Figure - available via license: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
Content may be subject to copyright.
LiPo Voltage-SOC (state of charge) table. SOC Cell Voltage (V) 2 Cells Voltage (V) 3 Cells Voltage (V)
Source publication
![Figure 1. Typical blockchain structure [10,11].](publication/341375744/figure/fig1/AS:891108821319681@1589468307318/Typical-blockchain-structure-10-11_Q320.jpg)
Electric Vehicles (EVs) have generated a lot of interest in recent years, due to the advances in battery life and low pollution. Similarly, the expansion of the Internet of Things (IoT) allowed more and more devices to be interconnected. One major problem EVs face today is the limited range of the battery and the limited number of charging or batte...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... chosen SOC estimation method is the OCV. The voltage-SOC table (Table 1) was created using available LiPo look-up tables and checking them empirically. ...Context 2
... voltage data in Table 1 are plotted together with the three approximations in Figure 5 for a 2-cell battery, with V max = 8400 mV and V min = 7000 mV. It can be noted that both the 4PL (Figure 5b) and 5PL (Figure 5c) approximations provide good results, while the linear approximation (Figure 5a) is not suitable for SOC estimation of LiPo batteries. ...Similar publications
Electric vehicles (EVs) rely on batteries to be the most important part of providing clean transportation. An
electronic controller that monitors and manages the filling and draining of battery packs is called a Battery
Management System (BMS). The modern electrified automobile requires battery tracking because the cell
infrastructure is respons...
Citations
... Secondly, it can contribute to EA by operating energy-efficient consensus approaches, in particular proof-ofauthority, proof-of-stake, green proof-of-work, etc., in blockchain networks to save energy compared to the energy hungry proof-of-work consensus [25]. Thirdly, blockchain can act as an energy manager by implementing EA tasks such as nodal battery management [26], smart power management systems in the SealedGrid architecture [27], etc. in blockchain. Next, blockchain has been extensively operated to secure peer-to-peer energy trading in energy networks, ensuring trust and privacy in trading while at the same time providing an opportunity for handling trading disputes [28]. ...
... Moreover, blockchain has been operated for secure offloading, resisting security vulnerabilities in offloading and EA tasks for the sake of jointly performing an EA task such as energy harvesting in a secure manner [31]. Finally, Smart Contracts (SCs) have been extensively utilized to automate energy administration tasks such as battery management [26], energy cognizant resource allocation [32], handling trading disputes in energy trading [28], etc. ...
... Hyperledger-fabric blockchain has been offered as a secure communication framework in Internet of Things (IoT) wireless battery management systems to exchange, store, and synchronize data such as voltage, current, etc. for nodal battery control [24]. For efficient battery management by charging or swapping batteries in a network of electric vehicles, two blockchain-rooted implementations: Ethereum blockchain with SCs and the IOTA non-uniform blockchain have been effective for secure battery management [26]. Moreover, blockchain has been effective in managing critical tasks in a battery management system such as checking firmware, generation of patches, etc. for the sake of preventing firmware security vulnerabilities in an IoT network [69]. ...
Energy Administration (EA) in networking involves improving energy efficiency by managing energy. The blockchain framework involves a chain of associated blocks that obviously protects the genuineness, upholds accountability, and upholds disguised-anonymity of its transactions/entries with the help of peer-to-peer consensus techniques and cryptographic mechanisms. Driven by the fact that existing surveys do not focus on the EA in the broad scope of networking, we review diverse blockchain-rooted EA solutions, where we recognize 7 roles of blockchain in EA and explore them in detail with regard to EA techniques, EA approaches, blockchain-linked factors, network-linked factors, and such. We assembled a first-stage sample of 80 document citations by appraising the articles for qualification criteria hunted from E-libraries operating a detailed and prolonged process. Considering the review, in blockchain-rooted EA, blockchain can facilitate storing and exchanging data in a trustworthy manner, operate energy-efficient consensus approaches, act as an energy manager, provide authentication and access control for EA, facilitate secure offloading for EA, and provide automated EA tasks operating smart contracts. Detailed exploration shows that from blockchain-rooted EA, 32.5% operate blockchain to store and exchange data for an EA task, 95% operate uniform blockchain, 30% operate PoW consensus, 82.5% operate fully decentralized EA, 57.5% operate cross-layer EA, and 10% operate in IoT networks. Finally, we debate the possibilities and barriers to the conception of blockchain-rooted EA and then present guidance to vanquish them.
