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Lichenostigma saxicola . (Knudsen 9242, PRM 859188, isotype). A. Infected apothecium of Polysporina simplex and ascomata on rock. B. Ascomata on rock, some with stolons. C. Section of the host apothecium with ascomata of the fungus sitting in hymenium. D. Ascomata connected with stolons (in water). E. Young ascus. F. Mature ascospores, slightly verruculose. (C–F in water). Scales: A 5 0.5 mm, B 5 200 m m, C 5 20 m m, D 5 20 m m, E–F 5 10 m m.
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Lichenostigma saxicola, growing on silicate rocks and lichens, is described from southern California from both the Sonoran and Mojave deserts as well as from the Santa Monica Mountains on the coast. The species belongs to the subgenus Lichenostigma, has a non-amyloid centrum, and dark one-septate ascospores, 10–12 × 5–6 µm, cells equal or not, cons...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... rock crystals, never more than one observed per ascomata. Rare production of stolons (Henssen 1987), single strands of hyphae light golden brown to hyaline, superficial on rock substrate, 0.5- 1 mm wide, septa infrequent or absent with ascoma forming on the tip, sometimes forming a short progression of ascomata, each arising from a new stolon (Fig. 1D). Ascomata scattered, not connected by superficial hyphae, superficial on granite or on the apothecia and thalli of saxicolous lichens, often sterile. Ascomata convex to globose, 50-110 mm wide, 20-90 mm tall, outer wall of cells pseudoparenchymatous, black to dark brown, I-. Inner ascomatal cells globose to irregular, brown, but ...
Context 2
... wall of cells pseudoparenchymatous, black to dark brown, I-. Inner ascomatal cells globose to irregular, brown, but somewhat lighter than cells in wall of ascomata, mostly 4-6 mm in diameter, with thick outer wall to 1 mm, with darker granulated concentrations of pigment. Centrum I-, KI-. Asci 8-spored, 9-17 3 7- 20 mm, subglobose, 1-4 per ascoma (Fig. 1E), KI+ bluish around apex of ocular chamber. Ascospores hyaline at first, turning golden, then darker cacao brown, ellipsoid with rounded apices, slightly constricted at septum, sometimes upper cell slightly larger than the lower cell, 10.0-10.77-11.5(-12.0) 3 5.0-5.53-6.0 mm (n520), wall up to 1 mm thick, halonate when young, the halo ...
Context 3
... turning golden, then darker cacao brown, ellipsoid with rounded apices, slightly constricted at septum, sometimes upper cell slightly larger than the lower cell, 10.0-10.77-11.5(-12.0) 3 5.0-5.53-6.0 mm (n520), wall up to 1 mm thick, halonate when young, the halo sometimes persisting, with over-mature ascospores becoming granular- verrucose (Fig. 1F). Microconidia not observed. Possible macroconidia formed without stalk on upper surface of sterile ascomata, of several cells, globose, 10 3 10 ...
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Citations
... Parmi les espèces connues du genre Lichenostigma appartenant aux Lichenogramma typiques (clés de déter mination par Fernandez -Brime et al., 2010, Perez -Ortega et Calatayud, 2009 ; description d'espèces nouvelles par Halici et al., 2009 ;Knudsen et Kocourkova, 2010 ;Kondratyuk et al., 2013Kondratyuk et al., , 2017Valadbeigi et Brackel, 2011), seules deux ont des spores atteignant ou dépassant 15 µm de longueur et devenant submurales ; elles se distinguent de L. cupreo griseae par les caractères suivants : ...
Résumé : Description de deux espèces nouvelles de Lichenostigma parasites d’Aspicilia chez lesquels elles ne produisent pas d’altération appréciable : L. cupreogriseae P. Pinault et Cl. Roux sp. nov., sur Aspicilia cupreogrisea, caractérisé par ses cordons d’hyphes superficiels nombreux et bien développés, portant des ascomes globuleux ou fusiformes bien distincts des cordons ; par ses spores devenant rapidement brun sombre, de (9,5)11,5 – 13,9 – 16,5(20) × (5,5)7 – 8,9 – 10,5(13) µm, d’abord 1 – 3 – septées puis devenant submurales à la fin ; et par ses macroconidies nettement allongées (20 – 53 × 7 – 16 µm). L. spermatomanis P. Pinault et Cl. Roux sp. nov., sur Aspicilia spermatomanes, caractérisé par ses cordons d’hyphes superficiels relativement peu nombreux mais bien développés, ternes, à surface rugueuse, ses ascomes ronds ou allongés, souvent peu distincts des cordons, portés en partie par ces derniers et en partie par le thalle de l’hôte, par ses spores devenant rapidement brun sombre, de (12,5)14 – 15,8 – 19,5(22,5) × (7)8 – 9,4 – 11(14) µm, et par l’absence de macroconidies. Remarques générales sur les Lichenostigma, comparaison entre les deux espèces nouvelles et distinction de celles – ci avec les autres espèces du genre.
