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... tufts", found in genera Iurus, Caraboctonus and Hadruroides; and a median row of "fused" setal clusters, forming individual "spinule-looking" protuberances, found in genus Hadrurus. The configuration found in Calchas is quite interesting (Figs. 19 and 23). This genus exhibits a considerable number of irregularly positioned large socketed setae (Fig. 10). In adults, the median row of clustered spinules is essentially obsolete except for the proximal aspect. In subadults and juveniles, the spinule clusters are quite apparent being surrounded by the larger and heavier setae (Fig. 23). The tarsus of adult Calchas specimens is very similar to that found in Chaerilus, both with a domination ...
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... World iurid genus Iurus and the New World caraboctonines, Caraboctonus and Hadruroides, the spinule clusters are highly concentrated forming distinct "tufts" of elongated spinules (Figs. 10, 20-21). In both of these iuroid groups, the individual clusters are situated on lowprofile bases or platforms, which form a subtle ring around the cluster (Figs. 10). In Iurus, the spinules are truncated, presenting a squared-off look to the cluster terminus. In Caraboctonus and Hadruroides, the individual spinules are tapered and of various lengths, forming an overall pointed looking spinule cluster (Fig. 10). For all three genera, the number of spinules per cluster and their lengths are reduced ...
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... clusters are situated on lowprofile bases or platforms, which form a subtle ring around the cluster (Figs. 10). In Iurus, the spinules are truncated, presenting a squared-off look to the cluster terminus. In Caraboctonus and Hadruroides, the individual spinules are tapered and of various lengths, forming an overall pointed looking spinule cluster (Fig. 10). For all three genera, the number of spinules per cluster and their lengths are reduced considerably on younger specimens. For very early instar specimens (see Fig. 24 for Hadruroides charcasus), the spinules in a cluster are reduced to minimal numbers, approximating those seen in Calchas. On mature specimens the individual spinules ...
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... and Troglotayosicus, we see two patterns. In Superstitionia, we see a very unique, dense clustering of elongated spinules, which is similar, under normal magnification, to the spinules clusters seen in young Calchas specimens, although more dense and continuous but never forming concentrated clusters of setae as seen in some of the other iuroids (Figs. 10 and 26). The Troglotayosicus tarsus has not been examined by us so our observations are based solely on the description and illustration provided by Lourenço (1981: 654, Fig. 43): although the figure shows socketed setae, the text uses the term "spinules (spiniformes)"; whether they are setae, spinules, or a mixture of both, they are in any ...
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... (not seven) trichobothria (five (not four) accessory), Cayooca venezuelensis (González-Sponga, 1996a: 4) (note, this increase in one trichobothrium is diagnostic, in part, for this monotypic genus); Patella, external aspect: series esb with five (not six) trichobothria (three (not four) accessory), Neochactas neblinensis (González-Sponga, 1991: Fig. 10). Brotheini -subtribes: Within the tribe Brotheini we isolate two subtribes, Neochactina and Brotheina. These two subtribes are delineated by unique trichobothria positional differences in three key chelal series. Subtribe Neochactina contains genus Neochactas (Fig. 88) and Brotheina contains three genera: Brotheas (Fig. 89), ...
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... vaulted condition, which is presumably a reversal of this unusual character as suggested by Prendini (2000: 49)). The DI c and VI c carinae are disrupted from a proximal to anterior Chactoidea(-V): This assemblage contains some of the most developed patellar spurs in Recent scorpions. The DPS is exceptionally well-developed in the euscorpiines (Fig. 100) and megacormines. These are amply illustrated in Soleglad (1976b), Soleglad & Sissom (2001: Figs. 149-154), andFet & Soleglad (2002: Figs. 11, 21, 33, 44, 56). In the latter reference, the relative length of the DPS was used, in part, to distinguish some of the species studied in that paper. In the scorpiopines, we find a ...
