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Background: There is an established link between obesity related metabolic derangement and colorectal cancer development. Recently, we developed a metabolic-colorectal cancer risk score. In this follow-up study, we studied its association with colorectal neoplasm by measuring two major metabolic syndrome biomarkers, leptin and adiponectin. Objectiv...
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Context 1
... leptin level increased as BMI and metabolic risk score increased. There was no significant difference in leptin levels between the CAP patients and the no polyp control group (Table 1). Male subjects had significantly lower average leptin levels than females. ...
Context 2
... Adiponectin level was negatively correlated with both BMI and metabolic risk score (Table 1). Male subjects had a significantly lower average adiponectin level than females. ...
Context 3
... the leptin/adiponectin ratios were examined, the ratio was significantly different between those with a BMI lower than 23.4 kg/m 2 and those with a BMI greater than 23.4 kg/m 2 . The ratio increased as metabolic risk increased, but this measure only was statistically significant when comparing the high metabolic risk group and the low risk group (Table 1). ...
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Aim:
To assess the ability of leptin, adiponectin and leptin: adiponectin ratio (LAR) to discriminate apparently healthy subjects with metabolic syndrome in Southwest Nigeria.
Methods:
One hundred and twenty three subjects with metabolic syndrome (cases) were age matched with 123 subjects without metabolic syndrome. The serum adiponectin and lep...
Background
Diabetes, the current epidemic in the present world is the growing concern. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a consequence of complex interactions among multiple genetic variants and environmental risk factors. This complex disorder is characterized by genetic changes in various adipokine levels.
Methods
In this study, adult population rangi...
Citations
... Adiponectin is also reducing the chronic inflammation induced in colon cancer by preventing the goblet cell apoptosis and by inducing the epithelial to goblet cell differentiation [66]. Considering the decreased plasma level of adiponectin detected in obese patients, it is considered a risk factor for CRC carcinogenesis [67][68][69]. These data are supported by a recent study that revealed decreased tumor cell survival and migration induced by adiponectin in CaCo-2 and HCT116 human colorectal cell lines [70]. ...
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most commonly diagnosed types of cancer, especially in obese patients, and the second cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Based on these data, extensive research has been performed over the last decades to decipher the pivotal role of the tumor microenvironment (TME) and its cellular and molecular components in CRC development and progression. In this regard, substantial progress has been made in the identification of cancer-associated adipocytes’ (CAAs) characteristics, considering their active role in the CCR tumor niche, by releasing a panel of metabolites, growth factors, and inflammatory adipokines, which assist the cancer cells’ development. Disposed in the tumor invasion front, CAAs exhibit a fibroblastic-like phenotype and establish a bidirectional molecular dialogue with colorectal tumor cells, which leads to functional changes in both cell types and contributes to tumor progression. CAAs also modulate the antitumor immune cells’ response and promote metabolic reprogramming and chemotherapeutic resistance in colon cancer cells. This review aims to report recent cumulative data regarding the molecular mechanisms of CAAs’ differentiation and their activity spectrum in the TME of CRC. A better understanding of CAAs and the molecular interplay between CAAs and tumor cells will provide insights into tumor biology and may open the perspective of new therapeutic opportunities in CRC patients.
... Adiponectin may be involved in reducing the severity of CICC by preventing goblet cell apoptosis and increasing epithelial-to-goblet cell differentiation [246]. Plasma adiponectin levels have been found to be inversely associated with colonic polyps, multiple colonic polyps, high-risk colonic polyps [247], early-stage CRC [248,249], and CRC stage [249]. Consistent with these findings, adiponectin negatively regulates colorectal cell survival and migration [250]. ...
Adipose tissue is a highly dynamic endocrine tissue and constitutes a central node in the interorgan crosstalk network through adipokines, which cause pleiotropic effects, including the modulation of angiogenesis, metabolism, and inflammation. Specifically, digestive cancers grow anatomically near adipose tissue. During their interaction with cancer cells, adipocytes are reprogrammed into cancer‐associated adipocytes and secrete adipokines to affect tumor cells. Moreover, the liver is the central metabolic hub. Adipose tissue and the liver cooperatively regulate whole‐body energy homeostasis via adipokines. Obesity, the excessive accumulation of adipose tissue due to hyperplasia and hypertrophy, is currently considered a global epidemic and is related to low‐grade systemic inflammation characterized by altered adipokine regulation. Obesity‐related digestive diseases, including gastroesophageal reflux disease, Barrett’s esophagus, esophageal cancer, colon polyps and cancer, non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease, viral hepatitis‐related diseases, cholelithiasis, gallbladder cancer, cholangiocarcinoma, pancreatic cancer, and diabetes, might cause specific alterations in adipokine profiles. These patterns and associated bases potentially contribute to the identification of prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic approaches for the associated digestive diseases. This review highlights important findings about altered adipokine profiles relevant to digestive diseases, including hepatic, pancreatic, gastrointestinal, and biliary tract diseases, with a perspective on clinical implications and mechanistic explorations.
