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The proboscis is an important feeding organ for the glossatan moths, mainly adapted to the flower and non-flower visiting habits. The clover cutworm, Scotogramma trifolii Rottemberg, and the spotted clover moth, Protoschinia scutosa (Denis & Schiffermuller), are serious polyphagous pests, attacking numerous vegetables and crops, resulting in huge e...
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Context 1
... most abundant sensilla, sensilla chaetica, are on the proboscis of both species, which are denser at the basal and much sparser on the distal part. Sensilla chaetica of P. scutosa are significantly longer and wider than those of S. trifolii (Table 2). Significant differences are observed in the width of sensilla chaetica between sexes within each species (Table 3 and 4). ...Context 2
... sensillum styloconicum is composed of a uniporous sensory cone inserted into an elongated stylus, bearing 5-6 longitudinal ribs and protruding from a lotus-shaped base ( Figure 8C-F). Sensilla styloconica are progressively shortened toward the tip of the proboscis, generating a brush-shaped appearance on Zone 2 and 3. S. trifolii has significantly longer and wider sensilla styloconica than P. scutosa (Table 2). Females of S. trifolii and P. scutosa have markedly wider sensilla styloconica than males (Tables 3 and 4). ...Context 3
... sensilla basiconica are irregularly distributed on the galeal surface, and become shorter at the distal region of the proboscis ( Figure 7A,B,D,E). S. trifolii bears significantly longer and wider external sensilla basiconica on Zone 1 and 2 than P. scutosa (Table 2). Males of S. trifolii have significantly shorter and wider external sensilla basiconica on Zone 1 than females (Table 3). ...Context 4
... sensilla basiconica ( Figure 7C,F) are regularly spaced in a row in the food canal. The internal sensilla basiconica of S. trifolii are noticeably longer and wider than those of P. scutosa (Table 2). Males of S. trifolii have significantly wider internal sensilla basiconica than females (Table 3). ...Context 5
... sensillum styloconicum is composed of a uniporous sensory cone inserted into an elongated stylus, bearing 5-6 longitudinal ribs and protruding from a lotus-shaped base ( Figure 8C-F). Sensilla styloconica are progressively shortened toward the tip of the proboscis, generating a brush-shaped appearance on Zone 2 and 3. S. trifolii has significantly longer and wider sensilla styloconica than P. scutosa (Table 2). Females of S. trifolii and P. scutosa have markedly wider sensilla styloconica than males (Tables 3 and 4). ...Citations
... According to morphological changes of dorsal legulae, Lehnert et al. (2016) proposed that the lepidopteran proboscides could fall into zones 1, 2, and 3, the latter likely related to flower probing of butterflies. The zones have been subsequently documented in the proboscides of some noctuid moths (Chen et al., 2019;Hu et al., 2021;Zhang et al., 2021). Furthermore, it is noteworthy that the length of zone 3 in the cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera is significantly different between sexes, while those of the entire proboscis as well as zones 1 and 2 show no sexual differences (Chen et al., 2019). ...
... Furthermore, it is noteworthy that the length of zone 3 in the cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera is significantly different between sexes, while those of the entire proboscis as well as zones 1 and 2 show no sexual differences (Chen et al., 2019). Besides proboscis length, the types, number, and shapes of sensilla have been found to have sexual differences (Altner and Altner, 1986;Xue and Hua, 2014;Hu et al., 2021;Zhang et al., 2021). ...
... The hawkmoth Hyles gallii (Sphingidae) was observed only on large-flowered plants at low elevations and appeared to carry greater pollen loads than did Noctuidae pollinators. Because hawkmoths have a longer proboscis (ca. 25 mm; Miller, 1997) than Noctuidae moths (< 11 mm; Zenker et al., 2011;Zhang et al., 2021), they may be more effective pollinators for longer-spurred orchids than are Noctuidae (Tao et al., 2018). Based on iNaturalist observations (n = 27), the median elevation at which H. gallii has been observed in SE Alaska is less than 50 m (range 1-285 m), much lower than the median elevation (215 m, range 10-600 m) of muskegs in the study area. ...