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... (Soleglad & Sissom, 2001: Figs. 155-160). The VPS exhibited in the scorpiopines is the most developed in all Recent scorpions. For chactid subfamily Uroctoninae, the DPS is well-developed. On genus Uroctonus, we see both DPS and VPS development, both doubled forming a small "fork" at each spur, the dorsal showing considerably more development (Fig. 102). Uroctonus's sister genus, Anuroctonus, also has a well-developed DPS but the VPS is weak to obsolete (Fig. 103). The other two chactid subfamilies, Chactinae and Brotheinae, as well as the family Superstitioniidae, have essentially obsolete patellar spurs. Interestingly, although the strong patellar spur development just discussed in ...
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... dissected the telson vesicle of two Pseudochactas ovchinnikovi specimens, determining that the venom glands are simple (Fig. 108). We contrast these two venom gland dissections with that of a buthid, Mesobuthus caucasicus ( Fig. 109) which illustrates the complex folding found in its venom gland. (1924a, 1925) discovered that Buthidae differ profoundly from all other families in structure of their ovariuterus: while in all other families, the ovariuterus formed a ...
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... order to further quantify and relate pectinal development to specific taxonomic groups within the superfamily, we constructed a ratio using the total length of an adult specimen and its mean pectinal tooth count (only the female gender is considered in this analysis). In Figures 110-111, we show the general distribution of pectinal tooth counts versus the length of an adult specimen for the families Chactoidea(-V) and Vaejovidae. In these charts, we also break down the data into families in Chactoidea(-V) ( Fig. 110) and genera and groups within the Vaejovidae (Fig. 111). ...
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... specimen and its mean pectinal tooth count (only the female gender is considered in this analysis). In Figures 110-111, we show the general distribution of pectinal tooth counts versus the length of an adult specimen for the families Chactoidea(-V) and Vaejovidae. In these charts, we also break down the data into families in Chactoidea(-V) ( Fig. 110) and genera and groups within the Vaejovidae (Fig. 111). In these generalized charts, we see that the pectinal tooth counts are considerably lower in Chactoidea(-V), showing very little overlap with those found in the vaejovids. The highest mean pectinal tooth count value found in Chactoidea(-V) is 11.5, in contrast to 28.5 found in ...
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... and Troglotayosicus, we see two patterns. In Superstitionia, we see a very unique, dense clustering of elongated spinules, which is similar, under normal magnification, to the spinules clusters seen in young Calchas specimens, although more dense and continuous but never forming concentrated clusters of setae as seen in some of the other iuroids (Figs. 10 and 26). The Troglotayosicus tarsus has not been examined by us so our observations are based solely on the description and illustration provided by Lourenço (1981: 654, Fig. 43): although the figure shows socketed setae, the text uses the term "spinules (spiniformes)"; whether they are setae, spinules, or a mixture of both, they are in any ...
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... (not seven) trichobothria (five (not four) accessory), Cayooca venezuelensis (González-Sponga, 1996a: 4) (note, this increase in one trichobothrium is diagnostic, in part, for this monotypic genus); Patella, external aspect: series esb with five (not six) trichobothria (three (not four) accessory), Neochactas neblinensis (González-Sponga, 1991: Fig. 10). Brotheini -subtribes: Within the tribe Brotheini we isolate two subtribes, Neochactina and Brotheina. These two subtribes are delineated by unique trichobothria positional differences in three key chelal series. Subtribe Neochactina contains genus Neochactas (Fig. 88) and Brotheina contains three genera: Brotheas (Fig. 89), ...
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... tufts", found in genera Iurus, Caraboctonus and Hadruroides; and a median row of "fused" setal clusters, forming individual "spinule-looking" protuberances, found in genus Hadrurus. The configuration found in Calchas is quite interesting (Figs. 19 and 23). This genus exhibits a considerable number of irregularly positioned large socketed setae (Fig. 10). In adults, the median row of clustered spinules is essentially obsolete except for the proximal aspect. In subadults and juveniles, the spinule clusters are quite apparent being surrounded by the larger and heavier setae (Fig. 23). The tarsus of adult Calchas specimens is very similar to that found in Chaerilus, both with a domination ...
