Life cycle of tunneling dung beetles (from Bornemissza 1976). 

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... Figure 1 Parasite life-cycle 4 Figure 2 7 Figure 3 Number of adult A. coulonii (Redheaded pasture cockchafers) in pitfall traps of horse paddocks 8 Figure 4 8 Figure 5 Number of adult (Blackheaded pasture cockchafers) in horse dung 9 Figure 6 Number of conical snails 10 Figure 7 Cumulative infective larvae recovery in pasture 11 Figure 8 Using fecal egg count results enabled less drenching 13 Figure 9 Routine drenching twice a year – fecal egg counts 13 Figure 10 Drenching the same site as Fig. 9 the following year by using FEC’s enabled drenches to be used more effectively 14 Figure 11 Number of spiders and staphylinids in horse dung 15 Figure 12 Life cycle of tunneling dung beetles 16 Figure 13 Common dung beetles found in horse dung 17 Figure 14 Number of dung beetles in horse dung 18 Figure 15 Beneficials in pitfall traps 19 Figure 16 Example of resistance 25 Figure 17 Number of dung beetles in dung from different worming regimes 26 Table 1 Predatory invertebrates collected in pitfall traps and horse dung 20 Table 2 Parasiticides administered to horses 22 Table 3 Integrated Pest Management for the horse farm 28 ...