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There have recently been more and more reports on CMOS integrated circuits operating at terahertz (≥ 0:1 THz) frequencies. However, design environments and techniques are not as well established as for RF CMOS circuits. This paper reviews recent progress made by the authors in terahertz CMOS design for low-power and high-speed wireless communicatio...
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... 4 Theoretically, since the vortex beams with different modes are orthogonal to each other, they can be used to improve the utilization efficiency and increase the channel capacity by performing OAM multiplexing in the same spectrum. 5,6 Therefore, vortex electromagnetic waves can be widely used in high-capacity communication, 7 confidential communication, 8 and quantum information processing. 9 In the microwave band, the common devices used to generate OAM electromagnetic waves are spiral phase plates, 10 array antennas, 11 and programmable metasurfaces. ...
How efficiently generating a multi‐mode vortex beam is the key to the new system of wireless communication technology based on orbital angular momentum. Due to the advantages of simple structure and flexible tunability of the metasurface, in recent years, people have been devoted to generating dynamic orbital angular momentum more simply and efficiently using programmable metasurfaces. To address the current problem of a single number of modes for generating orbital angular momentum vortex beams from metasurface, the programmable reflective metasurface structure has been designed to realize the function of dynamically tunable multi‐mode of vortex beams. By loading two varactor diodes inside each metal patch to construct eight digital coding units, and using the programmable bias circuit to modulate the coding distribution and resonance characteristics on the metasurface in real‐time, the metasurface obtains low reflection loss and stable reflection phase, and finally obtains vortex beams with mode numbers of ℓ = ±1, ℓ = ±2, and ℓ = ±3, respectively. The designed metasurface also has the advantages of a simple structure, small electrical size, and low profile, which has a large potential value in the communication of vortex beams and a perfect application in wireless transmission.
... At THz frequencies, the conventional metallic waveguides such as microstrip lines, coplanar, hollow, and substrate-integrated waveguides suffer from huge ohmic losses that compound to transmission loss in the order of several dB/cm 25,26 or higher. 27 Thus, it is crucial to develop metal-free photonic waveguides. This has led to the development of all-dielectric THz waveguides. ...
The development of terahertz integrated circuits is vital for realizing sixth-generation (6G) wireless communication, high-speed on-chip interconnects, high-resolution imaging, on-chip biosensors, and fingerprint chemical detection. Nonetheless, the existing terahertz on-chip devices suffer from reflection, and scattering losses at sharp bends or defects. Recently discovered topological phases of light endow the photonics devices with extraordinary properties, such as reflectionless propagation and robustness against impurities or defects, which is vital for terahertz integrated devices. Leveraging the robustness of topological edge states combined with a low-loss silicon platform is poised to offer a remarkable performance of the terahertz devices providing a breakthrough in the field of terahertz integrated circuits and high-speed interconnects. In this Perspective, we present a brief outlook of various terahertz functional devices enabled by a photonic topological insulator that will pave the path for augmentation of complementary metal oxide semiconductor compatible terahertz technologies, essential for accelerating the vision of 6G communication and beyond to enable ubiquitous connectivity and massive digital cloning of physical and biological worlds.
... : 面向 6G 的太赫兹光纤一体融合通信系统: 架构, 关键技术与验证 Electronics, off-line [11] 2012 Germany 220 OOK 25 10 Electronics, off-line [12] 2014 Japan 300 QPSK 50 2 Electronics, off-line [13] 2011 USA 625 Duo-Binary 2.5 0.2 Electronics, real-time [14] 2014 China 340 16QAM 3 50 Electronics, real-time [15] 2015 Germany 240 QPSK 64 850 Electronics, real-time [16] 2015 Japan 220 ASK 11 3 Electronics, real-time [17] 2017 [13] [12] [11] ...