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... World iurid genus Iurus and the New World caraboctonines, Caraboctonus and Hadruroides, the spinule clusters are highly concentrated forming distinct "tufts" of elongated spinules (Figs. 10, 20-21). In both of these iuroid groups, the individual clusters are situated on lowprofile bases or platforms, which form a subtle ring around the cluster (Figs. 10). In Iurus, the spinules are truncated, presenting a squared-off look to the cluster terminus. In Caraboctonus and Hadruroides, the individual spinules are tapered and of various lengths, forming an overall pointed looking spinule cluster (Fig. 10). For all three genera, the number of spinules per cluster and their lengths are reduced ...
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... clusters are situated on lowprofile bases or platforms, which form a subtle ring around the cluster (Figs. 10). In Iurus, the spinules are truncated, presenting a squared-off look to the cluster terminus. In Caraboctonus and Hadruroides, the individual spinules are tapered and of various lengths, forming an overall pointed looking spinule cluster (Fig. 10). For all three genera, the number of spinules per cluster and their lengths are reduced considerably on younger specimens. For very early instar specimens (see Fig. 24 for Hadruroides charcasus), the spinules in a cluster are reduced to minimal numbers, approximating those seen in Calchas. On mature specimens the individual spinules ...
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... and Troglotayosicus, we see two patterns. In Superstitionia, we see a very unique, dense clustering of elongated spinules, which is similar, under normal magnification, to the spinules clusters seen in young Calchas specimens, although more dense and continuous but never forming concentrated clusters of setae as seen in some of the other iuroids (Figs. 10 and 26). The Troglotayosicus tarsus has not been examined by us so our observations are based solely on the description and illustration provided by Lourenço (1981: 654, Fig. 43): although the figure shows socketed setae, the text uses the term "spinules (spiniformes)"; whether they are setae, spinules, or a mixture of both, they are in any ...
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... (not seven) trichobothria (five (not four) accessory), Cayooca venezuelensis (González-Sponga, 1996a: 4) (note, this increase in one trichobothrium is diagnostic, in part, for this monotypic genus); Patella, external aspect: series esb with five (not six) trichobothria (three (not four) accessory), Neochactas neblinensis (González-Sponga, 1991: Fig. 10). Brotheini -subtribes: Within the tribe Brotheini we isolate two subtribes, Neochactina and Brotheina. These two subtribes are delineated by unique trichobothria positional differences in three key chelal series. Subtribe Neochactina contains genus Neochactas (Fig. 88) and Brotheina contains three genera: Brotheas (Fig. 89), ...
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... vaulted condition, which is presumably a reversal of this unusual character as suggested by Prendini (2000: 49)). The DI c and VI c carinae are disrupted from a proximal to anterior Chactoidea(-V): This assemblage contains some of the most developed patellar spurs in Recent scorpions. The DPS is exceptionally well-developed in the euscorpiines (Fig. 100) and megacormines. These are amply illustrated in Soleglad (1976b), Soleglad & Sissom (2001: Figs. 149-154), andFet & Soleglad (2002: Figs. 11, 21, 33, 44, 56). In the latter reference, the relative length of the DPS was used, in part, to distinguish some of the species studied in that paper. In the scorpiopines, we find a ...
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... (Soleglad & Sissom, 2001: Figs. 155-160). The VPS exhibited in the scorpiopines is the most developed in all Recent scorpions. For chactid subfamily Uroctoninae, the DPS is well-developed. On genus Uroctonus, we see both DPS and VPS development, both doubled forming a small "fork" at each spur, the dorsal showing considerably more development (Fig. 102). Uroctonus's sister genus, Anuroctonus, also has a well-developed DPS but the VPS is weak to obsolete (Fig. 103). The other two chactid subfamilies, Chactinae and Brotheinae, as well as the family Superstitioniidae, have essentially obsolete patellar spurs. Interestingly, although the strong patellar spur development just discussed in ...
