Figure 8 - uploaded by Ning Jiang
Content may be subject to copyright.
Lesions resulting from inoculation of five Cryphonectriaceae pathogens onto Castanea mollissima branches, and wound response on the negative controls. (a): Aurantiosacculus castaneae; (b): Cryphonectria japonica; (c): Cryphonectria neoparasitica; (d): Cryphonectria parasitica; (e): Endothia chinensis; (f): negative control. Row 1: lesions on the bark; row 2: lesions beneath the bark; row 3: discoloured xylem tissue.
Source publication
Cryphonectriaceae species cause serious canker diseases on chestnut, oak and eucalypt trees. Recently, canker symptoms with typical orange fruiting bodies were observed on Chinese chestnut and oak trees in Hebei, Hubei, Shaanxi and Shandong Provinces in China. In the present study, isolates of these fungi were identified based on phylogeny and morp...
Similar publications
Chryphonectria parasitica (Murr.) Barr, the casual agent of chestnut blight disease, which is one of the most important fungal pathogens of chestnut (Castanea sativa). The disease seriously affected the chestnut in Northern-America and in Europe as well. It is important to mention that the pathogen does not only infect the chestnut but oak species...
Citations
... The isolates CMW 10436 (E14, CBS 165.32) and CMW 10484 (E83, CBS 112918), which were hypothetically associated with C. decipines (Chen et al., 2013;Cornejo et al., 2021;Gryzenhout et al., 2009;Jiang et al., 2019;Myburg et al., 2004) belong to C. naterciae (Figure 1). ...
... The unambiguous application of fungal names is crucial for diagnostics, compliance with laws and regulatory controls, for example, biosafety, food safety, quarantine regulations and industrial applications . This double-lane of a herbarium specimen without DNA data and DNA data without herbarium specimen has led to confusion in various publications over the last decade, where (i) CMW 10436 (E14) and CMW 10484 (E83) continued to be referred to as C. decipiens (Chen et al., 2013;Cornejo et al., 2021;Jiang et al., 2019); ...
Fungi of the genus Cryphonectria are of special interest to tree pathologists because they cause bark disease in numerous species of the Fagaceae and Betulaceae. Despite this special attention, several Cryphonectria species were not recognized as such for a long time. This also affected the identity of eight isolates with outdated names that have been deposited in our laboratory since 1954. The present study reconstructs the history of the Cryphonectria cultures M282–M289 using primary bibliographic sources. To verify the species identity, all isolates were DNA barcoded and taxonomic affiliation was assessed using a phylogenetic approach. The taxonomic identity combined with the history of the isolates confirms that the chestnut blight epidemic ( Cryphonectria parasitica ) in Spain was caused by the planting of Asian chestnuts and that the first documented case of bark canker in 1940 was caused by Cryphonectria radicalis on Japanese chestnuts imported from France. The history of isolate M289 could be traced back to CBS 165.32, which proved to be the oldest preserved isolate of the rare Cryphonectria naterciae , confirming the presence of this fungus in Europe for at least 100 years. Based on the ITS barcoding of the 32‐year‐old type specimen, Cryphonectria decipiens must be reclassified as a later synonym of Cryphonectria radicalis . The reconstruction of the history of isolates M282–M289 takes us on a scientific journey from Italy to France, Spain and Portugal in the early twentieth century and offers new insights into the historical context of the invasion of Cryphonectria parasitica in Europe.
... Another species C. chrysosperma was subsequently introduced [6] and later selected as the type species of this genus [7]. Cytospora can be different from the other diaporthalean genera by having allantoid hyaline conidia and ascospores [1,4,[8][9][10]. ...
