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Left: Drone ROMEO (Remotely Operated Mosquito Emission Operation) (From FAO/IAEA 2016a; UN 2018; Bouyer et al. 2020). Centre: RPAS and mechanism to release sterile male mosquitoes Aedes aegypti in Brazil in 2018 (From J. Bouyer, reproduced with permission). Right: Drone releasing sterile codling moths in Canada (From M3 Consulting Group --hd-mediaitemid51688-3698 (M3 2018); Proskiw 2018; Seymour 2018).
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... Assim sendo, é importante que se tenha conhecimento quanto aos métodos de liberação de agentes microbiológicos, podendo ser tanto de liberação manual quanto mecanizada, e sua escolha vai depender de fatores como a escala da operação, natureza da área a ser tratada e a disponibilidade de tecnologias apropriadas (Dowell et al., 2021). A liberação manual oferece um elevado nível de precisão, permitindo que seja alcançado áreas específicas conforme a necessidade, diminuindo os danos aos inimigos não alvos, contudo, a liberação mecanizada se torna mais eficiente em termos de escala, sendo adepta para áreas de grandes extensões de terra. ...
O controle biológico é considerado uma estratégia inovadora e sustentável para o manejo de pragas agrícolas, estando fundamentado em relações ecológicas que envolvem a competição do homem com as pragas por recursos naturais. A presença de agentes de controle biológico, aliados do ser humano e inimigos naturais das pragas, desempenha um papel crucial nesse cenário, mantendo o equilíbrio biológico no ambiente. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar uma revisão de literatura sobre o controle biológico de pragas, focando na cultura da videira e mangueira. Além disso, o estudo se concentra no uso de ácaros predadores (Neoseiulus barkeri) como agentes de controle biológico contra o ácaro vermelho na videira e os tripés na mangueira. Essa revisão de literatura foi desenvolvida através de pesquisas de abordagem qualitativa, realizada por meio de uma análise descritiva, com a técnica de documentação indireta, sendo caracterizada como uma revisão de literatura narrativa. Para que fosse possível a realização do estudo, utilizou-se de trabalhos publicados em revistas nacionais e internacionais, no período dos últimos 5 anos ou superior que apresentaram relevância para o referente estudo. Observou-se que o controle biológico surge como uma resposta promissora e sustentável, em que os inimigos naturais, como ácaros predadores, destacam-se como aliados cruciais na luta contra pragas específicas, podendo sua liberação ocorrer de forma manual e mecanizada. Ainda, o controle biológico na cultura da videira e mangueira, com ênfase no uso de Neoseiulus barkeri como agente de controle biológico, revela a relevância dessa abordagem em contextos específicos.
... 26 Thus, it is recommended that a PW-SIT program should schedule repeated releases of sterile PWs no more than 2 weeks apart to compensate for the mortality of sterile males and maintain a high sterile-to-wild male ratio. 27 Previous research has shown that irradiated insect lifespan is largely affected by the degree of damage incurred to the continuously dividing cells of the midgut, which can www.soci.org JV Basso, R Labbe, C Scott-Dupree wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/ps ...
... Thus, it may be necessary to implement ground or aerial-based dispersal of sterile PW rather than release from static receptacles to ensure sufficient dispersal of sterile PW throughout management areas. 27 It should also be noted that only PWs that survived the 7-day mating period were assessed for their spontaneous flight activity, so assessing newly eclosed, unmated, and unfed adult PWs in a similar manner to other species may yield different results. 40 In this study, the fecundity of females mated with irradiated males was lower than that of females mating with non-irradiated males. ...
BACKGROUND
The pepper weevil (PW), Anthonomus eugenii, is an economically significant pest of cultivated Capsicum spp. pepper crops in North America where it remains a challenge to manage because of its cryptic immature life stages. The sterile insect technique (SIT) is a genetic pest management tactic that relies on the release of insects that have been sterilized with ionizing radiation to lower the population reproductive rate. Toward developing an effective PW‐SIT program, this study has, for the first time, investigated the effects of gamma irradiation on the sterility and survival of this species.