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... dissected the telson vesicle of two Pseudochactas ovchinnikovi specimens, determining that the venom glands are simple (Fig. 108). We contrast these two venom gland dissections with that of a buthid, Mesobuthus caucasicus ( Fig. 109) which illustrates the complex folding found in its venom gland. (1924a, 1925) discovered that Buthidae differ profoundly from all other families in structure of their ovariuterus: while in all other families, the ovariuterus formed a ...
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... order to further quantify and relate pectinal development to specific taxonomic groups within the superfamily, we constructed a ratio using the total length of an adult specimen and its mean pectinal tooth count (only the female gender is considered in this analysis). In Figures 110-111, we show the general distribution of pectinal tooth counts versus the length of an adult specimen for the families Chactoidea(-V) and Vaejovidae. In these charts, we also break down the data into families in Chactoidea(-V) ( Fig. 110) and genera and groups within the Vaejovidae (Fig. 111). ...
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... specimen and its mean pectinal tooth count (only the female gender is considered in this analysis). In Figures 110-111, we show the general distribution of pectinal tooth counts versus the length of an adult specimen for the families Chactoidea(-V) and Vaejovidae. In these charts, we also break down the data into families in Chactoidea(-V) ( Fig. 110) and genera and groups within the Vaejovidae (Fig. 111). In these generalized charts, we see that the pectinal tooth counts are considerably lower in Chactoidea(-V), showing very little overlap with those found in the vaejovids. The highest mean pectinal tooth count value found in Chactoidea(-V) is 11.5, in contrast to 28.5 found in ...
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... and Troglotayosicus, we see two patterns. In Superstitionia, we see a very unique, dense clustering of elongated spinules, which is similar, under normal magnification, to the spinules clusters seen in young Calchas specimens, although more dense and continuous but never forming concentrated clusters of setae as seen in some of the other iuroids (Figs. 10 and 26). The Troglotayosicus tarsus has not been examined by us so our observations are based solely on the description and illustration provided by Lourenço (1981: 654, Fig. 43): although the figure shows socketed setae, the text uses the term "spinules (spiniformes)"; whether they are setae, spinules, or a mixture of both, they are in any ...
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... (not seven) trichobothria (five (not four) accessory), Cayooca venezuelensis (González-Sponga, 1996a: 4) (note, this increase in one trichobothrium is diagnostic, in part, for this monotypic genus); Patella, external aspect: series esb with five (not six) trichobothria (three (not four) accessory), Neochactas neblinensis (González-Sponga, 1991: Fig. 10). Brotheini -subtribes: Within the tribe Brotheini we isolate two subtribes, Neochactina and Brotheina. These two subtribes are delineated by unique trichobothria positional differences in three key chelal series. Subtribe Neochactina contains genus Neochactas (Fig. 88) and Brotheina contains three genera: Brotheas (Fig. 89), ...
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Citations
... Scorpions only feed on live prey. Thus, the function of the venom is to immobilize the prey and be able to hold it with the pincers and start the meal [9][10][11]. ...
... Scorpion venom is a mixture of several substances whose toxins are low molecular weight proteins and act mainly on the peripheral nervous system. These neurotoxins cause intense release of neurotransmitters from the autonomic nervous system, affecting the cardiocirculatory and pulmonary systems and the digestive tract [10][11]. It has a dark brown, sometimes reddish brown color, and yellowish legs with dark spots. ...
... Emperor scorpions are almost blind, but they have sensory hairs along their bodies that make up for this deficiency [10][11][12][13][14][15]. ...
... Scorpions only feed on live prey. Thus, the function of the venom is to immobilize the prey and be able to hold it with the pincers and start the meal [9][10][11]. ...