Cytospora (Cytosporaceae, Diaporthales) is a fungal genus that usually inhabits plants as endophytes, saprobes, as well as pathogens. Species of this genus are characterized by possessing allantoid hyaline conidia and ascospores. Samples with typical Cytospora canker symptoms on Prunus davidiana, P. padus and Salix sp. were collected in Tibet and Xinjiang, China. Species were identified using both morphological and molecular approaches of combined loci of internal transcribed spacer region rDNA (ITS), the partial actin (act) region, RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (rpb2), the translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1) gene and the partial be-ta-tubulin (tub2) gene. Six isolates in the present study formed three distinct clades from previously known species. Cytospora hejingensis sp. nov. from Salix sp., C. jilongensis sp. nov. from P. davidiana and C. kunsensis from P. padus were proposed herein. The current study improves the understanding of species concept in Cytospora.
... Southern Forests is co-published by NISC (Pty) Ltd and Informa UK Limited (trading as Taylor & Francis Group) The Cryphonectriaceae (Diaporthales, Ascomycota) is a globally distributed group of mostly pathogenic fungi of woody plants (Gryzenhout et al. 2006a;2009). These pathogens cause cankers on stems and branches, which can lead to tree death (Hodges et al. 1976(Hodges et al. , 1979Sharma et al. 1985;Gryzenhout et al. 2009Gryzenhout et al. , 2010Begoude et al. 2010;Chen et al. 2013Chen et al. , 2018Fan et al. 2013;Rodas et al. 2005;Jiang et al. 2019;Wang et al. 2020). The Cryphonectriaceae include at least 28 genera (Gryzenhout et al. 2009;Chen et al. 2018;Ali et al. 2018;Ferreira et al. 2019;Rauf et al. 2020;Wang et al. 2020;Huang et al. 2022). ...
... Cytospora is a species-rich genus of Diaporthales, which is often associated with plant diseases [35][36][37]. In recent publications, many cryptic new species of this genus were proposed based on evidence from combined morphology and phylogeny analyses [9,21,24,25,38]. ...
Branch canker diseases are important in forest ecosystems, causing economic and ecological losses. Members of Cytospora are common on cankered branches and associated with the diseases. Investigations on Cytospora cankers were conducted in Tibet, China, during 2022 and 2023. Samples were collected from Euonymus japonicus, Larix gmelinii, Malus pumila, M. spectabilis and Rosa omeiensis f. pteracantha, and cultures were obtained and identified by morphological features and molecular phylogeny of a combination of internal transcribed spacer region rDNA (ITS), the partial actin (act) region, RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (rpb2) gene, the translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1) gene and the partial beta-tubulin (tub2) gene. As a result, a new species is proposed herein named Cytospora lhasaensis and four known species are described for the first time from Tibet, viz. C. euonymina, C. gigaspora, C. mali and C. schulzeri. The current research enhances our understanding of the Cytospora species associated with woody host diseases in Tibet, China.
... Twenty-four genera have been described in the Cryphonectriaceae (Gryzenhout et al. 2009Begoude et al. 2010;Vermeulen et al. 2011Vermeulen et al. , 2013 Chen et al. 2013aChen et al. , b, 2016Chen et al. , 2018Crane and Burgess 2013;Beier et al. 2015;Ali et al. 2018;Jiang et al. 2018Jiang et al. , 2019Jiang et al. , 2020Ferreira et al. 2019;Wang et al. 2020;Huang et al. 2022). Some of the more well-known genera in this family include Cryphonectria parasitica, which caused chestnut blight, and is one of the best-known tree-killing pathogen (Fairchild 1913;Shear and Stevens 1913;Anagnostakis 1987;Heiniger and Rigling 1994;Gryzenhout et al. 2009); Chrysoporthe austroafricana causes a canker disease of Eucalyptus, Syzygium and Tibouchina species in Southern and Eastern Africa (Wingfield et al. 1989;Gryzenhout et al. 2004;Roux et al. 2005;Nakabonge et al. 2006;Gryzenhout et al. 2009); Chrysoporthe cubensis causes a canker disease of Eucalyptus species in West Africa and South America, and also causes diseases in Melastomataceae and Myrtaceae trees (Alfenas et al. 1983;Gryzenhout et al. 2004Gryzenhout et al. , 2009; Chrysoporthe deuterocubensis, causes a canker disease of Eucalyptus species in Africa, Australia, China and Hawaii, and is also reported on native or non-native Melastomataceae and Myrtaceae trees (Davison and Coates 1991;Roux et al. 2005;Nakabonge et al. 2006;Zhou et al. 2008;Gryzenhout et al. 2009;Chen et al. 2010; Van der Merwe et al. 2010;Wang et al. 2020). ...