RESULTS
Among the array of doses tested, we found that pupal PW males and females irradiated at 110 Gy produced no adult offspring. Furthermore, females mated with a male irradiated at 110 Gy had high egg sterility (97.3%), and irradiated females nearly completely failed to lay eggs (97.5%). Individuals irradiated at this dose had a shortened lifespan (lethal time to 50% mortality values of 12 and 11 days for males and females, respectively) and quantitatively reduced spontaneous flight activity. The eclosion rate of PW pupae was not significantly reduced by any radiation treatment.
CONCLUSION
This study suggests that PWs irradiated at a gamma radiation dose of 110 Gy as pupae could feasibly be used in a PW‐SIT program, because both males and females were 100% sterile at this dose. These findings will inform the development of a SIT program that could considerably improve the sustainability and effectiveness of PW management in greenhouse and field pepper crops worldwide. © 2023 His Majesty the King in Right of Canada and The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry. Reproduced with the permission of the Minister of Agriculture and Agri Food Canada.
... Field trials will then be conducted. In addition, dispersal studies are required, and it is critical that sterile males are distributed throughout the release area [93,94]. The frequency of sterile insect releases differs among species and varies with their average longevity [35]. ...
The stink bug, Bagrada hilaris, is a pest of mainly Brassicaceae crops. It is native to Africa and Asia and was recently reported as invasive in the southwestern part of the USA and in South America. There are no mitigation programs in place that do not involve pesticides. Therefore, much attention has recently been paid to the study of this species in order to identify sustainable and effective control strategies, such as the Sterile Insect Technique (SIT). In order to evaluate the suitability of the SIT on this pest, the mechanism of post-copulatory sperm competition was investigated. This is a polyandrous species, and it is thus important to understand whether irradiated males are able to compete with wild, e.g., non-irradiated, males for sperm competition after matings. Sperm competition was studied by sequentially mating a healthy virgin female first with a non-irradiated male, and then with a γ-irradiated (Co-60) one, and again in the opposite order. Males were irradiated at three different doses: 60, 80, and 100 Gy. The fecundity and fertility of the females, in the two orders of mating, were scored in order to perform an initial assessment of the success of sperm competition with a P2 index. Sperm from the non-irradiated male were utilized at the lowest irradiation doses (60 and 80 Gy), whereas the irradiated sperm were preferentially utilized at the highest dose (100 Gy). Bagrada hilaris exhibited high variability in P2 indexes, indicating a sperm-mixing mechanism.
... Sterile male medflies were shipped as pupae from the USDA Medfly Production Facility, El Pino, Guatemala, to the USDA Sterile Insect Release Facility, Sarasota, Florida, USA, for emergence and release. Pupae and newly emerged males were maintained in Worley Eclosion Towers (Dowell et al. 2021) and provided sugar agar blocks for food and water. Flies were held at 25 to 27 °C, 50 to 80% RH, and a 12:12 h (L:D) photoperiod. ...
La detección de la mosca mediterránea de la fruta (moscamed), Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae), depende en gran medida de trampas cebadas con trimedlure, un atrayente específico para machos. Utilizado originalmente como líquido, el trimedlure ahora se dispensa a partir de tapones poliméricos sólidos (2 g de ingrediente activo) que reducen la volatilización y aumentan la longevidad efectiva del señuelo. Aun así, los tapones son atractivos durante un intervalo relativamente corto, y las pautas sugieren que los tapones trimedlure se reemplacen cada 6 semanas. El presente estudio tuvo 2 objetivos. Primero, a intervalos periódicos de hasta 10 o 12 semanas, evaluamos el desempeño de los tapones que contenían 4 g de trimedlure (es decir, el doble de la cantidad estándar) para determinar si el aumento de la carga resultó en un mayor período de atractivo efectivo. En segundo lugar, examinamos la relación entre las capturas de trampas y los cambios temporales en la cantidad residual y la tasa de liberación de trimedlure. En 2 de los 3 ensayos de campo realizados en Hawái y Florida, los tapones de 4 g resistidos durante 8 semanas, pero no durante 10 o 12 semanas, funcionaron tan bien como trimedlure líquido fresco aplicado a mechas de algodón. En el otro ensayo, los tapones expuestos a la intemperie durante 12 semanas fueron tan efectivos como los líquidos frescos. Los análisis químicos revelaron que los tapones fueron efectivos hasta que la cantidad residual de trimedlure disminuyó por debajo de aproximadamente 1,4 g y con la tasa de liberación cayendo por debajo de aproximadamente 2,0 mg por hora. La utilidad potencial de los tapones de trimedlure de 4 g en los programas de detección a gran escala se discute considerando estos hallazgos.