Understanding how natural selection acts on intraspecific variation to bring about phenotypic divergence is critical to understanding processes of evolutionary diversification. The orchid family is well known for pollinator-mediated selection of floral phenotypes operating among species and along environmental or geographic gradients. Its effectiveness at small spatial scales is less understood, making the geographic scale at which intraspecific floral variation is examined important to evaluating causes of phenotypic divergence. In this study, we quantified phenotypic variation in the orchid Platanthera dilatata across 26 populations in coastal Southeast Alaska and compared this to edaphic and genetic variation at microsatellite loci. We sought to determine (1) if flower morphological variation is structured at smaller geographic scales, (2) the extent of genetic divergence in relation to phenotypic divergence, (3) the scale at which inter-population gene flow occurs, and (4) the relative importance of geographic distance and abiotic factors on population genetic structure. Two morphological groups were found to separate based on lip and spur length and are restricted to different habitats. Small-flowered forms occur in muskeg bogs, whereas large-flowered forms occur in fens and meadows, and rarely in sub-alpine habitat. Genetic analyses were concordant with the morphological clusters, except for four small-flowered populations that were genetically indistinguishable from large-flowered populations and considered to be introgressed. In fact, most populations exhibited some admixture, indicating incomplete reproductive isolation between the flower forms. Pollinators may partition phenotypes but also facilitate gene flow because short-tongued Noctuidae moths pollinate both phenotypes, but longer-tongued hawkmoths were only observed pollinating the large-flowered phenotype, which may strengthen phenotypic divergence. Nevertheless, pollinator movement between habitats could have lasting effects on neutral genetic variation. At this small spatial scale, population genetic structure is only associated with environmental distance, likely due to extensive seed and pollinator movement. While this study corroborates previous findings of cryptic genetic lineages and phenotypic divergence in P. dilatata, the small scale of examination provided greater understanding of the factors that may underlie divergence.
... Sensilla are classified according to the presence or absence of pores and the morphology of the sensilla (basonica, chaetica, styloconica, filiformia, coeloconica, and campaniformia) (Faucheux, 2013). In A. crataegi proboscis, there are a total of three major types of sensilla as in Parara guttata (Bremer & Grey, 1852) (Ma et al., 2019;Zhang et al.,2021). Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner, 1805) (Noctuidae) has three major types of sensilla, including nine subtypes as sensilla basiconica (esb1, esb2, esb3, isb1, and isb2), sensilla chaetica (sch1 and sch2), and sensilla styloconica (ss1 and ss2) (Guo et al.,2018). ...
... ). The proboscis coil number of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner, 1805) (Noctuidae), Mythimna separate Walker, 1865 (Noctuidae), Scotogramma trifolii (Hufnagel, 1766) (Noctuidae) and Protoschinia scutosa (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) (Noctuidae) is 4-5(Chen et al., 2019;Zhang et al., 2021).The length of the proboscis varied. The proboscis of A. crataegi is about 8 mm long. ...
Proboscis structure and sensilla types are important morphological characters for the systematic analysis of Lepidoptera families. There is no study on proboscis structure and sensilla types of Aporia crataegi (Linnaeus, 1758) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) despite the fact that it is an important pest. For this purpose, the sensilla types and proboscis structure of A. crataegi were investigated by using stereomicroscope and scanning electron microscope in detail. The results show that the proboscis of A. crataegi has three sensillum types (sensilla basiconica, sensilla trichodea, and sensilla styloconica). Sensilla basiconica consists of a sensory cone with a single terminal pore surrounded by a shallow socket and has a flat surface. Sensilla trichodea (chaetica) is bristle-shaped. The bristles of sensilla trichodea are poreless and smooth. Sensilla styloconicum has a smooth stylus, blunt tip, and long peg. In this study, the proboscis structure and sensilla types of A. crataegi were discussed with morphological similarities and differences of the other lepidopteran species’ proboscis structure and sensilla types. Thus, they contribute to the understanding of proboscis structure and sensilla types in Lepidoptera including Pieridae.
The mouthparts and antennal sensilla play an important role in insect foraging, recognition of hosts, and reproduction. The family Hesperiidae (order Lepidoptera), commonly known as skipper butterflies, has lineages with different habitat selection and host preferences which may be closely related to different types of sensilla. In this study, the ultrastructure of the proboscis sensilla of 17 species (5 subfamilies, 16 genera) and antennal sensilla of 13 species (5 subfamilies, 13 genera) of Hesperiidae were compared using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Three types of proboscis sensilla and eight types of antennal sensilla were ultimately observed among these selected species. We next measured some major characteristic values of the sensilla on the proboscides and antennae. Comparative analysis reveals differences in sensilla types and morphological characteristics among different subfamilies and genera. These variations are potentially related to skippers’ adaptive feeding strategies and dietary preferences. The study provides vital information for comparative and functional morphology of the family Hesperiidae.