... Another area of intense research is the integration of blockchain technology for secure communication and data integrity within EVCS networks [14]. Blockchain's decentralized and tamper-resistant ledger could offer a novel technique to secure myriad transactions and data exchanges in these systems, from payment processing to energy consumption records [15]. ...
In the evolving landscape of Internet of Things (IoT) and Industrial IoT (IIoT) security, novel and efficient intrusion detection systems (IDSs) are paramount. In this article, we present a groundbreaking approach to intrusion detection for IoT-based electric vehicle charging stations (EVCS), integrating the robust capabilities of convolutional neural network (CNN), long short-term memory (LSTM), and gated recurrent unit (GRU) models. The proposed framework leverages a comprehensive real-world cybersecurity dataset, specifically tailored for IoT and IIoT applications, to address the intricate challenges faced by IoT-based EVCS. We conducted extensive testing in both binary and multiclass scenarios. The results are remarkable, demonstrating a perfect 100% accuracy in binary classification, an impressive 97.44% accuracy in six-class classification, and 96.90% accuracy in fifteen-class classification, setting new benchmarks in the field. These achievements underscore the efficacy of the CNN-LSTM-GRU ensemble architecture in creating a resilient and adaptive IDS for IoT infrastructures. The ensemble algorithm, accessible via GitHub, represents a significant stride in fortifying IoT-based EVCS against a diverse array of cybersecurity threats.
... In this order utilizing distributed networks in place of centralized or decentralized networks is one of the key solutions [9,12,31,33,34]. A brand-new, potent distributed system is Blockchain [24] which was first introduced by Santoshi Nakamoto. ...
... The remaining portions of this article are arranged as follows: Network Model (Including Security Model) i.e., the suggested architecture, Preliminaries along with used assumptions and definitions are presented in Sections 4 and 5 respectively. The Proposed scheme, security analysis, performance analysis and simulation are described in Sections 6,7,8,and 9 respectively. At last the paper comes to a close in Section 10 with conclusion. ...
The integration of various advancements, ongoing management, intellectual capacity, item sensors, and incorporated frameworks have all contributed to idea behind the internet of things. Due to the energy limitations of the majority of Internet of Things (IoT) devices, more and more developers are choosing to create IoT systems based on group communication. A safe and reliable authenticated group secret key is essential for complete group communication in these applications. As the resource-constrained character and widespread use of the Internet of Things (IoT) provide a significant problem for IoT application security. In this paper, using elliptic curve and bi-linear paring, we provide a Blockchain based lightweight authenticated key agreement and access control protocol for group communication. We also proved the secrecy of the protocol in the random-oracle paradigm and give a thorough heuristic security assessment to verify that our protocol is safe from all possible threats and offers the required security features. Furthermore, functional implementation using NS-3 simulation expose that presented protocol is applicable for real-life IoT environments.
... This network supports trading transaction load for charging between local energy providers with EV owners in a P2P manner. Authors of [26] have proposed a blockchain-based platform for energy trading between EVs and parking spaces on smart campuses using Hyper Ledger Fabric. This platform supports both parking and charging services for electric vehicles. ...
Blockchain is a secure distributed system having a shared resource that enables participants to read and update a common shared ledger in a decentralized fashion. It provides an immutable and tamper-resistant distributed ledger with no central authority and no single point of failure. Consensus protocols are the backbone of any blockchain system as these protocols enable participant nodes to reach an agreement in a trustless environment. The performance of a typical blockchain system largely depends upon selecting the best-fit consensus protocol. Blockchain has influenced many application areas apart from crypto currencies such as document verification, copyrighting of art and craft, verification of counterfeit products and electric vehicle (EV) charging. This review paper discusses various consensus mechanisms in public, private, and consortium-based blockchains. The review study also covers the impact of consensus protocols on the performance scalability of the blockchain solution. The blockchain application area focused in this study is related to electric vehicle management and charging. The paper elaborates on how blockchain is enabling energy-efficient and secure EV charging. It also covers energy trading in a typical EV environment.