... Adiponectin role is the attenuation of the excessive inflammatory response in the wall of the blood vessels of the placenta through inhibition of NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells) signaling (it is a protein complex that controls transcription of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and cytokine production), decreasing CRP (C-reactive protein) and increasing nitric oxide [42] via activating endothelial nitric oxide synthase and inhibition of superoxide in endothelial cells [43]. Besides, adiponectin mediated the process of trophoblast invasion by modulation of MMP/TIMP (matrix metalloproteinase to tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase) balance (this is a ratio between active extracellular [11][12][13], hyperlipidemia [22], diabetic kidney disease [30], polycystic ovary [32], ovarian cancer, gestational diabetes [39], systemic sclerosis [74], breast cancer [98], lung cancer [99], colon cancer [100], thyroid cancer [106], prostate cancer [108,109], glioblastoma [113], AIS [129], Duchene Muscular Dystrophy [132], pulmonary hypertension [149], obstructive sleep apnea [151], atherosclerosis [11], hypertension [158], preeclampsia [41][42][43][44], COVID-19 [164] Cervical & endometrial cancer [37,38], joint inflammation [64], bone erosion in rheumatoid arthritis [65], SLE with renal involvement [87] Adipsin Systemic sclerosis with PAH [83], SLE with renal involvement [87] Apelin ...
... Low adiponectin serum concentration has been strongly associated with increased risk of colorectal adenoma or early colorectal cancer [100]. AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 are upregulated secondary to low adiponectin in colorectal cancer and are associated with positive lymph node involvement. ...
Introduction
Adipose tissue secretes various bioactive peptides/proteins, immune molecules and inflammatory mediators which are known as adipokines or adipocytokines. Adipokines play important roles in the maintenance of energy homeostasis, appetite, glucose and lipid metabolism, insulin sensitivity, angiogenesis, immunity and inflammation. Enormous number of studies from all over the world proved that adipocytokines are involved in the pathogenesis of diseases affecting nearly all body systems, which raises the question whether we can always blame adipocytokines as the triggering factor of every disease that may hit the body.
Objective
Our review targeted the role played by adipocytokines in the pathogenesis of different diseases affecting different body systems including diabetes mellitus, kidney diseases, gynecological diseases, rheumatologic disorders, cancers, Alzheimer’s, depression, muscle disorders, liver diseases, cardiovascular and lung diseases.
Methodology
We cited more than 33 recent literature reviews that discussed the role played by adipocytokines in the pathogenesis of different diseases affecting different body systems.
Conclusion
More evidence is being discovered to date about the role played by adipocytokines in more diseases and extra research is needed to explore hidden roles played by adipokine imbalance on disease pathogenesis.
... APN is produced exclusively by adipose tissue, and its serum concentrations are reduced in obesity. In addition, low APN serum levels have been associated with an increased risk of various malignancies, including CRC [59][60][61][62][63]. APN has been hypothesized to affect CRC cell proliferation, adhesion, invasion as well as inflammation [64,65]. ...
The somatotropic axis, in addition to its well-known metabolic and endocrine effects, plays a pivotal role in modulation of inflammation. Moreover, growth hormone (GH)-releasing hormone (GHRH) has been involved in the development of various human tumors. In this work we aimed to investigate the consequences of GHRH deficiency on the development of inflammation-associated colon carcinogenesis in a mouse model of isolated GH deficiency due to generalized ablation of the GHRH gene [GHRH knock out (GHRHKO)]. Homozygous GHRHKO (-/-) male mice and wild type (C57/BL6, +/+) male mice as control group, were used.
After azoxymetane (AOM)/dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) treatment -/- mice displayed higher Disease Activity Index (DAI) score, and more marked weight loss compared to +/+ animals. Additionally, -/- mice showed a significant increase in total tumors, in particular of large size predominantly localized in distal colon. In colonic tissue of AOM/DSS-treated -/- mice we found the presence of invasive adenocarcinomas, dysplasia and colitis with mucosal ulceration. Conversely, AOM/DSS-treated +/+ mice showed only presence of adenomas, without invasion of sub-mucosa.
