Figure 4 - available via license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
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Left: Scheme of K-EUSO, with the spherical reflector (4m diameter) on top and corrective lens and spherical focal surface on the bottom. Right: Location of K-EUSO on the ISS.
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... Mini-EUSO is located at 400 km altitude MSL and the laser is aiming in two different angle settings. The Scattered UV light is in the FoV of Mini-EUSO Mini-EUSO is one of the missions of the Joint Experimental Missions for the Extreme Universe Space Observatory (JEM-EUSO) [2,3,4,5,6]. It is a high-speed, multi-wavelength telescope with a 25 cm diameter aperture and a prototype of a space-based ultra-high-energy cosmic-ray detector. ...
Mini-EUSO (Extreme Universe Space Observatory) is a small-scale prototype cosmic-ray detector that will measure Earth`s UV emission and other atmospheric phenomena from space. It will be placed in the International Space Station (ISS) behind a UV-transparent window looking to the nadir. The launch is planned this year (2019). Consisting of a multi-anode photomultiplier (MAPMT) camera and a $25$ cm diameter Fresnel lens system, Mini-EUSO has a \ang{44} field of view (FoV), a $6.5$ km$^2$ spatial resolution on the ground and a $2.5\ \mu$s temporal resolution. In principle, Mini-EUSO will be sensitive to extensive air shower (EAS) from cosmic-rays with energies above $10^{21}$ eV. A mobile, steerable UV laser system will be used to test the expected energy threshold and performance of Mini-EUSO. The laser system will be driven to remote locations in the Western US and aimed across the field of view of Mini-EUSO when the ISS passes overhead during dark nights. It will emit pulsed $355$ nm UV laser light to produce a short speed-of-light track in the detector. The brightness of this track will be similar to the track from an EAS resulting from a cosmic-ray of up to $10^{21}$ eV. The laser energy is selectable with a maximum of around $90$ mJ per pulse. The energy calibration factor is stable within $5\ \% $. The characteristics of the laser system and Mini-EUSO have been implemented inside the JEM-EUSO OffLine software framework, and laser simulation studies are ongoing to determine the best way to perform a field measurement.
... Mini-EUSO is located at 400 km altitude MSL and the laser is aiming in two different angle settings. The Scattered UV light is in the FoV of Mini-EUSO Mini-EUSO is one of the missions of the Joint Experimental Missions for the Extreme Universe Space Observatory (JEM-EUSO) [2,3,4,5,6]. It is a high-speed, multi-wavelength telescope with a 25 cm diameter aperture and a prototype of a space-based ultra-high-energy cosmic-ray detector. ...
... For example, the FAST project [14] is developing telescopes comprising a composite mirror and 8 inch photomultiplier tubes (PMTs). Other candidates, including fluorescence detectors from space [15][16][17], are also under development. We report here on the development and trial results of CRAFFT, a novel fluorescence detector that is extremely simple and inexpensive, for the next generation of large-scale UHECR observatories. ...
... Currently, technological advancements have enabled easy achievement of large Fresnel lenses with high ultraviolet (UV) transmittance, high-sensitivity photon sensors, and flash analog to digital converters (FADCs). JEM-EUSO is one UHECR observation project developing a high-resolution Fresnel lens telescope with large aperture and large field of view (FOV) from space [15]. On the other hand, we are trying to develop a fluorescence detector with a simple structure using a Fresnel lens for a huge ground array to observe UHECRs. ...
Improved statistics and observations sensitive to mass composition are required to clarify the origin of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays (UHECRs). Inevitably, in the future UHECR observatories will have to be expanded due to the small flux; however, such upgrades will be expensive with the detectors currently in use. Hence, we are developing a new fluorescence detector for UHECR observation. The proposed fluorescence detector, called a cosmic ray air fluorescence Fresnel lens telescope (CRAFFT), has an extremely simple structure and can observe the longitudinal development of an air shower. Furthermore, CRAFFT has the potential to significantly reduce costs for the realization of a huge observatory for UHECR research. We deployed four CRAFFT detectors at the Telescope Array site and conducted a test observation. We have successfully observed ten air shower events using CRAFFT. Thus, CRAFFT can be a solution to help realize the next generation of UHECR observatories.
... The main scientific goal of Mini-EUSO is to produce a high-resolution map of UV emissions from Earth. It can also register TLEs, meteors, space debris, nuclearites, bioluminescence, thus obtaining detailed information about the UV background level, necessary for the successful development of K-EUSO and other experiments of the EUSO program [19]. Still, it is interesting to look closer at its technical capabilities since it is one of the pathfinders of the future UHECR missions. ...