... Many nascent and established sterile insect technique (SIT), biological control (biocontrol, including augmentative strategies), incompatible insect technique (IIT) and other genetic strategy programmes established for area-wide control of pest, nuisance or vector insects rely on insect stock produced some distance from the release sites [6,7,8]. They are not alone: pollinator enhancement and conservation breeding programmes also do this to take advantage of economies of scale and production expertise available elsewhere that are not always achievable at the local scale or with available funds and facilities [9,10,11]. ...
... Though this article considers concerns related to recipient sites, the predicted rise in numbers of transnationally transported insects and the promotion of insect-mediated control programmes call for an expansion of stakeholder mapping to include those involved in the transport stages, such as courier companies and border authorities. Providing appropriate information at these stages will reduce risks of delay, which, in turn, affects the mortality and quality of transported insects [6,25] (Figure 1). ...
A commitment to reducing pesticide use and the development of novel technologies are driving a renewed interest in insect-mediated pest and vector control programmes. Such programmes, along with conservation and pollination applications, lead to an increased transport volume of live insect stock. At release sites, concerns surrounding imported insects can be reduced by using local genotypes that have been mass-produced elsewhere. Remaining plausible concerns are likely to be centred on human factors (vector behaviour or capacity) and ecological factors (interacting species) and should be anticipated in the design of communication materials. Well-designed, locally relevant communication and engagement material is an important part of programme success. Stakeholder engagement is thus critical to reducing risks of perceived and plausible concerns affecting programme outcomes in an increasingly electronically connected world. Experience at release sites can help inform the design of accessible information useful at all stages of the transportation pathway. For transnationally transported insects, providing such information to specific stakeholders (e.g. courier companies and border authorities) will reduce the likelihood of delays, which can, in turn, affect the quality and mortality of the transported insects.
In programmes applying the sterile insect technique (SIT), the quality of insects deployed in the field determines the success in preventing, suppressing, containing or eradicating the pest population. In the fruit fly emergence and release facility (ERF) of the Moscamed Program in Mexico, irradiated pupae of Ceratitis capitata are packed in Mexico‐type towers, and key adult quality parameters, such as emergence, fliers and survival, are determined throughout the packing, handling and release process. However, different methodologies are used to estimate the percentage of fliers in the different stages of the process, raising doubts of whether observed differences are due to the effect of each stage or to the methodology used. With this in mind, we developed an alternative called ‘Adult Flier device’ (=AF‐device) to evaluate the adult flier parameter following a critical evaluation path of five steps: (1) upon arrival at ERF, (2) post‐packing, (3) post‐holding, (4) post‐chilling and (5) post‐release, where adult fliers and survival under stress were evaluated. We also compared the current methodologies for the estimation of ‘absolute fliers’ available in different operating manuals. Our results suggest that the AF‐device allows reliable traceability of sterile insect quality parameters throughout the packing and release process, since no significant differences were observed with the control treatments. In the chilling stage, the five methodologies tested were equivalent, but the AF‐device was less time‐consuming and required less manpower and biological material than the other methodological options. Our results demonstrate that the use of the AF‐device can be a feasible, versatile, innovative and efficient alternative to evaluate quality control parameters throughout the process of packing and releasing sterile insects, providing reliable results in a timely manner with less hand labour using minimal biological material.
Sterile insect technique (SIT) is increasingly sought after as a sustainable insect control technique. Originally, SIT pursued the eradication of a target population and was used in governmental/public area-wide integrated pest management (IPM) programs. However, it nowadays is used more often as a population suppression method. Therefore, this technique also receives growing interest from commercial insect producers. Given the increased adoption of the SIT as a pest control tool and the differences between countries in regulating the mass-rearing, importation, and release of live organisms, some common rules might eventually be requested for the use of sterile insects in pest control. In this article, we review and examine the definition of sterile insects, the risks that may arise from their use, and the assurance of production quality and efficacy. Finally, we investigate how sterile insects compare to biological control agents, which are another type of insects deliberately released into the environment. We conclude that SIT based on insect irradiation can be used safely and that existing regulatory frameworks are sufficient to develop pragmatic registration procedures where those are needed.