Treatment with AOM/DSS significantly increased prostaglandin (PG)E2 and 8-iso-PGF2α levels along with cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene expression, in colon specimens. The degree of increase of all these parameters was more markedly in -/- than +/+ mice.
In conclusion, generalized GHRH ablation increases colon carcinogenesis responsiveness in male mice. Whether this results from lack of GH or GHRH remains to be established.
... To date, several epidemiological and in vivo studies have investigated the role of APN in CRC [57]. Low APN serum concentration has been strongly associated to an increased risk of colorectal adenoma or early CRC [58][59][60][61]. In addition, patients affected by colon carcinoma or advanced adenoma showed markedly low APN serum level but no difference in serum APN concentration was observed between patients with advanced adenoma and patients with CRC [62]. ...
Adipose tissue is a key regulator of energy balance playing an active role in lipid storage as well as in synthesizing several hormones directly involved in the pathogenesis of obesity. Obesity represents a peculiar risk factor for a growing list of cancers and is frequently associated to poor clinical outcome. The mechanism linking obesity and cancer is not completely understood, but, amongst the major players, there are both chronic low-grade inflammation and deregulation of adipokines secretion. In obesity, the adipose tissue is pervaded by an abnormal number of immune cells that create an inflammatory environment supporting tumor cell proliferation and invasion. Adiponectin (APN), the most abundant adipokine, shows anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic properties. Circulating levels of APN are drastically decreased in obesity, suggesting that APN may represent the link factor between obesity and cancer risk. The present review describes the recent advances on the involvement of APN and its receptors in the etiology of different types of cancer.
Dysplasia and intramucosal esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) frequently go unnoticed with white-light endoscopy and, therefore, progress to invasive tumors. If suitable targets are available, fluorescence molecular endoscopy might be promising to improve early detection. Microarray expression data of patient-derived normal esophagus (n = 120) and ESCC samples (n = 118) were analyzed by functional genomic mRNA (FGmRNA) profiling to predict target upregulation on protein levels. The predicted top 60 upregulated genes were prioritized based on literature and immunohistochemistry (IHC) validation to select the most promising targets for fluorescent imaging. By IHC, GLUT1 showed significantly higher expression in ESCC tissue (30 patients) compared to the normal esophagus adjacent to the tumor (27 patients) (p < 0.001). Ex vivo imaging of GLUT1 with the 2-DG 800CW tracer showed that the mean fluorescence intensity in ESCC (n = 17) and high-grade dysplasia (HGD, n = 13) is higher (p < 0.05) compared to that in low-grade dysplasia (LGD) (n = 7) and to the normal esophagus adjacent to the tumor (n = 5). The sensitivity and specificity of 2-DG 800CW to detect HGD and ESCC is 80% and 83%, respectively (ROC = 0.85). We identified and validated GLUT1 as a promising molecular imaging target and demonstrated that fluorescent imaging after topical application of 2-DG 800CW can differentiate HGD and ESCC from LGD and normal esophagus.
The toxicity, bioavailability, and mobility of the toxic element arsenic (As) vary with oxidation state and the chemical environment. Determining the precise fraction of individual As species as well as the total As content in various matrices is essential for evaluating the potential risk of As contamination. We present a synchrotron X-ray absorption spectroscopic study to characterise As species in a total of 14 different matrix certified reference materials (CRMs) and candidate materials of Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS) include sediments, ash, ore tailings, seafood, commodity plastics, and cosmetic products. The validity of the method was evaluated by comparison with the results obtained using routinely applied extraction-based sample preparation and ion chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for speciation analysis. Our study of the As K-edge fine structure with linear combination fitting revealed details of both the composition and distribution of As species in intact solid samples. The key advantage of the present method is its capability to selectively and non-destructively probe As species with minimal risk of species transformation, thus complementary to more popular extraction-based analytical methods. Depending on the sample matrices and origins the investigated CRMs showed distinct As species compositions, the spatial distribution of which was also investigated. This study proposes that X-ray absorption measurement has the potential to determine the native fractions of individual elemental species.
Purpose:
To compare clinicopathologic factors including tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) stage between young and elderly patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).