The family of Cryphonectriaceae (Diaporthales) contains many important tree pathogens and the hosts are wide-ranging. Tree species of Terminalia were widely planted as ornamental trees alongside city roads and villages in southern China. Recently, stem can-ker and cracked bark were observed on 2-6 year old Terminalia neotaliala and T. mantaly in several nurseries in Zhanjiang City, Guangdong Province, China. Typical conidiomata of Cryphonectriaceae fungi were observed on the surface of the diseased tissue. In this study, we used DNA sequence data (ITS, BT2/BT1, TEF-1α, rpb2) and morphological characteristics to identify the strains from Terminalia trees. Our results showed that isolates obtained in this study represent two species of Aurifilum, one previously described species, A. terminali, and an unknown species, which we described as A. cerciana sp. nov. Pathogenicity tests demonstrated that both A. terminali and A. cerciana were able to infect T. neotaliala and two tested Eucalyptus clones, suggesting the potential for Aurifilum fungi to become new pathogens of Eucalyptus.
... American chestnut (Castanea dentata [Marsh.] Borkh), and European chestnut (Castanea sativa Miller) (Jiang et al., 2019). Among these, Chinese chestnut and Japanese chestnut are the most commercially important (Tanaka and Kotobuki, 1992). ...
Introduction: Spruce spider mite is a primary insect pest of Chinese chestnut in China and seriously influences its yield and quality. However, the current management against this mite is costly and poorly effective. In previous research, we bred several foxtail millet materials for interplanting with chestnut tree, and found that they had high levels of crude protein (CP) in leaves and attracted spruce spider mite to feed on the leaves, thereby reducing chestnut damage.
Methods: In this study, four foxtail millet varieties with significant differences in leaf crude protein content were used for high-throughput sequencing and identification of genes associated with leaf crude protein content. Gene enrichment analyses were carried out to comprehend the functions of these genes and the biological processes in which they are involved. In addition, transcription factors (TFs) were evaluated.
Results: 435 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, suggesting their potential role in crude protein accumulation. Some differentially expressed genes were found to be associated with nitrogen metabolism and ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis pathways. Moreover, we identified 40 TF genes categorized into 11 transcription factor families.
Discussion: Our findings represent an important resource that clarifies the mechanisms of accumulation and control of leaf crude protein in foxtail millet, and provide an opportunity for suppression of spruce spider mite attack on Chinese chestnut by interplanting with foxtail millet varieties with high concentrations of leaf crude protein.
... Cryphonectriaceae members are characterized by typical diaporthalean characters of perithecia with elongate beaks, often forming within stromatic tissues, deliquescent paraphyses, and asci that generally deliquesce, become detached from the perithecial wall when mature, and have a refractive apical annulus (Voglmayr et al. 2012;Senanayake et al. 2018;Jaklitsch and Voglmayr 2019;Jiang et al. 2019b;Fan et al. 2020;Udayanga et al. 2021). Species of Cryphonectriaceae except Aurantiosacculus castaneae are different from the other diaporthalean taxa by owning orange stromatic tissues at some stage during their life cycle, which turn purple in 3% KOH and yellow in lactic acid (Gryzenhout et al. 2006;Jiang et al. 2019a). ...
... The sequences obtained in the present study were assembled using SeqMan v. 7.1.0, and reference sequences were retrieved from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), based on recent publications (Chen et al. 2018;Jiang et al. 2019aJiang et al. , 2020Wang et al. 2020). The sequences were aligned using MAFFT v. 6 and corrected manually using MEGA v. 7.0.21 ...
