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| Lepiota spiculata. (A) Basidiomes in habitat growing on a termite nest (photo by C. Angelini). (B) Representations on stamps and websites. Person in image is the first author.
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A recent collection of Lepiota spiculata from the Dominican Republic is presented here. Macro-and micromorphological features of L. spiculata are described in detail, and its evolutionary (phylogenetic) position within Lepiota sect. Ovisporae, in the subincarnata/brunneoincarnata clade, is assessed on the basis of a combined nrLSU + nrITS + rpb2 +...
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... would suggest that it is an uncommon or even rare mushroom. Despite scarce official reports, however, postage stamps from neotropical countries depicting L. spiculata (Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and Grenadines) ( Figure 1B) and photo vouchers from accredited websites (Baroni, 1998) from Puerto Rico ( Figure 1B) and on social networks (from Trinidad and Tobago -J. Wong Sang, personal communication) (Figure 1B) indicate that this species might be more frequent in the Neotropics than we think. ...
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... would suggest that it is an uncommon or even rare mushroom. Despite scarce official reports, however, postage stamps from neotropical countries depicting L. spiculata (Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and Grenadines) ( Figure 1B) and photo vouchers from accredited websites (Baroni, 1998) from Puerto Rico ( Figure 1B) and on social networks (from Trinidad and Tobago -J. Wong Sang, personal communication) (Figure 1B) indicate that this species might be more frequent in the Neotropics than we think. ...
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... scarce official reports, however, postage stamps from neotropical countries depicting L. spiculata (Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and Grenadines) ( Figure 1B) and photo vouchers from accredited websites (Baroni, 1998) from Puerto Rico ( Figure 1B) and on social networks (from Trinidad and Tobago -J. Wong Sang, personal communication) (Figure 1B) indicate that this species might be more frequent in the Neotropics than we think. Vellinga (2004a) suggests that it is a neotropical species. ...
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... reports of L. spiculata are on abandoned termite nests (Pegler, 1983;Singer and Garcia, 1989;Vellinga, 2004a), usually attached to the base of deciduous trees. Our own recent collection from the Dominican Republic described here was growing on an abandoned and decayed nest of the termite Nasutitermes corniger Motschulsky (= N. costalis Holmgren), locally referred as "comején" ( Figure 1A). This collection represents the first official report of L. spiculata from the Greater Antilles (Hispaniola Island, Dominican Republic) and allowed us to document its morphology in different growth stages (from primordium to mature basidiome) and to clarify its evolutionary (phylogenetic) position by analyzing two molecular datasets: a combined nrLSU (28S) + nrITS + rpb2 + tef1 dataset and a nrITSonly dataset. ...
Citations
... Metachromatic and iodine reactions were tested by staining the basidiospores in Brilliant cresyl blue and Melzer's reagent, respectively (Angelini et al. 2020), while 1% Congo red was used to stain and observe all the microstructures of basidiomata. Important morpho-anatomical characters were noted including size, shape, and color of pileus, stipe, lamellae, basidiospores, basidia, and terminal cells of pileipellis and stipitipellis. ...
Two new species under the names of Lepiota brunneopileata and L. pakistanensis are described herein based on four collections during mushroom surveys in 2021-2022 from scrubland in district Gujrat, Pakistan. Morpho-anatomy and phylogenetic placement, based on Internal Transcribed Spacer (nrITS) and Larger Subunit (nrLSU), clustered them into Lepiota sect. Lepiota and Stenosporae. Lepiota brunneopileata is characterized by brown to dark brown disk, squamules on light brown pileus surface as well as on stipe, spurred, truncate basidiospores (3.9-7.0 × 2.7-4.1 μm), narrowly clavate to cylindrical and utriform cheilocystidia, with light brown to brown trichodermal pileus covering elements. Lepiota pakistanensis possesses small basidiomata with ochraceous disk, ochraceous to light brown cottony squamules on creamy white pileus surface, fusiform to slightly amygdaliform basidiospores (10.3-11.7 × 4.7-5.8 μm), clavate to broadly clavate cheilocystidia, trichodermal pileus covering with long cylindrical to fusiform terminal elements and spherocystous to clavate basal elements.
