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Left ventral upper arm muscles. Anteromedial view. The accessory CB was pulled medially for a better identification of the short head of the BB and the conventional CB. 1-accessory CB, 2-short head of the BB, 3-long head of the BB, 4-conventional CB.
Source publication
Background and Objectives: The muscles in the upper arm are categorized into two groups: ventral muscles, which include the biceps brachii, coracobrachialis, and brachialis, and dorsal muscles comprising the triceps brachii and anconeus. These muscles are positioned in a way that they contribute to movements at the shoulder and elbow joints. Given...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... muscle had only a short proximal tendon and started from the distal anterior surface of the coracoid process (CP), medially to the origin of the short head of the BB (Figure 2). It had a distinct and well-developed muscular body, contrasting with the thin and longer BB short head proximal tendon, which was positioned laterally and was isolated (Figure 3). Behind the short head of the BB and accessory CB, another isolated muscle was situated, which also had its origin at the CP. ...
Citations
... Classic anatomy textbooks refer to it, as a muscle of onebelly arising from the coracoid process (CP) tip and partially from the tendon of the biceps brachii short head, and inserted into the humeral shaft, above the bone's midpoint [18]. Nevertheless, the CB usually is separated into superficial and deep parts and rarely has an additional part, the so-called accessory part (head or muscle), as reported by many authors [8,12,18,20]. ...
... Vrzgula et al. [20] described an "accessory CB" located anterior to the "typical CB", and the MCN penetrated the "typical CB". They asserted that the identified CB variant was either a muscle duplication or a complete separation of it [20], according to Mori et al. [10] theory. ...
... Vrzgula et al. [20] described an "accessory CB" located anterior to the "typical CB", and the MCN penetrated the "typical CB". They asserted that the identified CB variant was either a muscle duplication or a complete separation of it [20], according to Mori et al. [10] theory. Kumar et al. [8] described an "accessory CB" that originated from the CP, joined the biceps brachii short head, and was inserted into the medial epicondyle of the humerus [11]. ...
The coracobrachialis muscle (CB) represents one of the anterior arm compartment muscles. It has been defined by classic anatomy textbooks and old papers, as a muscle of one belly arising from the coracoid process tip and partially from the tendon of the biceps brachii short head, and inserted into the humeral shaft, above the bone's midpoint. However, recent cadaveric studies have confirmed that in the majority of cases, the CB is a two-headed muscle consisting of a superficial and a deep head. This finding has caused confusion regarding the terminology of CB's morphology. Typical CB morphology, according to recent data should not be considered the muscle of one belly, but the two-headed muscle. In particular, the musculocutaneous nerve's (MCN) course plays an important role in defining the CB morphological characteristics. If the MCN courses medially to the CB, with no signs of penetration after dissection, it can be concluded, that the CB is composed of one head; otherwise, if the muscle is composed of two or more heads, the MCN will courses between the CB bellies. In conclusion, it is of paramount importance to adopt common-universal terminology. Hence, considering recent findings, if the CB origin and/or the insertion differs from the typical anatomy, an "atypical CB" is the proper definition of the muscle, while if this "atypical CB" coexists with a typical CB, the terminology "accessory CB" may be used.
... At least the Department of Anatomy at the Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice runs a programme of body donation after receiving a signed consent form from the donors themselves (Vecanova et al., 2023;Vrzgula et al., 2023). The cadavers are embalmed soon after death and preserved by injection of formalin-based preservative solutions. ...
Background: In 2008, members of the TEPARG provided first insights into the legal and ethical framework governing body donation in Europe. In 2012, a first update followed. This paper is now the second update on this topic and tries to extend the available information to many more European countries.
Methods: For this second update, we have asked authors from all European countries to contribute their national perspectives. By this inquiry, we got many contributions compiled in this paper. When we did not get a personal contribution, one of us (EB) searched the internet for relevant information.
Results: Perspectives on the legal and ethical framework governing body donation in Europe.
Conclusions: We still see that a clear and rigorous legal framework is still unavailable in several countries. We found national regulations in 18 out of 39 countries; two others have at least federal laws. Several countries accept not only donated bodies but also utilise unclaimed bodies. These findings can guide policymakers in reviewing and updating existing laws and regulations related to body donation and anatomical studies.
