Figure 1 - uploaded by Laura M. Parker
Content may be subject to copyright.
![Life cycle stages of benthic broadcast spawners and impacts of ocean acidification on fertilisation and larval development [7].](profile/Laura-Parker-9/publication/265687586/figure/fig1/AS:668910164652033@1536492019277/Life-cycle-stages-of-benthic-broadcast-spawners-and-impacts-of-ocean-acidification-on.jpg)
Life cycle stages of benthic broadcast spawners and impacts of ocean acidification on fertilisation and larval development [7].
Source publication
Predicting the impact of warming and acidifying on oceans on the early development life history stages of invertebrates although difficult, is essential in order to anticipate the severity and consequences of future climate change. This review summarises the current literature and meta-analyses on the early life-history stages of invertebrates incl...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... of marine organisms which often begin the deposition of their shells and skeletons with ACC are thus likely to be more susceptible than adults (Table 1) [7] and depending on their distribution particularly susceptible in the polar regions because they deposit a more soluble form of calcite (ACC) in a region where this is energetically difficult to do so. Not only has it been suggested that the impact of ocean acidification will be more significant for larvae than adults [14], but it will be most significant for the earlier sensitive life history stages; including egg and sperm production, fertilisation, cleavage, than the later life history stages of larval development and dispersal, settlement and post-settlement survival, especially for molluscs and echinoderms [7,14,[33][34][35][36] (Figure 1). Indeed it has been suggested that the sensitivity of larvae is hierarchical, being most sensitive when embryos and least sensitive as pediveligers and metamorphs, following a linear sequence; embryos>veligers (D larvae)> pediveligers>metamorphs>adults [37]. ...
Similar publications
Anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) from fossil fuel combustion and deforestation are rapidly increasing the atmospheric concentration of CO2 and reducing the pH of the oceans. This study shows that predicted near-future levels of ocean acidification have significant negative effects on early larval development of the Sydney rock oyster...
Citations
... These studies cannot account for past or ongoing adaptations in the pteropod population caused by long-term environmental changes. Furthermore, these incubation studies often focus on specific life-stages and do not cover the entire life cycle (Busch & McElhany, 2016;Ross et al., 2011). Furthermore, they typically assume static ocean chemistry conditions . ...
Observations from the California Current System (CalCS) indicate that the long‐term trend in ocean acidification (OA) and the naturally occurring corrosive conditions for the CaCO 3 mineral aragonite (saturation state Ω < 1) have a damaging effect on shelled pteropods, a keystone group of calcifying organisms in the CalCS. Concern is heightened by recent findings suggesting that shell formation and developmental progress are already impacted when Ω falls below 1.5. Here, we quantify the impact of low Ω conditions on pteropods using an individual‐based model (IBM) with life‐stage‐specific mortality, growth, and behavior in a high‐resolution regional hindcast simulation of the CalCS between 1984 and 2019. Special attention is paid to attributing this impact to different processes that lead to such low Ω conditions, namely natural variability, long‐term trend, and extreme events. We find that much of the observed damage in the CalCS, and specifically >70% of the shell CaCO 3 loss, is due to the pteropods' exposure to naturally occurring low Ω conditions as a result of their diel vertical migration (DVM). Over the hindcast period, their exposure to damaging waters ( Ω < 1.5) increases from 9% to 49%, doubling their shell CaCO 3 loss, and increasing their mortality by ~40%. Most of this increased exposure is due to the shoaling of low Ω waters driven by the long‐term trend in OA. Extreme OA events amplify this increase by ~40%. Our approach can quantify the health of pteropod populations under shifting environmental conditions, and attribute changes in fitness or population structure to changes in the stressor landscape across hierarchical time scales.
... Marine invertebrates can experience physiological effects such as oxidative stress, decreased immunity, decreased growth and 35 development, and lower reproductive success (Shi and Li, 2023). OA can be particularly harmful to organisms in early life stages, affecting fertilization, larval development, dispersal, and settlement (Ross et al., 2011). Moreover, OA can negatively impact food web dynamics and ecosystem processes (Fabry et al., 2008). ...