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Resumo : Priskribo de du novaj specioj de Lichenostigma parazitaj al Aspicilia, ĉe kiuj ili ne estigas notindan difekton : L. cupreogriseae P. Pinault et Cl. Roux sp. nov., sur Aspicilia cupreogrisea, karakterizata pro supraĵaj hifkordonoj multaj kaj bone kreskintaj, portantaj askujojn globajn aŭ ŝpinilformajn, bone distingeblajn de la kordonoj ; pro sporoj fruevolue malhele brunaj, de (9,5)11,5 – 13,9 – 16,5(20) × (5,5)7 – 8,9 – 10,5(13) µm, unue 1 – 3 – septaj, finevolue submurecaj ; kaj pro makrokonidioj distingeble longformaj (20 – 53 × 7 – 16 µm). L. spermatomanis P. Pinault et Cl. Roux sp. nov., sur Aspicilia spermatomanes, karakterizata pro supraĵaj hifkordonoj relative malmultaj sed bone kreskintaj, malbrilaj, malglat – supraĵaj, pro askujoj rondaj aŭ longformaj, ofte ne tre distingeblaj de la kordonoj, portataj parte de ĉi tiuj kaj parte de la talo de la loĝato, pro sporoj fruevolue malhele brunaj, de (12,5)14 – 15,8 – 19,5(22,5) × (7)8 – 9,4 – 11(14) µm, kaj pro la malesto de makrokonidioj. Ĝeneralaj rimarkoj pri la Lichenostigma, komparo inter la du novaj specioj kaj distingo inter ĉi tiuj kaj la aliaj specioj de la genro.
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... The ascospores are the only cells possessing real septa but the formation of a mycelial stage was rarely observed; alternatively, conidia were observed to germinate exclusively by budding [18]. Furthermore, the dense and organized agglomeration of yeast cells that form ascomata and conidiomata were reported as a unique characteristic amongst fungi for both the genera Lichenostigma [18,69] and Lichenothelia [29,70]. Instead, in Phaeococcomyces, the sister genus of Lichenostigma comprising black yeasts, reproduction is exclusively enacted by budding and no agglomerations are reported [18]. ...
Microbial endolithic communities are the main and most widespread life forms in the coldest and hyper-arid desert of the McMurdo Dry Valleys and other ice-free areas across Victoria Land, Antarctica. There, the lichen-dominated communities are complex and self-supporting assemblages of phototrophic and heterotrophic microorganisms, including bacteria, chlorophytes, and both free-living and lichen-forming fungi living at the edge of their physiological adaptability. In particular, among the free-living fungi, microcolonial, melanized, and anamorphic species are highly recurrent, while a few species were sometimes found to be associated with algae. One of these fungi is of paramount importance for its peculiar traits, i.e., a yeast-like habitus, co-growing with algae and being difficult to propagate in pure culture. In the present study, this taxon is herein described as the new genus Antarctolichenia and its type species is A. onofrii, which represents a transitional group between the free-living and symbiotic lifestyle in Arthoniomycetes. The phylogenetic placement of Antarctolichenia was studied using three rDNA molecular markers and morphological characters were described. In this study, we also reappraise the evolution and the connections linking the lichen-forming and rock-inhabiting lifestyles in the basal lineages of Arthoniomycetes (i.e., Lichenostigmatales) and Dothideomycetes.
... A list of the main distinguishing characters of Lichenothelia species (Tables 1 and 2) was compiled from our own observations, the original descriptions and other literature (Hawksworth 1981;Thor 1985;Henssen 1987;Øvstedal & Lewis Smith 2001;Atienza & Hawksworth 2008;Zhurbenko 2008;Etayo 2010;Knudsen & Kocourková 2010;Kocourková & Knudsen 2011;Muggia et al. 2015a). As noted by Muggia et al. (2015a), several species described by Henssen are almost impossible to determine due to the scarce information provided. ...
Two new species of
Lichenothelia
, both from Iran, are described.
Lichenothelia iranica
is characterized by a black thallus with often finely lobate, slightly effigurate, not areolate margins, eight non-amyloid spores per ascus and 1–3-septate ascospores with 1–2 longitudinal or oblique septa.
