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Lesions formed on seven to eight-month-old Acacia crassicarpa trees inoculated with a control and with Fusarium rekanum after a 30-day incubation period. a Wound response of A. crassicarpa inoculated with the control. b Red lesions on A. crassicarpa inoculated with CMW 52862 (Treatment 1)
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Non-native Acacia plantations in Indonesia were first reported to be infested by a native ambrosia beetle species, identified as Euwallacea fornicatus in 1993. Recently the level of infestation in these plantations by ambrosia beetles has steadily increased. The recent redefinition of the taxonomic parameters of the Euwallacea fornicatus species co...
Citations
... The discovery of new morphological, reproductive, and ecological characteristics of F. volatile with the study of isolates associated with A. woglumi reinforces the importance of surveying insect mycobiota to increase knowledge about the ecology and taxonomy of Fusarium. Recently, at least 11 new species of Fusarium associated with insects have been described (Aoki et al. 2018(Aoki et al. , 2019(Aoki et al. , 2021Freeman et al. 2013b;Lynn et al. 2020;Santos et al. 2019), contributing to the knowledge of fungal biodiversity and of fusarioid taxa inhabiting animals. In addition, Fusarium species offer potential for the biological control of agricultural pests (Santos et al. 2020), increasing the importance of conducting surveys for insect-associated fungi. ...
The objectives of this study were to report Fusarium species associated with Aleurocanthus woglumi (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) collected from citrus leaves from an agroecological polyculture in Brazil, assess sexual reproductive mode of the species with unknown sexual stages, and provide an augmented description of F. volatile, for which we discovered a sexual stage. Nineteen Fusarium isolates were recovered from A. woglumi. These fungi belong to three species complexes, i.e., the F. chlamydosporum species complex (FCSC), the F. fujikuroi species complex (FFSC), and the F. incarnatum-equiseti species complex (FIESC). Based on multilocus phylogenetic analyses, the species were identified as F. annulatum, F. chlamydosporum, F. pernambucanum, F. sulawesiense, F. verticillioides, and F. volatile. Our results suggest that three species whose sexual stages are unknown (F. chlamydosporum, F. sulawesiense, and F. volatile) are also heterothallic. Intraspecific crosses of F. sulawesiense and F. volatile produced protoperithecia, whereas 66.7% of F. volatile crosses produced fertile perithecia. We provide an augmented description of the latter species to include characteristics of its sexual morph and those observed in the asexual morph that had not yet been described for the species. This study highlights the potential of researching insect-associated fungi to increase knowledge about the diversity, taxonomy, and versatility of Fusarium in ecosystems.
... The unexpected recent arrival of E. fornicatus on the west coast of Australia and the long-term presence of E. perbrevis on the east coast could impact inter-state wood movement creating a biosecurity consideration. Given the complex and ambiguous nature of E. fornicatus and E. perbrevis, the taxonomy between two species is confounding, leading to confusion regarding the economic importance of these two species 32 . It is economically and environmentally important to model these two borers' favourable areas across Australia to assess their relationship and potential spread. ...
Fuzzy logic presents a promising approach for Species Distribution Modelling by generating a commensurable value termed ‘favourability’. Departing from conventional value ‘probability’, ‘favourability’ remains robust regardless of species prevalence, enabling across species comparisons despite varying prevalence. Such comparisons facilitate the interpretation of cryptic species, which have intricate distribution data to assign. This study generated environmental favourability values for two borers within a cryptic beetle species complex: Euwallacea fornicatus and Euwallacea perbrevis in Australia. This research delved into biogeographic relationship analyses fuzzy intersection and potential biotic interaction of these closely related borers, highlighting a notably favourable distribution pattern for Euwallacea fornicatus in Queensland. To evaluate the model’s performance, this paper utilized commonly employed evaluation metrics (Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, True statistical skill, Correct classification rate), alongside fuzzy entropy value and the Hosmer-Lemeshow test to assess the model reliability. This study validates the efficacy of fuzzy logic in species distribution modelling and showcases its utility in assessing habitat suitability for closely related species through the utilization of a more informative value – favourability. This value emerges as a valuable refinement to Species distribution models, enabling the assessment of differences and similarities among species’ distribution areas alongside the species’ environmental correlates.