Marine carbon dioxide removal (mCDR) approaches are under development to mitigate the effects of climate change with potential co-benefits of local reduction of ocean acidification impacts. One such method is ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE). A specific OAE method that avoids issues of solid dissolution kinetics and the release of impurities into the ocean is the generation of aqueous alkalinity via electrochemistry to enhance the alkalinity of the surrounding water and extract acid from seawater. While electrochemical acid extraction is a promising method for increasing the carbon dioxide sequestration potential of the ocean, the biological effects of this method are relatively unknown. This study aims to address this knowledge gap by testing the effects of increased pH and alkalinity, delivered in the form of aqueous base, on two ecologically important eelgrass epifauna in the U.S. Pacific Northwest, Taylor’s sea hare (Phyllaplysia taylori) and eelgrass isopod (Idotea resecata), across pH treatments ranging from 7.8 to 9.3. Four-day experiments were conducted in closed bottles to allow measurements of the evolution of carbonate species throughout the experiment with water refreshed twice daily to maintain elevated pH. Sea hares experienced mortality in all pH treatments, ranging from 40 % mortality at pH 7.8 to 100 % mortality at pH 9.3. Isopods experienced lower mortality rates in all treatment groups, which did not significantly increase with higher pH treatments. Different invertebrate species will likely have different responses to increased pH and alkalinity, depending on their physiological vulnerabilities. Investigation of the potential vulnerabilities of local marine species will help inform the decision-making process regarding mCDR planning and permitting.
... When we cultured ovigerous females of N. granulata under low pH, those eggs exposed to the level 6.9 hatched somewhat more than 1 day after than those embryos maintained under environment pH. Delays in the embryonic development period have been observed in several invertebrates (Ross et al., 2011), including crab species under acidified seawater regime (e.g., Metacarcinus magister -Miller et al., 2016, Menippe mercenaria -Gravinese, 2018. External membranes covering crustacean eggs, including those of brachyuran crabs, protect embryos from the media, but at the same time permit somehow the flux of gas, ions and water. ...
The decrease in the pH of the oceans is one of the consequences of the release of CO2 (carbon dioxide) into the atmosphere by human activities. In estuaries, the magnitude to which pH will change and how the organisms that inhabit these environments would be affected is today relatively poorly known. We evaluated, by two laboratory experiments, whether the low pH affects early stages of the semi-terrestrial crab Neohelice granulata, an estuarine and ecosystem engineer species. Firstly, embryos and the spawning larvae were exposed to acidified seawater (ambient pH: 7.9 and 8, respectively; 7.5 and 6.9); secondly, ovigerous females were collected from the field and freshly hatched larvae were cultured under these pHs. We found a slight delay in the development time of embryos exposed to pH 6.9 but no difference in those reared under intermedial pH (7.5) with respect to the control and 6.9. We also found a reduction in egg volume and eye size exposed at pH 7.5 but with a recovery to normal size later in development. Heartbeats did not vary with pH. A delay in the duration of the intermolt period was observed for both larvae zoea I (ZI) and II (ZII) exposed to pH 6.9 in the first experiment, and only in ZI under this pH in the second one. Differences in body morphometry were found in the zoeas analyzed in the first experiment but not for the second. Measurements of changes in oxygen concentration conducted in the second experiment showed a reduction in the consumption of all zoeae stages when exposed to both low pHs. Mortality of larvae remained constant across treatments. Although it was found that the early stages of this species would be slightly/moderately affected by potential future scenarios of pH decrease, we cannot rule out major impacts at the population level, which requires further experiments to be carried out.
... Molluscs, especially oysters, are one group of organisms that appear to be vulnerable to climate change. Evidence from laboratory and field trials suggests that climate change including ocean acidification and warming will interact to have negative impacts on oysters across each life-history stage (Gazeau et al., 2013;Parker et al., 2013;Ross et al., 2011;Ross et al., 2023;Leung et al., 2022). However, the response of oysters and other bivalves to climate change can vary among species, and among genotypes within species Scanes et al., 2020a;Stapp et al., 2017). ...
... The larger body sizes conferred by elevated temperatures can have a myriad of positive impacts on an individual's survival and performance during early development. During the planktonic portion of many marine invertebrate life cycles, smaller individuals often take longer to settle and are more likely to be predated upon (Allen et al., 2008;Byrne et al., 2009;Ross et al., 2011). Here, we measured the length of early feeding arms in echinopluteus larvae, with those reared at 20°C possessing longer arms than those at 14°C. ...
Marine heatwave (MHW) events, characterized by periods of anomalous temperatures, are an increasingly prevalent threat to coastal marine ecosystems. Given the seasonal phenology of MHWs, the full extent of their biological consequences may depend on how these thermal stress events align with an organism's reproductive cycle. In organisms with more complex life cycles (e.g., many marine invertebrate species) the alignment of adult and larval environments may be an important factor determining offspring success, setting the stage for MHW events to influence reproduction and development in situ. Here, the influence of MHW-like temperatures on the early development of the California purple sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, were explored within the context of paternal thermal history. Based on temperature data collected during MHW events seen in Southern California from 2014-2020, adult urchins were acclimated to either MHW or non-MHW temperatures for 28 days before their sperm was used to produce embryos that were subsequently raised under varying thermal conditions. Once offspring reached an early larval stage, the impact of paternal and offspring environments were assessed on two aspects of offspring performance: larval size and thermal tolerance. Exposure to elevated temperatures during early development resulted in larger, more thermally tolerant larvae, with further influences of paternal identity and thermal history, respectively. The alignment of paternal and offspring exposure to MHW temperatures had additional positive benefits on larval thermal tolerance, but this tolerance significantly decreased when their thermal experience mismatched. As the highest recorded temperatures within past MHW events have occurred during the gametogenesis of many kelp forest benthic marine invertebrate species, such as the purple sea urchin, such parental mediated impacts may represent important drivers of future recruitment and population composition for these species.