... Key to 25 accepted species of Xenasmatella worldwide in Table 5. Many wood-decaying fungi have been recently reported worldwide (Zhu et al., 2019;Angelini et al., 2020;Gafforov et al., 2020;Zhao and Zhao, 2021). According to the results of our study on Xenasmatella, all these fungi can be classified into a new taxon (Figure 3). ...
Dead wood-associated fungi play an important role in wood degradation and the recycling of organic matter in the forest ecological system. Xenasmataceae is a cosmopolitan group of wood-rotting fungi that grows on tropical, subtropical, temperate, and boreal vegetation. In this study, a new fungal order, Xenasmatales, is introduced based on both morphology and multigene phylogeny to accommodate Xenasmataceae. According to the internal transcribed spacer and nuclear large subunit (ITS+nLSU) and nLSU-only analyses of 13 orders, Xenasmatales formed a single lineage and then grouped with orders Atheliales, Boletales, and Hymenochaetales. The ITS dataset revealed that the new taxon Xenasmatella nigroidea clustered into Xenasmatella and was closely grouped with Xenasmatella vaga. In the present study, Xenasmatella nigroidea collected from Southern China is proposed as a new taxon, based on a combination of morphology and phylogeny. Additionally, a key to the Xenasmatella worldwide is provided.
... so far (Sgambelluri et al., 2014). According to HPLC analyses, there are four species known to contain amatoxins, L. brunneoincarnata Chodat & C. Martin, L. spiculata Pegler, L. subincarnata J.E. Lange, and L. venenata Zhu L. Yang & Z.H. Chen (Sgambelluri et al., 2014;Yilmaz et al., 2015;Angelini et al., 2020;Long et al., 2020). TLC analyses suggest that several further species of Lepiota also contain amatoxins (Gérault and Girre, 1975;Haines et al., 1986;Enjalbert et al., 2002). ...
... By combining the results on the occurrence of known amatoxins with the phylogenetic analysis of Lepiota spp., a monophyletic clade is recognized including all species of Lepiota for which known amatoxins have been detected, namely L. brunneoincarnata, L. elaiophylla, L. spiculata, L. subincarnata, and L. venenata. This statement is based on data obtained by the present study as well as results published by Angelini et al. (2020) for L. spiculata and Long et al. (2020) for L. venenata. According to molecular sequence data, this clade also includes L. farinolens Bon & G. Riousset for which amatoxins could not be confirmed because no specimen was available for the analysis. ...
About 95% of fatal mushroom poisonings worldwide are caused by amatoxins and phallotoxins mostly produced by species of Amanita, Galerina, and Lepiota. The genus Lepiota is supposed to include a high number of species producing amatoxins. In this study, we investigated 16 species of Lepiota based on 48 recently collected specimens for the presence of amatoxins by liquid chromatography coupled to a diode-array detector and mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF-MS/MS). By comparing the retention times, UV absorptions, and diagnostic MS fragment ions with data obtained from the benchmark species Amanita phalloides, we detected α-amanitin and γ-amanitin in Lepiota subincarnata, α-amanitin and amaninamide in Lepiota brunneoincarnata, and β-amanitin and α-amanitin in Lepiota elaiophylla. Phallotoxins have not been detected any of these species. Two possibly undescribed amatoxin derivatives were found in Lepiota boudieri and L. elaiophylla, as well as one further non-amatoxin compound in one specimen of L. cf. boudieri. These compounds might be used to differentiate L. elaiophylla from L. xanthophylla and species within the L. boudieri species complex. No amatoxins were detected in L. aspera, L. castanea, L. clypeolaria, L. cristata, L. erminea, L. felina, L. fuscovinacea, L. lilacea, L. magnispora, L. oreadiformis, L. pseudolilacea, L. sp. (SeSa 5), and L. subalba. By combining the occurrence data of amatoxins with a phylogenetic analysis, a monophyletic group of amatoxin containing species of Lepiota is evident. These chemotaxonomic results highlight the relevance of systematic relationships for the occurrence of amatoxins and expand our knowledge about the toxicity of species of Lepiota.