... Scorpion venom is a mixture of several substances whose toxins are low molecular weight proteins and act mainly on the peripheral nervous system. These neurotoxins cause intense release of neurotransmitters from the autonomic nervous system, affecting the cardiocirculatory and pulmonary systems and the digestive tract [10][11]. Measures approximately up to 7cm in length. ...
... Emperor scorpions are almost blind, but they have sensory hairs along their bodies that make up for this deficiency [10][11][12][13][14][15]. ...
... Scorpions only feed on live prey. Thus, the function of the venom is to immobilize the prey and be able to hold it with the pincers and start the meal [9][10][11]. ...
... Scorpion venom is a mixture of several substances whose toxins are low molecular weight proteins and act mainly on the peripheral nervous system. These neurotoxins cause intense release of neurotransmitters from the autonomic nervous system, affecting the cardiocirculatory and pulmonary systems and the digestive tract [10][11]. Measures approximately up to 7cm in length. ...
... The male has a longer tail than the female. Emperor scorpions are almost blind, but they have sensory hairs along their bodies that make up for this deficiency [10][11][12][13][14][15]. ...
... Scorpions only feed on live prey. Thus, the function of the venom is to immobilize the prey and be able to hold it with the pincers and start the meal [9][10][11]. ...
... Scorpion venom is a mixture of several substances whose toxins are low molecular weight proteins and act mainly on the peripheral nervous system. These neurotoxins cause intense release of neurotransmitters from the autonomic nervous system, affecting the cardiocirculatory and pulmonary systems and the digestive tract [10][11]. It has a dark brown, sometimes reddish brown color, and yellowish legs with dark spots. ...
... The male has a longer tail than the female. Emperor scorpions are almost blind, but they have sensory hairs along their bodies that make up for this deficiency [10][11][12][13][14][15]. ...
... Buthidae has peak diversity in tropical regions and its distribution patterns seem to more recent than Vaejovidae Prendini 2019, Santibáñez-López et al. 2019). Diplocentridae used to be a subfamily of Scorpionidae Kraepellin, 1905 (Soleglad andFet 2003), but several studies refuted the decision , Sharma et al. 2015, Loria and Prendini 2020. Fourth most diverse Diplocentridae is a diverse family worldwide, just behind Scopionidae, and second most diverse in North America and México. ...
... Morphological terminology and measurements follow Vachon (1963), Stahnke (1970), and Soleglad and Fet (2003). Trichobothrial notations follow Vachon (1974) and lateral ocelli abbreviations follow Loria and Prendini (2014). ...
... The family Protoischnuridae is attributed to Scorpionoidea Latreille and shows some affinities with extant families, especially Hormuridae Laurie (junior synonyms: Hemiscorpiidae, Pocock; Ischnuridae Simon; Liochelidae Fet and Bechly). Some notable features, including orthobothriotaxic type-C without accessory trichobothria, two parallel lateral rows of spinoid to thinner setae, the median denticle rows of chela finger aligned in straight lines, and the morphology of the maxillary lobes, indicate that the genus Cretaceoushormiops is indeed a member of Scorpionoidea (Soleglad and Fet 2003). The new species, C. elegans sp. ...
A new fossil scorpion, Cretaceoushormiops elegans sp. nov., is described from mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber, representing the third record of Cretaceoushormiops. Here, we provide more details about the trichobothrial pattern of this genus using green epifluorescence and confocal laser scanning microscopy. The generic diagnosis is also revised based on the discovery of new characters, including major and minor lateral ocelli, presence of a single prolateral pedal spur, and truncate laterodistal lobes of the telotarsi. In addition, our specimen reveals numerous morphological similarities between the genus Cretaceoushormiops and hormurid scorpions.