Terahertz (THz) communication is widely regarded as the key component of future 6G mobile communication system. Through comparative analysis for some main existing technical routes of THz up- and down-conversion in THz wireless communication systems, a novel ultra-wideband (UWB) fiber-THz-fiber seamless converged real-time architecture is proposed in this paper, which makes full use of the commercially mature digital coherent optical module (DCO) to realize ultra-high capacity THz real-time wireless communication. 1) The proposed architecture employs the techniques of dual-polarization photonic up-conversion for THz generation and hybrid optoelectronic down-conversion for THz reception, respectively, to facilitate the seamless integration between optical fiber and THz communications. 2) Due to the limited bandwidth of the optoelectronic devices, multi-dimensional modulation techniques are adopted for the UWB THz signals to improve the spectral efficiency and transmission capacity. 3) An intelligent nonlinear joint compensation technique based on deep neural network (DNN) is proposed, which can effectively improve the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the time-varying hybrid fiber-THz-fiber channel. Based on the investigations of the key techniques above, we for the first time realize the photonics-assisted record-high 100/200 GbE real-time THz wireless transmission at 360 ~ 430 GHz band, capacity of which is 10 to 20 times higher than that of 5G. The proposed fiber-THz-fiber architecture can realize the smooth conversion between high-speed THz signal and lightwave signal. Moreover, the architecture can significantly reduce the research difficulty and development cost, and hence greatly accelerate the commercialization of 6G THz technology by highly reusing commercial DCOs, which is compatible with the physical layer transmission protocols such as IEEE 802.3 and ITU-T G.798. Finally, this paper also introduces some potential directions of research and development for the higher-capacity, longer-distance, and more-integrated fiber-THz-fiber seamless communication.
... The electronic mixing technique adopts a "bottom-up" approach and generates a high-frequency THz signal by frequency multiplying a low-frequency microwave signal, which is the traditional technical route to achieve 6G THz wireless communications [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]. In 2011, Bell Labs generated a 625 GHz THz wave using an all-solid-state electric mixer, and transmitted a wireless rate of 2.5 Gb/s with a transmission power of 1 mW. ...
Terahertz (THz) communication is widely regarded as the key component of future 6G mobile communication systems. Through comparative analysis of some of the main existing technical routes of THz up-conversion and down-conversion in THz wireless communication systems, a novel ultra-wideband (UWB) fiber-THz-fiber seamlessly converged real-time architecture, which utilizes the commercially mature digital coherent optical module to realize ultrahigh-capacity THz real-time wireless communication, is proposed in this study. (1) The proposed architecture employs the dual-polarization photonic up-conversion technique for THz generation and hybrid optoelectronic down-conversion technique for THz reception to facilitate the seamless integration between optical fiber and THz communications. (2) Because of the limited bandwidth of optoelectronic devices, multidimensional modulation techniques are adopted for UWB THz signals to improve spectral efficiency and transmission capacity. (3) An intelligent nonlinear joint compensation technique based on the deep neural network, which can effectively improve the signal-to-noise ratio of the time-varying hybrid fiber-THz-fiber channel, is proposed. Based on the investigations of the aforementioned key techniques, we, for the first time, realize the photonics-assisted record-high 100/200 GbE real-time THz wireless transmission at 360 ∼ 430 GHz band, the capacity of which is 10-20 times higher than that of 5G. The proposed fiber-THz-fiber architecture can realize the smooth conversion between high-speed THz and lightwave signals. Moreover, the architecture can significantly reduce the research difficulty and development cost, thereby considerably accelerating the commercialization of 6G THz technology by thoroughly reusing commercial DCO modules, which are compatible with the physical layer transmission protocols, such as IEEE 802.3 and ITU-T G.798. Finally, this study also introduces some potential directions of research and development for higher-capacity, longer-distance, and more-integrated fiber-THz-fiber seamless communication.
... With the gradual decrease of the remaining spectrum, the spectrum of wireless communication is extending to terahertz band, which can support very large bit-rates in theory [1,2,3,4,5], and the terahertz communication system has become an important development direction for large-capacity communications in the future. The superheterodyne structure is usually adopted by the terahertz RF front-end, which can be used for short-distance chip-to-chip communication [6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13], and the mixer is indispensable no matter in the transmitter or the receiver. ...
TIA (Trans-Impedance Amplifier) is usually selected as the input stage of the up-conversion mixers or the output buffer of the down-conversion mixers. In this paper, we analysis the frequency limitations of the traditional self-biased TIA and propose an applicable model in millimeter-wave band. Then a high and wide IF millimeter-wave/terahertz band up-conversion mixer based on a 55-nm CMOS process is designed. The measured IF 3-dB bandwidth is 10.7GHz, from 23.8GHz to 34.5GHz, and the RF frequency is from 121.5GHz to 132.2GHz. The DC consumption is only 8mW under 1.2-V supply.