TUS (Tracking Ultraviolet Set-up), the first orbital telescope of ultra-high energy cosmic rays (UHECRs), has demonstrated that instruments of this kind have much broader capabilities and can also detect meteors,transient luminous events, anthropogenic glow and other processes taking place in the Earth atmosphere in the UV frequency range. In this short letter, we address the question if an orbital UHECR detector can also register gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) via the fluorescent glow of irradiated nocturnal atmosphere. An analysis of the Fermi GBM catalog of GRBs and properties of several active and perspective instruments reveals that a detector with an optical system similar to that of the KLYPVE-EUSO (K-EUSO) mission and an appropriate "slow-mode" trigger can possibly detect only 1--2 GRBs in two years of operation.
... One option is to go to space. JEM-EUSO (Extreme Universe Space Observatory on board the Japanese Experiment Module) is a planned fluorescence detector on the International Space Station [1]. It is designed to measure the light of extensive air showers developing in the Earth's atmosphere beneath the detector. ...
EUSO-Balloon is a pathfinder mission for the Extreme Universe Space Observatory onboard the Japanese Experiment Module (JEM-EUSO). It was launched on the moonless night of the 25th of August 2014 from Timmins, Canada. The flight ended successfully after maintaining the target altitude of 38 km for five hours. One part of the mission was a 2.5 hour underflight using a helicopter equipped with three UV light sources (LED, xenon flasher and laser) to perform an inflight calibration and examine the detectors capability to measure tracks moving at the speed of light. We describe the helicopter laser system and details of the underflight as well as how the laser tracks were recorded and found in the data. These are the first recorded laser tracks measured from a fluorescence detector looking down on the atmosphere. Finally, we present a first reconstruction of the direction of the laser tracks relative to the detector.
... EUSO-SPB1 is an important step in the challenging journey to a major UV fluorescence detector in space [5][6][7][8][9][10] that would view a much larger (≈100×) atmospheric footprint to measure UHECR EASs, map the entire sky, and discover the sources of UHECRs. Such a detector in space could also have sensitivity to high-energy photons, monopoles and super heavy forms of dark matter, and cosmogenic tau neutrinos. ...
Mini-EUSO is a high sensitivity imaging telescope that observes the Earth from the ISS in the ultraviolet band (2904÷430 nm), through the UV-transparent window in the Russian Zvezda module. The instrument, launched in 2019 as part of the ESA mission Beyond, has a field of view of 44°, a spatial resolution on the Earth surface of 6.3 km and a temporal resolution of 2.5 microseconds. The telescope detects UV emissions of cosmic, atmospheric and terrestrial origin on different time scales, from a few microseconds upwards. Mini-EUSO main detector optics is composed of two Fresnel lenses focusing light onto an array of 36 Hamamatsu multi-anode photomultiplier tubes, for a total of 2304 pixels. The telescope also contains: two ancillary cameras to complement measurements in the near infrared and visible ranges, an array of Silicon-PhotoMultipliers and UV sensors to manage night-day transitions. In this work we will describe the in-flight operations and performances of the various instruments in the first months after launch.
Mini-EUSO is a telescope observing the Earth in the ultraviolet band from the International Space Station. It is a part of the JEM-EUSO program, paving the way to future larger missions, such as K-EUSO and POEMMA, devoted primarily to the observation of ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays from space. Mini-EUSO is capable of observing extensive air showers generated by ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays with an energy above 10 ²¹ eV and to detect artificial showers generated with lasers from the ground. Other main scientific objectives of the mission are the search for nuclearites and strange quark matter, the study of atmospheric phenomena such as transient luminous events, meteors, and meteoroids, the observation of sea bioluminescence and of artificial satellites and man-made space debris. Mini-EUSO will map the nighttime Earth in the UV range (290–430 nm), with a spatial resolution of about 6.3 km and a temporal resolution of 2.5 μ s, through a nadir-facing UV-transparent window in the Russian Zvezda module. The instrument, launched on 2019 August 22, from the Baikonur Cosmodrome, is based on an optical system employing two Fresnel lenses and a focal surface composed of 36 multianode photomultiplier tubes, 64 channels each, for a total of 2304 channels with single-photon counting sensitivity and an overall field of view of 44°. Mini-EUSO also contains two ancillary cameras to complement measurements in the near-infrared and visible ranges. In this paper, we describe the detector and present the various phenomena observed in the first months of operations.
