). In this overview, we provide examples of what molecular and genetic studies of aphids have revealed concerning a range of topics, especially fine-grained ecological processes. Aphids, despite their apparently limited behavioural repertoire, are in fact masters (or, perhaps more accurately, mistresses) of adaptation and evolutionary flexibility and continue to flourish in a variety of ecosystems, including the agro-ecosystem, regardless of our best efforts to combat them.
... Indeed, we expect that using high-definition molecular markers, more especially sequencing, other fascinating phenomena will be described in the near future, perhaps wholly unexpected, as some of the aforementioned phenomena have been in their own right. We live in a golden age of discovery in this respect, simply because modern technology allows us to probe and investigate areas and topics in aphidology undreamt of by earlier generations of aphid researchers, for example the genomics data on members of the Aphididae tested to date, as well as in relation to new molecular findings concerning closely related grape phylloxera (Hemiptera: Phylloxeridae) (Tello & Forneck, 2019) In the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum, the IAGC syndicate's findings, following the first sequencing of the entire genome of an aphid, highlighted genes associated with basic metabolism, mtDNA, telomeres, TEs, duplications and deletions, and influences of the genome in relation to endosymbiotic bacteria. In relation to the last aspect, the IAGC (2010) states 'Our findings indicate that overall aphids have acquired few functional genes via lateral gene transfer from bacteria. ...
Aphids are renowned plant parasites of agriculture, horticulture and forestry, causing direct physical damage by sucking phloem and especially by transmission of plant pathogenic viruses. The huge yield loss they cause amounts to hundreds of millions of dollars globally, and because of this damage and the intense efforts expended on control, some 20 species are now resistant to pesticides worldwide. Aphids represent an ancient, mainly northern temperate group, although some species occur in the tropics, often as obligate asexual lineages or even asexual 'species'. However, besides their notoriety as enemies of plant growers, aphids are also extremely interesting scientifically, especially at the molecular and genetic levels. They reproduce mainly asexually, one female producing 10-90 offspring in 7-10 days and therefore, theoretically, could produce billions of offspring in one growing season in the absence of mortality factors (i.e. climate/ weather and antagonists). In this overview, we provide examples of what molecular and genetic studies of aphids have revealed concerning a range of topics, especially fine-grained ecological processes. Aphids, despite their apparently limited behavioural repertoire, are in fact masters (or, perhaps more accurately, mistresses) of adaptation and evolutionary flexibility and continue to flourish in a variety of ecosystems, including the agro-ecosystem, regardless of our best efforts to combat them. ADDITIONAL KEYWORDS: adaptation-antagonists-aphid-asexual reproduction-ecology and evolution-pests-molecular DNA markers-predators-parasitoids. 'In the fields they seem to go off gradually one by one in the heat of the day, heedless of a destination, and like a packet vessel freighted with passengers for different ports; touching and discharging the cargo at intervals, and then anew buoyantly resuming the voyage.' (Hardy, 1850a) 'It thus appears to be impelled through a circuit, and to be ever striving to regain the source whence first it drew the vital stream; like a bird, that, with uncertain aim, has wandered from its home at day-dawn, but directs its way back unerringly, when the tempest lowers, and the shadows of evening thicken.' (Hardy, 1850b) James Hardy (1815-98) describing, respectively, the aerial migration of the grain aphid, Sitobion (= Aphis) avenae, between its spring/summer grass and cereal hosts; and the host alternation of the rose-grain aphid, Metopolophium (= Aphis) dirhodum, migrating in the autumn from its grass and cereal spring/summer hosts to its primary overwintering woody host, rose, and vice versa the following spring.