Lichenothelia ilamensis
is distinguished by a black areolate, fissured, slightly effigurate or rarely lobulate thallus. The areoles are confluent and aggregated in the centre, becoming dispersed towards the margin, and the asci contain (4–)6(–8) non-amyloid, 1-septate spores.
... Lichenostigma saxicola K. Knudsen & Kocourk. was described from southern California and was distinguished from L. convexa based on the I− reaction and prevalence of one-septate ascospores (Knudsen and Kocourková 2010). Lichenostigma saxicola is recognized here as a synonym of L. convexa. ...
Rock-inhabiting fungi (RIF) are melanized, meristematic fungi which dwell on and within rocks and have adapted to withstand harsh conditions in extreme habitats worldwide. Their morphological and genetic diversity remained unknown for a long time, but in the past few years culture-dependent and molecular phylogenetic approaches have contributed to uncovering the species richness of these otherwise very inconspicuous fungi. Only a few taxa of RIF develop both sexual reproductive structure (fertile stromata and/or pycnidia) and show multiple life styles, interacting with algae and lichen thalli in different ways. The genus Lichenothelia is one of these: It is characterized by fertile stromata and pycnidia and by species which can grow on and within exposed rocks, optionally associating with algae, with some species also being lichenicolous. The genus Lichenothelia includes up to now 25 species and form a monotypic family (Lichenotheliaceae) and order (Lichenotheliales) in Dothideomycetes. Here we focused on a group of Lichenothelia taxa distributed in the hot arid region of the Sonoran and Mojave Deserts in the Joshua Tree National Park in California. We performed molecular and morphological analyses and culture isolation and considered the ecology of the environmental samples to disentangle five species. We present the revision of two species already described, Lichenothelia calcarea and L. convexa, and introduce three new taxa to science, L. arida, L. umbrophila and L. umbrophila var. pullata.
Copyright © 2015, Mycologia.
... K. Knudsen & Kocourk. was described from southern California and was distinguished from L. convexa based on the I− reaction and prevalence of one-septate ascospores (Knudsen and Kocourková 2010). Lichenostigma saxicola is recognized here as a synonym of L. ...
Acarospora badiofusca has an irregularly areolate thallus with an uninterrupted algal layer; it is a montane
species and occurs in Asia, North America and Europe. Acarospora boulderensis differs from A. badiofusca in
having a squamulose thallus, an interrupted algal layer and a higher hymenium. Acarospora boulderensis was
considered a synonym of A. badiofusca by North American taxonomists, but is here recognized as a distinct
species occurring in North America. Acarospora asperata H. Magn. is revised as a synonym of A. boulderensis. Acarospora irregularis from central Europe (Czech Republic, Hungary and Slovakia), as well as Greece and Italy (Sardinia), was considered a synonym of either A. badiofusca by Weber or of A. nitrophila by Clauzade and Roux.It differs, like A. boulderensis, from A. badiofusca in having a squamulose thallus, an interrupted algal layer and usually a higher hymenium. However, A. irregularis differs from A. boulderensis in having wider hyphal bundlesinterrupting the algal layer and distinct algal palisades. Acarospora badiofusca var. lepidioides is synonymized with A. irregularis.
... The 'Lichenostigma' species belonging to the Lichenothelia clade are intermixed with Lichenothelia species in our phylogenetic tree, suggesting that transitions between rock inhabiting fungi and the lichenicolous habit possibly occurred several times in the evolution of closely related species. Some species may even have both life habits as suggested by Henssen (1987) for Lichenothelia species (i.e., Lichenothelia convexa, L. patagonica, L. tenuissima; one species, L. solitaria, is also facultatively fungicolous) and by Knudsen and Kocourkova (2010) for Lichenostigma saxicola. ...
Lichenicolous fungi belonging to the anamorph-typified genus Phaeosporobolus and to the teleomorph-typified genus Lichenostigma were isolated in pure culture or sequenced directly, with nuLSU and mtSSU sequences obtained. Phylogenetic analyses place the species of Phaeosporobolus in a strongly supported clade with the generic type of Lichenostigma (L. maureri), the genus Phaeococcomyces and several melanized rock-inhabiting isolates. This strongly supported nonlichenized lineage is sister to the primarily lichenized Arthoniales in the Arthoniomycetes and is here described as the Lichenostigmatales. The new order is characterized by cells multiplying by budding, either representing black yeasts, or species in which conidiomata and ascomata are entirely made of an organised agglomeration of spherical yeast-like cells. This way of life is not only very different from all other Arthoniomycetes that exist only in the mycelial stage, but ascomata and conidiomata representing a dense and organised agglomeration of yeast cells might be unique amongst fungi. A further difference with the Arthoniales is the absence of paraphysoids. Phylogenetic results suggest that Phaeosporobolus usneae is the asexual stage of Lichenostigma maureri. Most species of Phaeosporobolus are transferred to the genus Lichenostigma except P. trypethelii, for which the new genus Etayoa is described. The genus Diederimyces is reduced into synonymy with Lichenostigma. Several other members of Lichenostigma are placed in the Dothideomycetes and are intermixed with Lichenothelia species.
