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![Level classes of 25 [OH] D concentration reached in males and females.](publication/374495298/figure/fig4/AS:11431281211554996@1702434853649/Level-classes-of-25-OH-D-concentration-reached-in-males-and-females_Q320.jpg)
Vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency are widespread on a global scale, with multiple factors playing a role in their development, such as limited exposure to sunlight, inadequate dietary consumption, as well as obesity and abdominal fat accumulation. Abdominal obesity, assessed with waist circumference (WC), is associated with metabolic syndrome...
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Introduction
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Purpose
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Background
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Citations
... Biopsy studies revealed higher vitamin D 3 concentrations in VAT than in SAT [63]. Accordingly, the increase in serum 25(OH)D in response to vitamin D supplementation has been correlated with VAT but not with SAT mass [64]. In summary, these data indicate that there are differences between vitamin D metabolism in SAT and VAT; however, more research on the association between vitamin D compound levels and vitamin D metabolism is needed to fully understand the specific effects of vitamin D on different adipose tissue depots. ...
A large body of research shows an association between higher body weight and low vitamin D status, as assessed using serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations. Vitamin D can be metabolised in adipose tissue and has been reported to influence gene expression and modulate inflammation and adipose tissue metabolism in vitro. However, the exact metabolism of vitamin D in adipose tissue is currently unknown. White adipose tissue expresses the vitamin D receptor and hydroxylase enzymes, substantially involved in vitamin D metabolism and efficacy. The distribution and concentrations of the generated vitamin D compounds in adipose tissue, however, are largely unknown. Closing this knowledge gap could help to understand whether the different vitamin D compounds have specific health effects in the setting of adiposity. This review summarises the current evidence for a role of vitamin D in adipose tissue and discusses options to accurately measure vitamin D compounds in adipose tissue using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS-MS).
Equestrian sport is under-researched within the sport science literature, creating a possible knowledge vacuum for athletes and support personnel wishing to train and perform in an evidence based manner. This review aims to synthesise available evidence from equitation, sport, and veterinary sciences to describe the pertinent rider physiology of equestrian disciplines. Estimates of energy expenditure and the contribution of underpinning energy systems to equestrian performance are used to provide nutrition and hydration recommendations for competition and training in equestrian disciplines. Relative energy deficiency and disordered eating are also considered. The practical challenges of the equestrian environment, including competitive, personal, and professional factors, injury and concussion, and female participation, are discussed to better highlight novelty within equestrian disciplines compared to more commonly studied sports. The evidence and recommendations are supported by example scenarios, and future research directions are outlined.