... Modern ambrosia research has continued to reveal the varied range of relationships shared between xyleborine ambrosia beetles and fungi (Kostovcik et al. 2015, Skelton et al. 2018). This includes the identification of many previously unknown fungal symbionts (von Arx and Hennebert 1965;Harrington et al. 2008Harrington et al. , 2014Freeman et al. 2013;Li et al. 2016;Lynch et al. 2016;Simmons et al. 2016aSimmons et al. , 2016bAoki et al. 2018Aoki et al. , 20192021;Lynn et al. 2020;Mayers et al. 2020aMayers et al. , 2020bAraújo et al. 2022) and recognition that the same species of ambrosia fungus might grow in the galleries of non-xyleborine beetles as well as those of xyleborines (Gebhardt et al. 2004). Since the discovery and identification of the mycangium (Francke-Grosmann 1956, Schedl 1962, Batra 1963, research has revealed the central role this organ plays in the development and maintenance of ambrosia symbioses (Mayers et al. 2022). ...
... The genus Ambrosiella is one part of three lineages in the Microascales family Ceratocystidaceae that independently evolved ambrosial associations with beetles (Mayers et al. 2015(Mayers et al. , 2020b. Each of the 11 Ambrosiella species are ambrosia fungi that maintain tight associations with one ambrosia beetle species (Miller et al. 2019, Mayers Table 2. Ambrosia fungal species with nutritional associations with xyleborine beetles and their beetle partners (von Arx and Hennebert 1965;Batra 1967;Scott and du Toit 1970;Brayford 1987;Gebhardt et al. 2005;Harrington et al. 2008Harrington et al. , 2010Six et al. 2009;Kasson et al. 2013;Mayers et al. 2015Mayers et al. , 2017O'Donnell et al. 2015;Simmons et al. 2016aSimmons et al. , 2016bLin et al. 2017;Na et al. 2018;Carrillo et al. 2019;Lynn et al. 2020;Nel et al. 2021;Osborn et al. 2022b ). Due to their long evolutionary history with ambrosia beetles, the genus is highly adapted to the convergent ambrosia lifestyle, which makes morphology-only based identification and taxonomic assignments unreliable (Cassar and Blackwell 1996, Alamouti et al. 2009, Mayers et al. 2020b. ...
... Fungal cladogram summarized from Binder et al. 2013, Spatafora et al. 2016, and Hongsanan et al. 2017. Relationships between the beetles and fungi from von Arx and Hennebert 1965, Batra 1967, Scott and du Toit 1970, Brayford 1987, Gebhardt et al. 2005, Six et al. 2009, Harrington et al. 2010, Kasson et al. 2013, Mayers et al. 2015, O'Donnell et al. 2015, Simmons et al. 2016a, 2016b, Lin et al. 2017, Mayers et al. 2017, Na et al. 2018, Carrillo et al. 2019, Lynn et al. 2020, de Araújo et al. 2022, Osborn et al. 2022a . Table 3. Harmful Xyleborini, their nutritional symbionts, associated harmful fungi, native region, year of first report in introduced regions, and significant plant hosts (Blandford 1894a, Hagedorn 1908, Hoffmann 1941, Groschke 1953, Anderson 1974, Kessler et al. 1974, Hara and Beardsley 1979, Wood 1982, Weber and McPherson 1983, Nirenberg 1990, Pennacchio et al. 2003, Haack 2006, Rabaglia et al. 2006, Kirkendall and Ødegaard 2007, Cognato and Rubinoff 2008, Oliveira et al. 2008, Eskalen et al. 2012, Garonna et al. 2012, Mendel et al. 2012, Stilwell et al. 2014, Egonyu et al. 2015, Mayers et al. 2015, Li et al. 2015, Nageleisen et al. 2015, Flechtmann and Atkinson 2016, Simmons et al. 2016a, Gallego et al. 2017, Kavčič 2018, Paap et al. 2018 Like X. crassiusculus, the black twig borer (Xylosandrus compactus (Eichhoff)) uses a wide variety of dicotyledonous angiosperm hosts for the establishment of fungal gardens (Ngoan et al. 1976, Hara andBeardsley 1979). ...