... As for electronic devices, nanofabrication technologies can facilitate the progress of semiconductor devices that operates in the THz frequency band. The electronics in these devices are made from Gallium Arsenide, Indium Phosphide and various Silicon-based technologies [195], [196]. Authors in [197] present a scalable Silicon architecture that allows synthesis and shaping of THz wave signals in a single microchip. ...
Emerging applications such as Internet of Everything , Holographic Telepresence, collaborative robots, and space and deep-sea tourism are already highlighting the limitations of existing fifth-generation (5G) mobile networks. These limitations are in terms of data-rate, latency, reliability, availability, processing, connection density and global coverage, spanning over ground, underwater and space. The sixth-generation (6G) of mobile networks are expected to burgeon in the coming decade to address these limitations. The development of 6G vision, applications , technologies and standards has already become a popular research theme in academia and the industry. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive survey of the current developments towards 6G. We highlight the societal and technological trends that initiate the drive towards 6G. Emerging applications to realize the demands raised by 6G driving trends are discussed subsequently. We also elaborate the requirements that are necessary to realize the 6G applications. Then we present the key enabling technologies in detail. We also outline current research projects and activities including standardization efforts towards the development of 6G. Finally, we summarize lessons learned from state-of-the-art research and discuss technical challenges that would shed a new light on future research directions towards 6G.
... Fig. 3 and 4 illustrate the proposed schematic of the VCO, and hopping frequency planning of the probing signals by digitalassisted switching and analog control voltage tuning, respectively. The PMOS-based VCO with cross couple topology lowers the flicker noise and then improves the overall phase noise [29][30]. ...
This paper presents a pulse-based radar with ultra-wideband voltage controlled oscillator for vital-sign application. A series of digital-assisted duty-cycled probing pulses with frequency hopping technique is proposed to mitigate unwanted narrowband interferences, thereby increasing overall system signal-to-noise ratio and then enabling high resolution detection. The RF generator is utilized by an on-chip VCO with the characteristic of wide-band response by digitally switching loaded capacitor array for frequency hopping. The conventional ultra-wideband channel is further divided into several sub-channels for vital-sign sensing. An impulse radio Doppler radar is implemented and integrated with the digital-assisted oscillator to detect physiological information.
... As for electronic devices, recent progress in nano-fabrication technologies facilitated the progress of semiconductor devices that function in the THz frequency band. Such devices include Gallium Arsenide and Indium Phosphide electronics [8] as well as various Silicon-based technologies [9]. Recently, the authors in [10], presented an innovative Silicon architecture, which permits its scalability, to allow signal synthesis and enable the shaping of THz waves in a single microchip. ...
Over the past years, carrier frequencies used for wireless communications have been increasing to meet bandwidth requirements. The engineering community witnessed the development of wide radio bands such as the millimeter-wave (mmW) frequencies to fulfill the explosive growth of mobile data demand and pave the way towards 5G networks. Other research interests have been steered towards optical wireless communication to allow higher data rates, improve physical security and avoid electromagnetic interference. Nevertheless, a paradigm change in the electromagnetic wireless world has been witnessed with the exploitation of the Terahertz (THz) frequency band (0.1-10 THz). With the dawn of THz technology, which fills the gap between radio and optical frequency ranges, ultimate promise is expected for the next generation of wireless networks. In this paper, the light is shed on a number of opportunities associated with the deployment of the THz wireless links. These opportunities offer a plethora of applications to meet the future communication requirements and satisfy the ever increasing user demand of higher data rates.
... It has been demonstrated that a THz emitter has a 50 Gbit/s data transfer speed and approaches a Tbit/s rate when using a simple single communication channel. 25,26 To further increase THz communication speeds, multiplexing technology must be adopted. However, because of the longer wavelength properties of THz radiation, the component required for THz radiation modulation is quite large and blocks integration of the THz communication system. ...
In this work, OAM multiplexing and demultiplexing based on a single layer metasurface has been demonstrated numerically and experimentally. The designed structure realized OAM multiplexing or demultiplexing under the incident Gaussian beam or vortex beam.
... Currently, the demand for much greater data rate of wireless technologies is growing in accordance with a rapid advancement of mobile networks and rich contents handled by the networks and computers. For these reasons, researchers have recently been seeking a use of terahertz (THz) waves whose frequency is over 100 GHz for ultrahigh-speed wireless links [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]. This talk reviews a latest advances in THz communications research, and discusses a future perspective with respect to enabling technologies, applications and standardization. ...