... Morphology. Nomenclature and measurements mostly follow Stahnke (1971), except for trichobothriotaxy (Vachon, 1974), chelicera (Soleglad & Fet, 2003b), sternum (Soleglad & Fet, 2003a), pedipalp patellar and femur carinae (Prendini et al., 2021), chela width measurement (Tang, 2023), and pedipalp finger sensilla (Lowe & Fet, 2024). Hemispermatophore terminology follows Monod et al. (2017). ...
The genus 𝑂𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑒𝑟𝑢𝑠 Farzanpay, 1987 in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China, is revised based on recently collected topotypes and other populations from 12 localities. Brief differential diagnoses are provided, with colored illustrations and photos in vivo habitus, emphasizing the key characters. Chinese appellations, conservation status, and documentation of behavior and post-envenomation symptoms are also included. Only two species are now recognized for this genus in Xinjiang: 𝑂. 𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑢𝑠 (Sun & Zhu, 2010) and 𝑂. 𝑝𝑟𝑧𝑒𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑘𝑖𝑖 (Birula, 1897), based on both morphological and molecular evidence. The two species exhibit extensive distribution in Xinjiang (China) while also occurring in adjacent countries. Three new synonyms are proposed: 𝑀𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑏𝑢𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠 𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑠 Sun et al., 2010 = 𝑂𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑒𝑟𝑢𝑠 𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑢𝑠 (Sun & Zhu, 2010), 𝐬𝐲𝐧. 𝐧.; 𝑀𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑏𝑢𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠 𝑘𝑎𝑟𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑢𝑠 Sun & Sun, 2011 = 𝑂𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑒𝑟𝑢𝑠 𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑢𝑠 (Sun & Zhu, 2010), 𝐬𝐲𝐧. 𝐧.; 𝑂𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑒𝑟𝑢𝑠 𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑎𝑒𝑣𝑖 Fet et al., 2021 = 𝑂𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑒𝑟𝑢𝑠 𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑢𝑠 (Sun & Zhu, 2010), 𝐬𝐲𝐧. 𝐧. Two species, 𝑂𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑒𝑟𝑢𝑠 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑢𝑠 (Werner, 1936) and 𝑂. ℎ𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑠 (Birula, 1904), are likely synonymous with 𝑂. 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑖 (Karsch, 1879). Should future examination confirm this assumption, the total number of species in genus 𝑂𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑒𝑟𝑢𝑠 would be reduced to 16.
... Sternum. Sternum pentagonal, type 2 [Soleglad, Fet, 2003], longer than wide, smooth, median furrow deep. Pectines and genital operculum. ...
... Sternum. Sternum pentagonal, type 2 [Soleglad, Fet, 2003], longer than wide, smooth, median furrow deep. Pectines and genital operculum. ...
Hemiscorpius lepturus Peters, 1861 is redefi ned in both sexes. The detailed external morphologies of chelae, pectinal organs, chelicerae, tel-sons, and legs I-IV were surveyed with the scanning electron microscope (SEM) in both sexes of H. lep-turus for the fi rst time. The constellation arrays, bat-like shaped peg sensilla, trichobothria, and the other sensillar and epicuticular structures were described, and their functional morphologies were interpreted considering the species' habitat and other climatic preferences. The constellation arrays, basiconic sen-silla, function as a chemoreceptor (hygro-reception or/and thermo-reception) by its location on the pedi-palp in the habitat. The shape of the peg sensilla is remarkably bat-like in both sexes and this shape has not been observed or recorded in any scorpion species, functioning as mechanoreception and contact chemo-reception. There are three slit sensilla as single slit, dual and triple slit sensilla on I-IV walking legs, being mechanoreceptors as proprioceptors detecting strain and substrate vibrations during movement. Isolated single slit sensillum was recorded on the chelicerae surface of a scorpion species for the fi rst time. How to cite this paper: Hussen F.Sh., Erdek M., Yağmur E.A. 2023. External morphology of РЕЗЮМЕ: Дано переописание Hemiscorpius lepturus Peters, 1861 по обоим полам. Впервые с использованием сканирующей электронной ми-кроскопии приведено детальное морфологическое описание клешней педипальп, гребневидных ор-ганов, хелицер, тельсона и ног I-IV обоих полов H. lep turus. Описаны «созвездие сенсилл», похо-жие по форме на летучих мышей сенсиллы зубчи-ков гребневидных органов, трихоботрии, и другие сенсиллы и структуры эпикутикулы, их функци-ональная морфология интерпретирована с точки зрения биотопа и других климатических предпо-чтений этого вида. Расположенные на педипальпе «созвездие сенсилл» и базиконические сенсиллы функционируют как хеморецепторы (гигро-и/или терморецепторы). Сенсиллы зубчиков гребневид-ных органов обоих полов имеют замечательную форму, напоминающую летучую мышь, не обна-руженные у других видов скорпионов, функцио-нируют как механорецепторы и контактные хе-морецепторы. На ходных ногах I-IV расположе-ны три щелевидные сенсиллы, единичная, двой-ная и тройная, которые служат механорецептора-ми, точнее, проприоцепторами, определяющими напряжение и колебания субстрата во время дви-жения. Впервые у скорпионов обнаружена изоли-рованная единичная щелевидная сенсилла на по-верхности хелицер.