... Morphologically, P. elaeocarpicola is similar to C. parasitica in the appearance of conidiomata with orange conidial tendrils formed on the host bark. However, P. elaeocarpicola can be distinguished from C. parasitica by its obvious dimorphic conidia (Jiang et al. 2019a). Phylogenetically, isolates of P. elaeocarpicola clustered into a distinct clade in the phylograms of Cryphonectriaceae (Figs 2, 3). ...
Cryphonectriaceae is a diaporthalean family containing important plant pathogens of which Cryphonectria parasitica is the most notorious one. An emerging stem blight disease on Elaeocarpus apiculatus (Elaeocarpaceae) and E. hainanensis was observed in Guangdong Province of China recently. Typical Cryphonectria blight-like symptoms including cankers on tree barks with obvious orange conidial tendrils were observed. Forty-eight isolates were obtained from diseased tissues and conidiomata formed on the hosts E. apiculatus and E. hainanensis . These isolates were further identified based on both morphology and molecular methods using the combined sequence data of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, large subunit of the nrDNA (LSU), the translation elongation factor 1-alpha ( tef1 ) and DNA-directed RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (rpb2) genes. As a result, the fungus represents an undescribed genus and species within the family Cryphonectriaceae. Hence, Pseudocryphonectria elaeocarpicola gen. et sp. nov. is proposed herein to represent these isolates from diseased barks of E. apiculatus and E. hainanensis . Pseudocryphonectria differs from the other genera of Cryphonectriaceae in having dimorphic conidia. Further inoculation results showed that P. elaeocarpicola is the causal agent of this emerging blight disease in China, which can quickly infect and kill the hosts E. apiculatus and E. hainanensis .
... Currently, Endothia and Holocryphia are the only genera in Cryphonectriaceae with aseptate ascospores. These two genera can be distinguished by their stromatal structures: the stromata of Endothia are large, erumpent, and no paraphyses are produced among conidiophores (Barr 1978, Myburg et al. 2004, Gryzenhout et al. 2009, Jiang et al. 2019b, while stromata of Holocryphia are smaller, and prominent paraphyses are present among conidiophores (Venter et al. 2002, Gryzenhout et al. 2009). Four species reside in Endothia, i.e. ...
... Four species reside in Endothia, i.e. E. cerciana, E. chinensis, E. gyrosa and E. singularis (Fries 1849, Shear et al. 1917, Gryzenhout et al. 2009, Jiang et al. 2019b. Although some morphological differences exist among these species, such as sizes of ascospores and conidia, DNA sequence data are essential to species identifications (Venter et al. 2002, Myburg et al. 2004, Gryzenhout et al. 2009, Jiang et al. 2019b. ...
... E. cerciana, E. chinensis, E. gyrosa and E. singularis (Fries 1849, Shear et al. 1917, Gryzenhout et al. 2009, Jiang et al. 2019b. Although some morphological differences exist among these species, such as sizes of ascospores and conidia, DNA sequence data are essential to species identifications (Venter et al. 2002, Myburg et al. 2004, Gryzenhout et al. 2009, Jiang et al. 2019b. The ITS and tub (tub1 and tub2) regions provide accurate species resolution when used alone, and the combination of these regions provide stronger support (Venter et al. 2002, Myburg et al. 2004, Gryzenhout et al. 2009, Jiang et al. 2019b. ...
This paper is the fourth contribution in the Genera of Phytopathogenic Fungi (GOPHY) series. The series provides morphological descriptions and information about the pathology, distribution, hosts and disease symptoms, as well as DNA barcodes for the taxa covered. Moreover, 12 whole-genome sequences for the type or new species in the treated genera are provided. The fourth paper in the GOPHY series covers 19 genera of phytopathogenic fungi and their relatives, including Ascochyta , Cadophora , Celoporthe , Cercospora , Coleophoma , Cytospora , Dendrostoma , Didymella , Endothia , Heterophaeomoniella , Leptosphaerulina , Melampsora , Nigrospora , Pezicula , Phaeomoniella , Pseudocercospora , Pteridopassalora , Zymoseptoria , and one genus of oomycetes, Phytophthora . This study includes two new genera, 30 new species, five new combinations, and 43 typifications of older names.
