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Sheep myiasis : recent developments in epidemiology and novel constraints in control.
The blowfly (Lucilia sericata), the fleshfly (Wohlfahrtia magnifica) and the nasal-bot fly (Oestrus ovis) are important pests for the sheep industry. Moreover, sporadic opthalmomyiasis cases due to O. ovis are reported in human beings worldwide. In the last 20 yea...
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Citations
... The greatest impact of this magnificent flesh fly arises from livestock infestations, both in terms of animal welfare and economic loss [5]. Sheep are frequent host species, and if this very painful myiasis is not treated, various problems can occur, including lethargy, depression, inappetence, blindness, lameness, reproduction problems, condition loss and even death [1,5,16,17]. The flies are most active during the hot summer months [3,18], although the fly season can last from March to November, depending on the climate [7]. ...
... W. magnifica is found throughout the Palearctic realm, from Mediterranean countries in Europe and North Africa along the Eurasian steppe belt and the Middle East, further into Central and East Asia [2,3,5,7,18,19]. Across Europe, Wohlfahrtia infests sheep at different altitudes, from the Plateaus of France to the Pannonian and East European plains, including the continents' largest peninsulas, the Iberian, Apennine and Balkan, with increasing prevalence towards the east (Romania, Bulgaria, former USSR) [5,7,17,18]. ...
... Global warming is an additional concern favoring the distribution of thermophilic flies. There are recent reports regarding the geographical spreading and increased period of activity of W. magnifica [7,17]. Therefore, a few historical or even recent single-country records of adult fly presence or myiasis cases in the Western Balkans poorly describe the distribution of wohlfahrtiosis in the region, highlighting the requirement for the development of disease risk distribution maps, based on livestock and fly surveys as part of integrated control programs [55]. ...
The "beautiful viviparous fly", Wohlfahrtia magnifica, may have a magnificent appearance due to its striking morphology; however, it is a potentially deadly agent of obligate traumatic myiasis in humans and animals, with a serious impact on welfare and economics. The fly is found across the Palearctic realm, including the Western Balkan region, with reports from former Yugoslavian countries from the first half of the 20th century. In this paper, a recent case of wohlfahrtiosis recorded in Northern Serbia is evidenced using morphological and molecular techniques. Larvae were collected from two adult sheep with severe hoof myiasis and two young sheep with genital and interdigital myiasis. Morphological identification was performed for adults bred from the infested vulva and third-stage larvae (L 3) collected from the hoof wounds, supported with barcoding sequences of the COI gene obtained from larval pairs from the hoof wounds of older and the genitalia of younger sheep. W. magnifica was identified according to the appearance of male fly terminalia and the morphology of L 3 , which was confirmed after the comparison of representative sequences of the COI gene (deposited in GenBank™ under accession numbers MT027108-MT027114) to those available in GenBank™. This finding represents the first reported case of wohlfahrtiosis in the Western Balkans in 80 years, highlighting the need to re-inform relevant stakeholders to achieve adequate disease control.
... 8 Historically in France, its habitat was restricted to alpine pastures from 800 to 1000 m altitude. 4,9,10 While the larvae are myiasigenic, the imagos are nectarivorous. 4,6 The female may also feed on animal secretions, 6 but this is not a parasitic form. ...
... W. magnifica myiasis have been described in many domestic species such as sheep, [9][10][11][12][13][14] goat, 12,13,15 cattle, 16 pig, 11 horse (see Table 2), donkey, 17 dog, 11,12 cat, 15 geese, 18 camel, 19 rabbit, 20 etc. More anecdotally, wohlfahrtiosis was described in wild animals (wild bear 15 , leopard 3 ). ...
... The prevalence of Wohlfahrtia myiasis is highest generally from July to September, a slightly shorter period than for L. sericata. 9,10 The cases observed in our office remain consistent with these data. This period of the year explains the vernacular name of summer flies. ...
Three cases of Wohlfahrtia magnifica perineal myiasis on mares living in the Indre Department (central France) are reported. W. magnifica , whose geographical dispersion towards the plains has been known since the 1980s, continues its progression in France. Altitude is not a limiting factor for this fly, unlike climate. However, we assume that climate change and its ecological consequences, associated with the natural resistance of the maggot and commercial transactions, will not be an obstacle to the W. magnifica development in France.
Myiasis (the invasion of internal and external tissues by fly larvae) results in major welfare and economic problems for sheep husbandry in many areas of the world. Here myiasis of sheep is reviewed with a summary of the most important species involved and their lifecycles and a discussion of how using a One Health approach can result in a more robust and responsive industry to reduce the impact of myiasis on sheep production.