... Numerous research papers have demonstrated the eff ects of ocean acidifi cation on a number of biological processes such as development, survival, reproduction, calcifi cation, behaviour, feeding, etc. [e.g. 4,5,6,7,8]. Many marine calcifi ers are known to be particularly sensitive to ocean acidifi cation as extra energy costs associated with acid-base regulation, calcifi cation and protection against dissolution alter the overall energy budget and fi tness [7,8]. ...
... 4,5,6,7,8]. Many marine calcifi ers are known to be particularly sensitive to ocean acidifi cation as extra energy costs associated with acid-base regulation, calcifi cation and protection against dissolution alter the overall energy budget and fi tness [7,8]. However, a growing body of research has shown that some calcifi ers are able to maintain their calcifi cation rate or even thrive under low pH conditions [9,10,11]. ...
Previous work on ocean acidification highlighted contrasting response between marine species and population. This so-called species-specific response was hypothesized to be partly a consequence of local adaptation to the present range of natural variability in the carbonate chemistry. Under that hypothesis, species tolerance threshold should be correlated to its environmental pH niche. This paper aims to evaluate shell growth rate of Hexaplex trunculus, an important predatory gastropod in benthic communities of Mali Ston Bay. A long-term experiment (310 days) was designed to test a range of pH treatments covering present and future pH levels relevant in the context of future ocean acidification (7.95-7.22 pHT) at the sampling site. Sex had an effect on the shell growth rate irrespective of pH, and was only significant after 236 days. As growth rate in all pH treatments followed seasonal patterns correlating to changes in seawater temperature, the data were divided into 3 time periods. A positive relationship between shell growth rate (SGR, mm day-1) and pH was observed for the period 1-59 days (temperature ranging between 26.5 & 18.8 °C), whereas SGR decreased significantly with pH for the following period (60-236 days, temperature ranging between 20.6 & 8.5 °C). After 236 days (temperature ranging between 27.5 & 14.1 °C), there was no significant difference in SGR among pH. Similar temperature was experienced between the first and third period and the difference in response could be explained as a consequence of an acute negative response versus a longer exposure indicating possible potential for acclimation. Our results highlight the modulating effect of temperature and the importance of long-term experiments to better assess impacts of ocean acidification on marine organisms.
... In contrast, the effect of OA on initial biofilms facilitates the adhesion of the ascidians Diplosoma sp. and Botryllus sp. They settled later, but were more tolerant to acidification, probably due to the absence of calcareous structures [26,151]. ...
... Our knowledge about the effects of OA relies on studies about the biology, physiology and behavior of various marine species [149][150][151][152][153][154]. Unfortunately, assessment of the effects of OA on marine communities is difficult; for this reason, it is necessary to disentangle and clarify the effects of acidification on the succession and development of marine communities, as highlighted by Brown et al. [46]. ...
... Both OA and rising temperatures are changing the benthic communities, primarily (but not only) acting on the settlement of early colonization stages. Several recent research papers have explained the effects of those stressors on individual species [151]. Although the direct effects that OA has on calcified organisms are evident and very well detailed in various studies [148], the indirect effects are less evident but might be deleterious as well. ...
The successions of benthic communities over time are strongly influenced by the first colonizers, because surface associations are facilitated by modifications to the adhesive properties promoted by primary colonizers, such as bacteria, protozoans, diatoms, algal propagules, spores, and invertebrate larvae. Bacteria are often the first colonizers on marine submerged surfaces, both organic (e.g., algae, seagrasses and invertebrates) and inorganic. However, they are promptly followed by diatoms and other microorganisms. Consequently, diatoms may represent key elements in the determination of the colonization patterns, although the development of epiphytic communities is a dynamic process influenced by several factors, including nutrient availability, the ability to synthesize and secrete extracellular material, the competition among species and the influence of grazers on individual colonizers. The process may be drastically impacted by global warming and ocean acidification due to the increasing atmospheric levels of CO2. The impact of such global stressors on benthic ecosystems, especially on the primary microphytobenthic assemblages, is still poorly investigated, and may have deleterious consequences for the benthic successions. In this review, we analyze the adhesion patterns of marine microorganisms according to their surface features and the effects of global changes on critical pioneer colonizers, such as the benthic diatoms. The results are remarkable, as they highlight emergent concerns in ecosystem conservation and the prediction of benthic communities.