... Diaporthales is a species-rich fungal order usually associated with forest trees as endophytes, pathogens and saprophytes [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. Amongst the numerous tree pathogens, the most notorious one is Cryphonectria parasitica (Cryphonectriaceae) causing chestnut (Castanea spp.) blight worldwide [11][12][13]. An example for endophytic lifestyle is Diaporthe biconispora (Diaporthaceae) and an additional six Diaporthe species that are endophytic in healthy Citrus tissues in China [14]. ...
Gnomoniopsis (Gnomoniaceae, Diaporthales) is a well-classified genus inhabiting leaves, branches and fruits of the hosts in three plant families, namely Fagaceae, Onagraceae and Rosaceae. In the present study, eighteen Gnomoniopsis isolates were obtained from diseased leaves of Fagaceae hosts collected from Fujian, Guangdong, Hainan, Henan, Jiangxi and Shaanxi provinces in China. Morphology from the cultures and phylogeny based on the 5.8S nuclear ribosomal DNA gene with the two flanking internally transcribed spacer (ITS) regions, the translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1) and the beta-tubulin (tub2) genes were employed to identify these isolates. As a result, seven species were revealed, viz. Gnomoniopsis castanopsidis, G. fagacearum, G. guang-dongensis, G. hainanensis, G. rossmaniae and G. silvicola spp. nov, as well as a known species G. daii. In addition, G. daii was firstly reported on the host Quercus aliena.
... Some diaporthalean fungi cause severe forest diseases, so gained attention in forest pathological studies in recent years. For example, Cryphonectria parasitica (Cryphonectriaceae) causes chestnut blight worldwide (Rigling and Prospero 2018;Jiang et al. 2019b); Cytospora chrysosperma (Cytosporaceae) causes common polar and willow cankers in China ; Gnomoniopsis smithogilvyi (Gnomoniaceae) results in European chestnut fruit rot and branch canker (Shuttleworth et al. 2016;Shuttleworth and Guest 2017;Jiang and Tian 2019;Jiang et al. 2020b). ...
... Coryneum castaneicola, C. gigasporum and C. suttonii of Coryneaceae were reported on dead and diseased Castanea mollissima branches (Jiang et al. 2018b). Aurantiosacculus castaneae, Cryphonectria neoparasitica, C. parasitica and Endothia chinensis of Cryphonectriaceae were confirmed to be Castanea mollissima canker pathogens (Jiang et al. 2019b). Cytospora ceratospermopsis, C. kuanchengensis, C. leucostoma, C. myrtagena, C. schulzeri and C. xinglongensis of Cytosporaceae were reported to be associated with Castanea mollissima branch cankers (Jiang et al. 2020c). ...
Melanconis-like fungi are distributed in several families of Diaporthales, mainly Juglanconidaceae, Melanconidaceae, Melanconiellaceae and Pseudomelanconidaceae. A new Melanconis-like genus of Pseudomelanconidaceae was discovered on branches of Chinese chestnut (Castanea mollissima) in southern China, which was confirmed by both morphology and phylogenetic analysis of combined ITS, LSU, tef1a and rpb2 sequences. The new genus Micromelanconis is characterized by two types of conidia from natural substrate and manual media of PDA, respectively. Conidia from Chinese chestnut branches are pale brown, ellipsoid, multiguttulate, aseptate with hyaline sheath. While conidia from PDA plates are pale brown, long dumbbell-shaped, narrow at the middle and wide at both ends, multiguttulate, aseptate, and also with hyaline sheath. All Pseudomelanconidaceae species were only reported on tree branches in China until now. More interesting taxa may be discovered if detailed surveys on tree-inhabiting fungi are carried out in East Asia in the future.