... When the vehicle is parked over the wireless charging pad, the RFID reader sends a signal to the tag, which in turn sends back the necessary information to the charging station. This information includes the charging requirements of the vehicle, such as the battery capacity and the charging rate, which are used to adjust the charging process to optimize efficiency and prevent damage to the battery [2][12] [16]. One of the main advantages of electric vehicle wireless charging using RFID is that it eliminates the need for physical contact between the charging station and the vehicle, making the charging process more convenient and efficient. ...
... The mechanism will cut power if usage rises over the predetermined level. The balancing current approach is often used to identify demand theft [2] [15]. ...
Electric vehicle (EV) wireless charging using radio-frequency identification (RFID) is a novel technology that enables the charging of electric vehicles without the need for wires or cables. The technology utilizes RFID tags that are installed on the EV, which communicate with the charging pad through electromagnetic fields. The charging process is initiated when the RFID reader detects the presence of the EV with the installed RFID tag, and the charging pad is activated. The power transfer is then enabled between the charging pad and the EV, allowing for the charging process to begin. RFID-based wireless charging technology offers numerous benefits over traditional wired charging systems. For instance, it eliminates the need for physical connectors, thereby reducing the wear and tear of components and increasing the convenience of charging. Moreover, the technology is more efficient, with minimal energy losses, and reduces the risk of electrical hazards. It also minimizes the impact of weather conditions and road debris on the charging process, making it suitable for both indoor and outdoor charging application. In conclusion, EV wireless charging using RFID is a promising technology that can potentially revolutionize the EV charging industry. It offers numerous benefits, including increased convenience, efficiency, and safety, and has the potential to significantly reduce the environmental impact of transportation.
... The battery swapping and charging processes were locally incorporated in the battery swapping and charging system, and were managed by a battery swapping operator responsible for receiving and serving the battery swapping requested from EV users, and a battery charging operator responsible for interacting with the power grid and controlled battery charging and discharging power. An EV battery management system, based on a blockchain technology, was presented in [34], to create a semi-decentralized network of EV and charging stations to share data of battery information and condition, with continuous monitoring. A layered decomposition model was proposed in [35] for considering decisions made by the main stakeholders in coordinating power transfers and assessing charging facility ratios. ...
Penetration of electric vehicles (EVs) into the market is expected to be significant in the near future, leading to an significant increase in EV charging demand, and that will create a surge in the demand for electrical energy. In this context, there is a need to find intelligent and cost effective means to make better use of electricity resources, improve the system flexibility, and slow the growth in demand. Therefore, swapping EV batteries rather than traditionally charging them can serve as flexible sources to provide capacity support for the power distribution grid when they are charged during off-peak periods prior to their swapping at the station. This paper presents a novel mathematical optimization model to assess distribution system margins considering different EV charging infrastructures. The proposed model maximizes the distribution system margins while considering the flexibility of battery swapping station loads and distribution grid limitations. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed model, simulation results that consider the National Household Travel Survey data and a 32-bus distribution system are reported and discussed. Unlike charging EV batteries, swapping them would not affect system margins during the peak hours.
... This technology was explored to collect the charging data from different stakeholders and outperformed the conventional algorithms by reducing the estimate errors of SOH . Besides the battery management in a regional league (Florea and Taralunga, 2020), blockchain technology can also support anonymous transactions with superior privacy. ...
Popularization of electric vehicles (EVs) is an effective solution to promote carbon neutrality, thus combating the climate crisis. Advances in EV batteries and battery management interrelate with government policies and user experiences closely. This article reviews the evolutions and challenges of (i) state-of-the-art battery technologies and (ii) state-of-the-art battery management technologies for hybrid and pure EVs. The key is to reveal the major features, pros and cons, new technological breakthroughs, future challenges, and opportunities for advancing electric mobility. This critical review envisions the development trends of battery chemistry technologies, technologies regarding batteries, and technologies replacing batteries. Wherein, lithium-ion batteries, lithium-metal batteries (such as solid state batteries), and technologies beyond lithium (‘post-lithium’) will be actively explored in the next decades. Meanwhile, the data-driven electrothermal model is promising and identified with an impressive performance. Technologies of move-and-charge and wireless power drive will help alleviate the overdependence of batteries. Finally, future high-energy batteries and their management technologies will actively embrace the information and energy internet for data and energy sharing.