... Ocean mixing, upwelling, downwelling, and circulation can bring excessive carbon to some local ocean sites, which usually causes seawater acidification [2,3]. This will cause the decomposition of marine shells and a decline in fishery resources, thus endangering coastal and marine ecosystems [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. In addition to increasing energy efficiency, switching to less carbon-intensive energy sources, and absorbing and utilizing CO 2 onshore for carbon reduction [13], turning to the marine carbon sink is also an important option [14][15][16]. ...
Aiming to sequestrate the excessive carbon dioxide and convert the acidified seawater, an improved method of carbon dioxide mineralization is developed based on electrode separation mechanism and extra oxygen-supplying technique. By electrode separation the neutralizations of the anodic acidity and the cathodic alkalinity, as well as the precipitation and the dissolution of calcium carbonate (CaCO3), are prevented. In addition, the extra-supplied oxygen prevents the evolution of hydrogen, which enhances the electric conductivity of the porous cathode and the deposition of CaCO3. A series of indoor physical experiments were conducted and the results show that the acidified seawater was successfully converted to alkaline in 72h. The speed of carbon mineralizing sequestration is significantly enhanced by supplying extra oxygen. The carbon dioxide mineralization speed increases with the immerse ratio of the aerator due to the more reacted oxygen and the less hydrogen evolution, which gives more porous space in the cathode for more conductive seawater and more deposition of CaCO3. The extra-supplied oxygen increases the CaCO3 -deposition by 100-214% under excessive atmospheric- CO2 conditions and 117-200% under normal atmospheric- CO2 conditions, respectively. This method has an application potential for quick conversion of locally acidified seawater in emergent circumstances.
... The dispersal of crab populations may be impacted by ocean acidification, leading to alterations in community structure and ecosystem dynamics (Gravinese, 2018;Gravinese et al., 2022). Changes in the availability of prey and habitat may drive crab migration in search of favorable conditions, resulting in increased competition for resources (Ross et al., 2011). ...
Crabs categorized as cold-blooded organisms are especially at risk as climate change worsens. Their current situation was not well documented, especially in terms of scientometric analysis. The present study aims to investigate the relationship between research on crabs and climate change-related studies, with a focus on identifying trends and hotspots over time. The analysis was based on a collection of over 2834 relevant documents and 107,502 cited references indexed in the Web of Science Core Collection (WOSCC) database from 1977 to 2022. The findings indicated an increase in research in recent decades, with the USA as the largest contributor, followed by China and Brazil. Researchers from the USA and Germany were among the top published authors in the field. The most highly cited studies in WOSCC focused on the relationship between harmful algal blooms and crab research. Of these studies, 20 clusters were generated, with the most influential cluster identified as related to “ocean acidification,” “blue king crab,” and “mud crab fishery.” The most frequently cited and influential keywords in the field were “climate change” and “hypoxia,” respectively. Our conclusion is that the fields of “research on crabs” and “climate change” are thriving and that further exploration of the adaptation strategies of these organisms is necessary. This knowledge will benefit scientific communities, philanthropic funders or related governments, fisheries-related industries, and NGOs towards the sustainable management of commercial crab species in the future.
... Research has shown that warming and acidification of estuaries caused by climate change can significantly affect both larval and adult Sydney rock and Pacific oysters (Parker et al. 2013;Ross et al. 2011). Only recently has research begun to investigate how warming and acidification can interact with the microbiome of oysters. ...
Oysters are a valuable and iconic seafood, deeply rooted in Australian culture. However, oysters have always been vulnerable to disease, with disease outbreaks leading to mass mortality events that regularly cost the oyster aquaculture industry millions of dollars and affect livelihoods. Notably, there is evidence that climate change is rapidly causing the emergence of new diseases alongside the amplification of impacts of existing diseases. This is because warming, acidification and freshening of coastal and estuarine habitats is affecting the three axes of disease; the host, the external environment and the pathogens. Here we explore how climate change is likely to impact all three axes of disease in Australian oyster aquaculture. Climate change is affecting oyster physiology, leading to weaker immune defences that allow for increased susceptibility to viral and bacterial infections. For example, there is evidence that recent heavy rain events precede oyster disease in estuaries. In addition, climate change is increasing the abundance and virulence of bacterial and viral pathogens, potentially resulting in the introduction of novel disease into new habitats. In order to remain viable, we suggest that the Australian oyster industry needs to enhance selective breeding programs currently underway with a diversification of products and research on emerging diseases to ensure resilience in the sector.