Ambrosia beetles from the tribe Xyleborini are part of nearly all forest ecosystems. Because of their small size, haplodiploid mating structure, and protected lives inside the sapwood of woody plants, they have a unique ability to expand into new regions via inadvertent human transport. A small number of invasive xyleborines cause significant damage to forests, lumber concerns, and agricultural systems. Most ambrosia pests damage or kill trees by the accumulation of beetle attacks, one is known to cause tree death through the introduction of pathogenic fungus into susceptible Lauraceae trees. The relationships between ambrosia fungi and their beetle vectors range from mutualistic symbiosis to facultative association, but most remain unstudied. Unresolved taxonomies, convergent morphologies, and the difficulty of sampling ambrosia fungi over their entire global ranges make comprehensive surveys of ambrosia fungi difficult to achieve. Ambrosia fungi from Europe and North America are moderately well documented, however, we have yet to sufficiently document those from Africa, Asia, Australia, and South America. Worldwide cooperation to improve and standardize scientific study of the ambrosia symbioses is needed to better understand these impactful organisms.
... So further extensive study about the Euwallacea beetles-Fusarium mutualists should be obtained, particularly in native geographic ranges. Phenotypic/morphological characteristics were discovered that distinguish the three newly described species from the other similar members of the AFC Aoki et al. 2018Aoki et al. , 2019Aoki et al. , 2021Lynn et al. 2020Lynn et al. , 2021. These three species have similar features compared with the other two Fusarium mutualists of E. interjectus. ...
In recent years, ambrosia beetles, Euwallacea interjectus, have emerged as important pests of exotic Populus in poplar cultivations from Jiangsu, China. However, Fusarium mutualists of E. interjectus within the Ambrosia Fusarium Clade (AFC) remain unclear. In the investigation of Fusarium mutualists, 36 isolates were obtained from five geographically separated sites in Jiangsu Province and Jiangxi Province. Three novel species of AFC were identified based on morphological and multi-gene phylogenetic analysis; three novel species of AFC were identified. These new species are described here as Fusarium gannanense (AF-25), Fusarium populicola (AF-26), and Fusarium tumidispermus (AF-27). Fusarium populicola may be a pathogen of poplar and exhibited common to poplar cultivations in Jiangsu Province. The other two species were recovered from three locations in Jiangxi Province. The distribution of mutualists of E. interjectus within AFC is associated with the geographical distance among the samples with samples from the same region sharing the same mutualist. The present study augments our knowledge on the mutualists of Euwallacea within AFC in the native geographic range.
... We also included three representative strains from non-ambrosia Fusarium species (Kasson et al. 2013;O'Donnell et al. 2007O'Donnell et al. , 2010Zhang et al. 2006). Fusarium neocosmosporiellum O'Donnell & Geiser was used to root the trees based on previous phylogenies of the AFC (see Kasson et al. 2013;Lynn et al. 2020). ...