... A broader taxon and gene sampling (such as mtSSU—for which already few sequences could be obtained—or protein coding genes) will be needed to corroborate the monophyly of Lichenothelia. The phenotypically similarity between Lichenothelia and the subgenera Lichenostigma and Lichenogramma raised the question whether they should be recognized as distinct groups[7,21,23,35]. Despite the striking morphological similarities of these two subgenera with Lichenothelia, they have been separated due to subtle variations of thalli and fruiting bodies[5,15]. ...
... Despite the striking morphological similarities of these two subgenera with Lichenothelia, they have been separated due to subtle variations of thalli and fruiting bodies[5,15]. All the three genera are known to be both lichenicolous fungi and to grow on bare rock surfaces (such as Lichenostigma saxicola,[23]). Therefore, common ascomata structure and spores types, variable presence of vegetative hyphae and shared lifestyles could represent traits assignable to one homogenous fungal lineage. According to morphological similarities, especially in the ascus structure, they were classified in the order Arthoniales, as their own family Lichenotheliaceae[2,5,8,16,21]. ...
Many black meristematic fungi persist on rock surfaces-hostile and exposed habitats where high doses of radiation and periods of desiccation alternate with rain and temperature extremes. To cope with these extremes, rock-inhabiting black fungi show phenotypic plasticity and produce melanin as cell wall pigments. The rather slow growth rate seems to be an additional prerequisite to oligotrophic conditions. At least some of these fungi can undergo facultative, lichen-like associations with photoautotrophs. Certain genera presenting different lifestyles are phylogenetic related among the superclass Dothideomyceta. In this paper, we focus on the genus Lichenothelia, which includes border-line lichens, that is, associations of melanised fungi with algae without forming proper lichen thalli. We provide a first phylogenetic hypothesis to show that Lichenothelia belongs to the superclass Dothideomyceta. Further, culture experiments revealed the presence of co-occurring fungi in Lichenothelia thalli. These fungi are related to plant pathogenic fungi (Mycosphaerellaceae) and to other rock-inhabiting lineages (Teratosphaeriaceae). The Lichenothelia thallus-forming fungi represent therefore consortia of different black fungal strains. Our results suggest a common link between rock-inhabiting meristematic and lichen-forming lifestyles of ascomycetous fungi.
... We recently described Lichenostigma saxicola K. Knudsen & Kocourk. from southern California (Knudsen & Kocourková 2010), a taxon Henssen would have described in Lichenothelia. The new species has a non-amyloid centrum of spherical cells, 1-septate ascospores, dispersed thallus, produces stolons, and is both saxicolous and lichenicolous. ...
... In southern California, Lichenothelia convexa resembles Lichenostigma saxicola, which is distinguished by thinner usually hyaline or light brown stolons, 1-septate ascospores, and a non-amyloid centrum and which occurs at relatively low elevations in desert and coastal xeric habitats (Knudsen & Kocourková 2010). Lichenothelia convexa was collected in California at a mesic low elevation site (Silverwood, San Diego County) and higher elevation montane sites (Yosemite in the Sierra Nevada Mountains and Mt. ...
Lichenothelia convexa, a saxicolous and lichenicolous microfungus, is reported new for the Czech Republic. The poorly known species is provided with a description and is illustrated.
Lors de l'étude de la flore et de la végétation liché-nique de quatre réserves naturelles des Pyrénées-Orien-tales, le premier auteur avait découvert à Nyer (en 2007) un Lichenostigma sur Umbilicaria cylindrica, non décrit dans la littérature lichénologique, mais qu'il avait nommé provisoirement Lichenostigma sp. 23 (Roux et al. 2011 : 39) faute d'un matériel suffisamment bien développé et abondant. En 2020, lors de prospections dans le Puy-de-Dôme, le second auteur découvrait en abondance, sur Umbilica-ria crustulosa, un Lichenostigma dont l'étude approfondie montrait qu'il est conspécifique du Lichenostigma sp. 23 et appartient à une espèce nouvelle que nous décrivons ci-après sous le nom de Lichenostigma epiumbilicariae.