... The extent of mtDNA divergence between the eastern and western T. obscurus lineages found by us exceeds estimates of interspecific divergence reported for other scorpion groups. In this sense, pairwise distances based on K2P for COI and 16S between the T. obscurus eastern and western groups (COI K2P = 0.08 to 0.13; 16S K2P = 0.10 to 0.11) are higher than those observed between species of the genus Mesobuthus (COI K2P = 0.05 to 0.08) (Mirshamsi et al. 2010), and similar to those observed in different species of the genus Euscorpius (16S K2P = 0.04 to 0.12) (Soleglad and Fet 2003). The values of 16S pairwise distances (P distance) across different lineages of Centruroides exilicauda varyed from 0.01 to 0.15 (Gantenbein et al. 2001), resembling our values for T. obscurus (16S P distance = 0.10). ...
... The values of 16S pairwise distances (P distance) across different lineages of Centruroides exilicauda varyed from 0.01 to 0.15 (Gantenbein et al. 2001), resembling our values for T. obscurus (16S P distance = 0.10). The same was observed for different species of the genus Euscorpius, with 16S divergence varying from 0.04 to 0.12 (Soleglad and Fet 2003), similarly to our results. COI and 16S in both pairwise distances (K2P and P distance) between the eastern and western groups exhibited half of the divergence observed when compared to the far related Centruroides vittatus. ...
Scorpion envenoming is considered a public health problem in Brazil. A recent study described a variation in the clinical outcome of envenoming by Tityus obscurus in two populations separated by 850 km in the northeastern Amazon region. Our aim was to evaluate whether such clinical and toxinological variations are associated with underlying differences in genetic diversity between these two T. obscurus populations. We obtained DNA from five individuals of each population, in the municipalities of Belém and Santarém, located east and west of the state of Pará, Brazil, respectively. Gene regions encoding mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) markers cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) and ribosomal 16S RNA (16S) were amplified and sequenced. Phylogenetic analyses were performed using maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inferences (BA) for both molecular data (COI and 16S). The sampled T. obscurus populations corresponded to two distinct mtDNA lineages (genetic distance COIK2 P = 0.08 to 0.13; 16SK2 P = 0.10 to 0.11) with no shared mutations between groups and well supported by ML and BA inferences. Based on the divergence values found between eastern and western populations (COI, 0.07 to 0.12; 16S, 0.10), our study confirms the genetic heterogeneity of T. obscurus populations within the state of Pará, which correlates with observed venom and clinical differences, and reinforces the need for mapping the distribution of haplotypes throughout the geographic range of T. obscurus, to aid in future epidemiological, toxinological, and evolutionary studies.
KEYWORDS:
mitochondrial DNA; phylogenetic analyses; cytochrome oxidase subunit I; 16S RNA