Ambrosia beetles from the scolytine tribe Xyleborini (Curculionidae) are important to the decomposition of woody plant material on every continent except Antarctica. These insects farm fungi on the walls of tunnels they build inside recently dead trees and rely on the fungi for nutrition during all stages of their lives. Such ambrosia fungi rely on the beetles to provide appropriate substrates and environmental conditions for growth. A small minority of xyleborine ambrosia beetle-fungal partnerships cause significant damage to healthy trees. The xyleborine beetle Coptoborus ochromactonus vectors a Fusarium (Hypocreales) fungus that is lethal to balsa (Ochroma pyramidale (Malvaceae)) trees in Ecuador. Although this pathogenic fungus and its associated beetle are not known to be established in the United States, several other non-native ambrosia beetle species are vectors of destructive plant diseases in this country. This fact and the acceleration of trade between South America and the United States demonstrate the importance of understanding fungal plant pathogens before they escape their native ranges. Here we identify the fungi accompanying Coptoborus ambrosia beetles collected in Ecuador. Classification based ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS) sequences revealed the most prevalent fungi associated with Coptoborus are Fusarium sp. and Graphium sp. (Microascales: Microascaceae), which have been confirmed as ambrosia fungi for xyleborine ambrosia beetles, and Clonostsachys sp. (Hypocreales), which is a diverse genus found abundantly in soils and associated with plants. Phylogenetic analyses of the Fusarium strains based on ITS, translation elongation factor (EF1-α), and two subunits of the DNA-directed RNA polymerase II (RPB1 and RPB2) identified them as Fusarium sp. AF-9 in the Ambrosia Fusarium Clade (AFC). This Fusarium species was previously associated with a few xyleborine ambrosia beetles, most notably the species complex Euwallacea fornicatus (Eichhoff 1868) (Curculionidae: Scolytinae: Xyleborini). Examination of ITS and EF1-α sequences showed a close affinity between the Graphium isolated from Coptoborus spp. and other xyleborine-associated Graphium as well as the soil fungus Graphium basitruncatum. This characterization of ambrosia fungi through DNA sequencing confirms the identity of a putative plant pathogen spread by Coptoborus beetles and expands the documented range of Fusarium and Graphium ambrosia fungi.
... Previously, we developed informal ad hoc nomenclature systems for several species complexes or clades to clearly communicate to the scientific community that these contained many novel unnamed phylogenetically distinct species new to science that lacked Latin binomials. Specifically, for the F. solani species complex (FSSC; O'Donnell et al. 2008) and F. incarnatum-equiseti species complex (FIESC; O'Donnell et al. 2009), when first subjected to multilocus molecular phylogenetic analyses, phylospecies were distinguished with Arabic numbers (e.g., FSSC 1-35 and FIESC 1-28, respectively); for fusaria within the Ambrosia Fusarium Clade of the FSSC, phylospecies are distinguished by AF-1 to AF-19 (Aoki et al. 2021c;Kasson et al. 2013;Lynn et al. 2020); for fusaria within the F. sambucinum species complex (FSAMSC), 33 novel phylospecies were recently distinguished as Fusarium sp. nov.-1-33 . ...
Accurate species-level identification of an etiological agent is crucial for disease diagnosis and management because knowing the agent’s identity connects it with what is known about its host range, geographic distribution, and toxin production potential. This is particularly true in publishing peer-reviewed disease reports, where imprecise and/or incorrect identifications weaken the public knowledge base. This can be a daunting task for phytopathologists and other applied biologists that need to identify Fusarium in particular, because published and ongoing multilocus molecular systematic studies have highlighted several confounding issues. Paramount among these are: (i) this agriculturally and clinically important genus is currently estimated to comprise over 400 phylogenetically distinct species (i.e., phylospecies), with over 80% of these discovered within the past 25 years; (ii) approximately one-third of the phylospecies have not been formally described; (iii) morphology alone is inadequate to distinguish most of these species from one another; and (iv) the current rapid discovery of novel fusaria from pathogen surveys and accompanying impact on the taxonomic landscape is expected to continue well into the foreseeable future. To address the critical need for accurate pathogen identification, our research groups are focused on populating two web-accessible databases (FUSARIUM-ID v.3.0 and the non-redundant NCBI nucleotide collection that includes GenBank) with portions of three phylogenetically informative genes (i.e., TEF1, RPB1 and RPB2) that resolve at or near the species level in every Fusarium species. The objectives of this Special Report, and its companion in this issue (Torres-Cruz et al. 2022), are to provide a progress report on our efforts to populate these databases and to outline a set of best practices for DNA sequence-based identification of fusaria.