Lichenicolous fungi represent a highly specialized and successful group of organisms that live exclusively on lichens, most commonly as host-specific parasites, but also as broad-spectrum pathogens, saprotrophs or commensals. We present here the most recent update to the classification of lichenicolous fungi in the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota to genus level, arranged phylogenetically according to published classifications. For each genus, all known lichenicolous taxa (obligately lichenicolous taxa, lichenicolous lichens, and facultatively lichenicolous taxa) are listed, along with information about types, synonyms, pertinent literature and whether or not molecular data are available for any of the listed species. The number of accepted lichenicolous fungi is now 2319, with 2000 obligately lichenicolous species, subspecies or varieties, 257 lichenicolous lichens and 62 facultatively lichenicolous taxa. These species are found in 10 different classes of Fungi (Ascomycota and Basidiomycota), 55 orders, 115 families and 397 genera. The 2319 total taxa is an increase from the 1559 total species reported in the last published catalogue in 2003, and a larger number than the approximately 1800 reported in the most recent online checklist (www.lichenicolous.net) posted in January 2018. Of the total number of taxa, 2219 (96%) are ascomycetes and 100 (4%) are basidiomycetes. Of the 397 genera containing lichenicolous species, c. 50% (198) are entirely lichenicolous. In addition, six families (Abrothallaceae, Adelococcaceae, Cyphobasidiaceae, Obryzaceae, Polycoccaceae, Sarcopyreniaceae) and two orders (Abrothallales, Cyphobasidiales) are entirely lichenicolous. Sequence information is available for lichenicolous species in 128 (32%) of the 397 genera containing lichenicolous species, and in 56 (28%) of the 198 entirely lichenicolous genera. Many species are known from only one host lichen, but it is likely that broader host ecologies will be discovered as new sequence information is obtained from ongoing microbiome studies. Phaeopyxis Rambold & Triebel is considered as a new synonym of Bachmanniomyces D.Hawksw., resulting in five new combinations B. australis (Rambold & Triebel) Diederich & Pino-Bodas (≡ P. australis), B. carniolicus (Arnold) Diederich & Pino-Bodas (≡ Biatora carniolica), B. muscigenae (Alstrup & E.S.Hansen) Diederich & Pino-Bodas (≡ P. muscigenae), B. punctum (A.Massal.) Diederich & Pino-Bodas (≡ Nesolechia punctum) and B. varius (Coppins, Rambold & Triebel) Diederich & Pino-Bodas (≡ P. varia). As a consequence of a phylogenetic analysis including new sequences, Dactylospora Körb. is regarded as a new synonym of Sclerococcum Fr.: Fr., resulting in one new name (S. acarosporicola Ertz & Diederich) and 46 new combinations. Sclerococcaceae Réblová, Unter. & W.Gams is considered as a new synonym of Dactylosporaceae Bellem. & Hafellner. The new Sclerococcum ophthalmizae Coppins is described. Sclerophyton occidentale Herre is lectotypified on the lichenicolous fungus present in the type specimen and becomes a younger synonym of Sclerococcum parasiticum. A replacement name is Arthonia polydactylonis Diederich & Ertz (≡ A. ceracea). Further new combinations are Abrothallus lobariae (Diederich & Etayo) Diederich & Ertz (≡ Phoma lobariae), A. psoromatis (Zhurb. & U. Braun) Diederich & Zhurb. (≡ P. psoromatis), Asteroglobulus pyramidalis (Etayo) Diederich (≡ Cornutispora pyramidalis), Didymocyrtis grumantiana (Zhurb. & Diederich) Zhurb. & Diederich (≡ Phoma grumantiana), Epithamnolia atrolazulina (Etayo) Diederich (≡ Hainesia atrolazulina), Gyalolechia epiplacynthium (Etayo) Diederich (≡ Fulgensia epiplacynthium), Nesolechia doerfeltii (Alstrup & P.Scholz) Diederich (≡ Phacopsis doerfeltii), N. falcispora (Triebel & Rambold) Diederich (≡ P. falcispora), N. oxyspora var. fusca (Triebel & Rambold) Diederich (≡ P. oxyspora var. fusca), Preussia peltigerae (Brackel) Diederich (≡ Sporormiella peltigerae), Scutula curvispora (D.Hawksw. & Miadl.) Diederich (≡ Libertiella curvispora), S. didymospora (D.Hawksw. & Miadl.) Diederich (≡ L. didymospora), Stigmidium haesitans (Nyl.) Diederich (≡ Verrucaria haesitans), and S. parvum (Henssen) Diederich (≡ Pharcidia parvum). © 2018 by The American Bryological and Lichenological Society, Inc.