... Mey.) Massee (tóxica); así como varias especies del género Scleroderma Pers. (tóxica), por ello se recomienda al recolector aficionado siempre tener precaución y cuidado (Guzmán 2003, Angelini et al. 2020, de la Fuente et al. 2020. ...
... In the neotropical and subtropical region, the ectomycorrhizal basidiomes are found; however, the researches on the new taxa related to wood-decaying fungi of Trechispora from China are poorly reported. Further studies may focus on the relationships between the plants and species from Trechispora and try to better understand the evolutionary directions between soil-inhabiting and decayed wood fungi of Trechispora; many fungal studies on phylogeny and application were from these areas, which will be useful to push future researches for the genus Trechispora (Dai, 2011;Cui et al., 2019;Shen et al., 2019;Zhu et al., 2019;Richter et al., 2019;Angelini et al., 2020;Bao et al., 2020). ...
Wood-inhabiting fungi play a significant role in wood degradation and the cycle of matter in the ecological system. In the present study, three new wood-inhabiting fungal species, Trechispora bambusicola, Trechispora fimbriata, and Trechispora fissurata spp. nov., are nested in Trechispora, which are proposed based on a combination of morphological features and molecular evidence. Sequences of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and large subunit (nLSU) regions of the studied samples were generated, and the phylogenetic analyses were performed with maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony, and Bayesian inference methods. The phylogenetic analyses inferred from ITS showed that T. bambusicola was sister to Trechispora stevensonii, T. fimbriata grouped with Trechispora nivea, and T. fissurata grouped with Trechispora echinospora. The phylogenetic tree based on ITS + nLSU sequences demonstrated that T. bambusicola formed a single lineage and then grouped with Trechispora rigida and T. stevensonii. T. fimbriata was sister to T. nivea. T. fissurata grouped with Trechispora thelephora.
Approximately 1,700 mushroom specimens were collected in the Dominican Republic from 2004 to 2021, comprising 450 species and 210 genera, as determined by morphological and/or molecular characteristics. The macrofungi belonging to Ascomycota include 28 species and 15 genera, while those in Basidiomycota include 432 species and 195 genera. Much taxonomic work is still ongoing, both for the identification of many collections and additional collecting for species not yet catalogued. It is estimated that this checklist represents 5−10% of the macrofungi present in the country. The webpage, www.neotropicalfungi.com, has been set up to document and illustrate the fungi of the Dominican Republic.
PurposeLepiota brunneoincarnata is a well-known poisonous mushroom and is responsible for fatal mushroom poisoning cases worldwide. α-Amanitin and β-amanitin are the main amatoxin compounds of Lepiota brunneoincarnata. However, there are no published toxicokinetic studies of Lepiota brunneoincarnata. To study the toxicokinetics of Lepiota brunneoincarnata, we developed an ultra-performance liquid chromatography−tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC−MS/MS) method for determination of α-amanitin and β-amanitin in rat plasma.MethodsUPLC−MS/MS analyses were performed with a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer in positive-ion mode. The sensitivity of α-amanitin and β-amanitin detection was increased by inhibiting the production of [M + Na]+ adducts. α-Amanitin and β-amanitin were separated and quantified on an UPLC octadecyl silyl column in only 2.5 min.ResultsThe linear ranges were 3.0–3000 ng/mL for α-amanitin and 1.8–1800 ng/mL for β-amanitin with a correlation coefficient r > 0.99 for both analytes. The lower limit of quantification of 3.0 ng/mL for α-amanitin and 1.8 ng/mL for β-amanitin was achieved using only 50 μL of rat plasma. The accuracy of α-amanitin and β-amanitin was between – 9.5 and 7.0% with the precision ranged from 2.2 to 12.5%. The developed method was then applied for Lepiota brunneoincarnata toxicokinetic study after intravenous administration of Lepiota brunneoincarnata extracts.Conclusions
Establishing UPLC–MS/MS method for quantifying amanitines in rat plasma successfully enabled toxicokinetic study of Lepiota brunneoincarnata extracts.Graphical abstract