... Phylogenetic analyses using the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I were undertaken to help confirm the identity of Batocera lineolata [48], Euwallacea fornicatus [31], and Tapinolachnus lacordairei [49]. Protocols were performed as described by [50][51][52][53]. ...
... Some of the insect pests have broader natural geographical ranges in Asia [59,88], and some have become invasive alien species. Some wood borers and bark beetles have been distributed around the world, such as B. lineolata in India [89] and Europe [90], Euwallacea fornicatus in Indonesia [51] and the USA [31], and Tapinolachnus lacordairei in Indochina and Borneo [70]. Recent research has clarified the species boundaries for the E. fornicatus complex [91] and highlighted the roles of the Fusarium symbiont in determining host tree susceptibility [92]. ...
The planted forest area in Vietnam increased from 3.0 to 4.4 million hectares in the period 2010–2020, but the loss of productivity from pests and diseases continues to be a problem. During this period, frequent and systematic plantation forest health surveys were conducted on 12 native and 4 exotic genera of trees as well as bamboo across eight forest geographic regions of Vietnam. Damage caused by insects and pathogens was quantified in the field and laboratory in Hanoi. The threats of greatest concern were from folivores (Antheraea frithi, Arthroschista hilaralis, Atteva fabriciella, Hieroglyphus tonkinensis, Lycaria westermanni,Krananda semihyalina, and Moduza procris), wood borers (Batocera lineolata, Euwallacea fornicatus, Tapinolachnus lacordairei, Xyleborus perforans, and Xystrocera festiva), sap-sucking insects (Aulacaspis tubercularis and Helopeltis theivora) and pathogens (Ceratocystis manginecans, Fusarium solani, and Phytophthora acaciivora). The number of new and emerging pests and pathogens increased over time from 2 in 2011 to 17 in 2020, as the damage became more widespread. To manage these pests and diseases, it is necessary to further invest in the selection and breeding of resistant genotypes, improve nursery hygiene and silvicultural operations, and adopt integrated pest management schemes. Consideration should be given to developing forest health monitoring protocols for forest reserves and other special-purpose forests.
... were conducted in this study using concatenated DNA sequences of the ITS rDNA, TEF1-α, RPB1, and RPB2 gene regions. The sequences were obtained from the NCBI database for 64 isolates previously used in the AFC phylogenetic analyses (Kasson et al., 2013;Carrillo et al., 2019;Sandoval-Denis et al., 2019;Lynn et al., 2020) (the accession numbers are included in Supplementary Table 2). It was aligned using MUSCLE algorithm (Edgar, 2004) and adjusted manually. ...
Ficus carica plantations in Japan were first reported to be infested by an ambrosia beetle species, identified as Euwallacea interjectus, in 1996. The purpose of this study was to determine the symbiotic fungi of female adults of E. interjectus emerging from F. carica trees infected with fig wilt disease (FWD). Dispersal adults (51 females) of E. interjectus, which were collected from logs of an infested fig tree in Hiroshima Prefecture, Western Japan, were separated into three respective body parts (head, thorax, and abdomen) and used for fungal isolation. Isolated fungi were identified based on the morphological characteristics and DNA sequence data. Over 13 species of associated fungi were detected, of which a specific fungus, Fusarium kuroshium, was dominant in female head (including oral mycangia). The plant-pathogenic fungus of FWD, Ceratocystis ficicola, was not observed within any body parts of E. interjectus. We further discussed the relationship among E. interjectus and its associated fungi in fig tree.