... IOTA by design is very scalable, unlike other blockchains, the scalability of the system increases as the number of transactions increases. feeless structures and scalability make IOTA very desirable for IoT applications, such as smart charging [92]. In this work, the authors compared the performances of Ethereum and IOTA. ...
The basic properties of blockchain, such as decentralization, security, and immutability, show promising potential for IoT applications. The main feature—decentralization of blockchain technology—depends on the consensus. However, consensus algorithms are mostly designed to work in extensive computational and communication environments for network security and immutability, which is not desirable for resource-restricted IoT applications. Many solutions are proposed to address this issue with modified consensus algorithms based on the legacy consensus, such as the PoW, PoS, and BFT, and new non-linear data structures, such as DAG. A systematic classification and analysis of various techniques in the field will be beneficial for both researchers and industrial practitioners. Most existing relevant surveys provide classifications intuitively based on the domain knowledge, which are infeasible to reveal the intrinsic and complicated relationships among the relevant basic concepts and techniques. In this paper, a powerful tool of systematic knowledge classification and explanation is introduced to structure the survey on blockchain consensus algorithms for resource-constrained IoT systems. More specifically, an ontology was developed for a consensus algorithm apropos of IoT adaptability. The developed ontology is subdivided into two parts—CONB and CONIoT—representing the classification of generic consensus algorithms and the ones that are particularly proposed for IoT, respectively. Guided by this ontology, an in depth discussion and analysis are provided on the major consensus algorithms and their IoT compliance based on design and implementation targets. Open research challenges and future research directions are provided.
... The records stored in blocks cannot be altered, as any change in a block requires a change in all subsequent blocks. This mechanism is a great security advantage of a blockchain [13,40,43,87,88]. Blockchain transactions are based on smart contracts between peers who verify the transaction without third parties' interference. ...
... Every network participant can verify the transaction by accessing their ledger [7,89]. BC network participants are called miners [11,88]. Figure 6 shows the main types of BC. ...
In traditional energy production at large-scale, conventional methods are being used, including fossil fuels. This in turn leads to greenhouse gas emissions (e.g., carbon dioxide or CO2) that cause environmental concerns, but also those traditional methods rely on traditional distribution systems, which are burdened with high transmission losses. This paper focuses on a new concept in the energy sector that undergoes transformation from a traditional centralized system to a decentralized one. In reaching sustainability goals, such as net-zero emissions, the energy sector is incorporating renewable energy sources into the energy system. This requires transformation that combines big conventional energy producers with multiple small- and large-scale energy producers (rooftop photovoltaic panels, wind farms and solar plants) in one system. This enormous transformation is a difficult task, but with recent advancements in information and communication technologies, digitalization, the Industry 4.0 paradigm and Internet of Things technology, it is feasible to achieve. This paper provides a review based on keyword bibliometric analysis, and although it cannot be considered exhaustive or conclusive, it provides a picture of the current international research.
... Furthermore, various malicious cyber-physical attacks can be blocked to protect the Internet-connected BMSs. This blockchain technology can offer intelligent monitoring, prognostic, and control [53] for precise battery management in a regional EV league [54]. Having privacy protection for stakeholders, this blockchain technology enables anonymous transactions among EVs and energy routers, which may serve the battery management and power distribution in a virtual EV power network [55]. ...
Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and electric vehicles (EVs) have been advocated by global governments’ policies in recent decades. Besides combating the climate crisis and urban air pollution, great contributions of developing the HEVs and EVs have been identified to accelerate the process of green transportation and smart city. Battery management is one of the most crucial functions for HEVs and EVs. It can ensure the safe operation and optimize the performance of EV batteries. This chapter discusses the mainstream technologies of battery management in HEVs and EVs. Wherein, battery management technologies, including battery modeling, battery state estimation, safety prognostic (such as thermal management), and fault diagnosis, are elaborated in detail. Among them, the data-driven method is most effective and promising for battery state estimation (such as for state of charge and state of temperature) and health diagnosis or prognostics with impressive accuracy. Besides, some emerging management technologies, including multi-model co-estimation, artificial intelligence, cloud computing, and blockchain technology, are briefed, which can play an important role in coordinating the information and energy flows in the vehicular information and energy internet.