Methods:
This retrospective study compared the following characteristics between 52 young patients with NSCLC (<50 years of age) and 67 elderly patients with NSCLC (>60 years): duration of symptoms before medical consultation, smoking index, family history of cancer, Ki-67 index, and pTNM stage. A binary logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors predictive of greater stage NSCLC (stage III/IV compared to stage I/II) within each age group.
Results:
The incidence of adenocarcinoma was higher in the young than in the elderly (P=0.006). Smoking index (P=0.002) and Ki-67 index (P<0.001) were lower in the young than in the elderly. In young patients with NSCLC, delayed treatment (greater duration from symptoms to medical consultation, P=0.050) and active tumor proliferation (higher Ki-67 index, P=0.003) were predictive of more advanced cancer stage (III/IV), with only symptom duration being predictive of stage III/IV NSCLC among elderly patients. Among young patients, cough (P=0.021) and chest congestion (P=0.040) were the most significant warning symptoms of advanced-stage NSCLC.
Conclusion:
High tumor proliferation and delayed treatment are predictive of advanced NSCLC on presentation among young individuals. Early diagnosis by imaging, such as with the use of low dose computed tomography (LDCT), for young individuals with coughing and chest congestion over 1 month might be effectiveto improve prognosis and outcomes.
Breast cancer is the most prevalent malignant tumor and main oncologic cause of mortality in women. Although most diagnosis of breast pathology is accomplished using hematoxylin and eosin stained sections, some cases require immunohistochemistry for proper evaluation. We investigated the latter cases including distinctions between ductal and lobular carcinoma, in situ and invasive carcinoma, typical ductal hyperplasia and atypical ductal hyperplasia/ductal carcinoma in situ, papillary and spindle cell lesion assessment, metastasis evaluation, and assessment of prognostic and therapy markers. E-cadherin is used to differentiate ductal and lobular carcinoma; 34βE12, CK8, p120 catenin and β-catenin also produce consistent results. Myoepithelial cell (MEC) stains are used to evaluate in situ and invasive carcinoma; calponin, smooth muscle myosin heavy chain and p63 are sensitive/specific markers. 34βE12 and CK5/6 are positive in ductal hyperplasia, which enables its differentiation from atypical ductal hyperplasia and ductal carcinoma in situ. CK 5/6, ER and MEC markers are consistent options for evaluating papillary lesions. Spindle cell lesions can be assessed using β-catenin, SMA, CD34, p63, CKs and hormone receptors. It is important to differentiate primary carcinomas from metastases; the most commonly used markers to identify breast origin include mammaglobin, GCDFP-15, GATA3 and ER, although none of these is completely sensitive or specific. Immunohistochemistry can be used to evaluate central prognostic and predictive factors including molecular subtypes, HER2, hormone receptors, proliferation markers (Ki-67) and lymph-vascular invasion markers including ERG, CD31, CD34, factor VIII and podoplanin. Owing to the complexity of mammary lesions, diagnosis also depends on each particular situation, evaluation of cytological characteristics revealed by immunochemistry and correlation with histological findings.
Iron and vitamin D deficiency are the common problems in Iranian adolescents. This study aimed to examine whether the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) implemented in the educational intervention were effectiveness to improve behavioural intention to intake iron and vitamin D supplements among adolescent girls. Quasi-experimental study was used to enrol 175 adolescent girls aged 12–14 years attending community-based practices in the Gonabad, Iran. We evaluated the effects of a behavioural intervention for adolescents compared to usual care controls, on the TPB constructs and adolescent’s behavioural intentions to intake vitamin D and iron supplements, assessed at baseline and post-intervention. Bivariate analysis was used to assess whether the health provider training improved outcomes. Mean scores of knowledge, attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioural control (PBC) and behavio\ural intention before intervention were, respectively, 20.65, 25.88, 25.82, 20.12 and 11.22, and after the intervention, were, respectively, 23.74, 25.48, 18.27, 11.33 and 11.82. All the constructs except the attitude in the intervention group were significantly higher (p < 0.001) than the control group, indicating that adolescent’s behavioural intention to intake iron and vitamin D supplements significantly improved in intervention group compared control group. Therefore, constructs of the TPB could be a significant determinate to change multiple behavioural intention in different populations. Given the importance of the use of supplements by female adolescents, it is necessary to pay more attention to the issue of training in this field and to remove the existing obstacles.
Abbreviations: TPB: Theory of planned behavior; PBC: perceived behavioral control; IDA: iron deficiency anemia