... The symbiotic fungi of bark and ambrosia beetles represent a polyphyletic assemblage of filamentous fungal genera, which have evolved convergent morphological traits that favour insect dispersal (Cassar and Blackwell 1996;Zipfel et al. 2006). Most fungal symbionts of ambrosia beetles reside in the orders Ophiostomatales and Microascales, although some species of Hypocreales and Basidiomycota have also been discovered (Kolařík and Kirkendall 2010;Kasson et al. 2013Kasson et al. , 2016Machingambi et al. 2014;Lynn et al. 2020). In the Ophiostomatales, there are three genera regarded as primary ambrosia beetle symbionts. ...
Ambrosia beetles are small wood inhabiting members of the Curculionidae that have evolved obligate symbioses with fungi. The fungal symbionts concentrate nutrients from within infested trees into a usable form for their beetle partners, which then utilize the fungi as their primary source of nutrition. Ambrosia beetle species associate with one or more primary symbiotic fungal species, but they also vector auxiliary symbionts, which may provide the beetle with developmental or ecological advantages. In this study we isolated and identified ophiostomatalean fungi associated with ambrosia beetles occurring in a native forest area in South Africa. Using a modified Bambara beetle trap, living ambrosia beetle specimens were collected and their fungal symbionts isolated. Four beetle species, three Scolytinae and one Bostrichidae, were collected. Five species of ophiostomatalean fungi were isolated from the beetles and were identified using both morphological characters and DNA sequence data. One of these species, Raffaelea sulphurea, was recorded from South Africa for the first time and two novel species were described as Ceratocystiopsis lunata sp. nov. and Raffaelea promiscua sp. nov.
... Likewise, Euwallacea perbrevis has become an invasive pest on avocado trees in Florida (USA) after its accidental introduction into that region ). However, Euwallacea perbrevis together with its symbionts, Fusarium ambrosium and Fusarium rekanum, has been reported as a pest in its native range, but only on nonnative trees such as tea (Camellia sinensis) in India and Sri Lanka (Danthanarayana 1968), and recently on Acacia crassicarpa in Indonesia (Lynn et al. 2020). ...
... To date, 19 AFC species have been identified, several of which were collected in countries outside their native range, particularly in the United States (Freeman et al. 2013;Aoki et al. 2018Aoki et al. , 2019Na et al. 2018). Of these, only eight AFC taxa have been formally described, and only three of these were collected from their native environments (Lynn et al. 2020). Thus, knowledge regarding the fungal mutualists transported within the preoral mycangia of female E. fornicatus complex species is largely restricted to invasive populations, which likely represent only a very small segment of the natural diversity (Mendel et al. 2012;Freeman et al. 2013). ...
... Recent research on members of the E. fornicatus complex in their native range of Taiwan showed that the relationship between the species in the E. fornicatus complex and the ambrosia fungi they cultivate is likely more diverse and promiscuous than previously described in invaded areas (Carrillo et al. 2019). A recent study by Lynn et al. (2020) on the native ambrosia beetle E. perbrevis infesting A. crassicarpa trees in Indonesian plantations suggested that a similar pattern of promiscuous symbiosis might occur for that insect. In the present study, 18 different fungal genera were isolated from various ambrosia beetles and their brood galleries, of which several Fusarium spp. ...
Several species in the Euwallacea fornicatus complex have emerged as important pests of woody plants globally, particularly in habitats where they are invasive aliens. These beetles live in obligate symbioses with fungi in the genus Fusarium. In this study, we identified Euwallacea spp. and their fungal mutualists that have emerged as pests of planted Acacia crassicarpa in Riau, Indonesia. Morphological identification and phylogenetic analyses of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase c subunit I (COI) gene confirmed that E. similis and E. perbrevis are the most abundant beetles infesting these trees. Multilocus phylogenetic analyses of their fungal mutualists revealed their nonspecific association with six Fusarium species. These included F. rekanum
and five novel Fusarium mutualists within the Fusarium solani species complex (FSSC), four of which reside in the Ambrosia Fusarium Clade (AFC). These new species are described here as F. akasia, F. awan, F. mekan, F. variasi, and F. warna.
