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(Left) A scheme of a symmetric super capacitor. (Right) A scheme of an asymmetric super-capacitor. The anode may be a Li insertion electrode (graphite). The cathode may be a capacitive carbon electrode.
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The accelerated production of sophisticated miniaturized mobile electronic devices, challenges such as the electrochemical propulsion of electric vehicles (EVs), and the need for large-scale storage of sustainable energy (i.e. load-levelling applications) motivate and stimulate the development of novel rechargeable batteries and super-capacitors. W...
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Citations
... The charge/discharge rate and electrochemical stability are two of the most significant ideas. Compared to batteries, capacitors have a longer life duration and a faster charge and discharge rate [261]. EESDs are classified into three types based on energy storage mechanisms. ...
Unsustainable fossil fuel energy usage and its environmental impacts are the most significant scientific challenges in the scientific community. Two-dimensional (2D) materials have received a lot of attention recently because of their great potential for application in addressing some of society’s most enduring issues with renewable energy. Transition metal-based nitrides, carbides, or carbonitrides, known as “MXenes”, are a relatively new and large family of 2D materials. Since the discovery of the first MXene, Ti3C2 in 2011 has become one of the fastest-expanding families of 2D materials with unique physiochemical features. MXene surface terminations with hydroxyl, oxygen, fluorine, etc., are invariably present in the so far reported materials, imparting hydrophilicity to their surfaces. The current finding of multi-transition metal-layered MXenes with controlled surface termination capacity opens the door to fabricating unique structures for producing renewable energy. MXene NMs-based flexible chemistry allows them to be tuned for energy-producing/storage, electromagnetic interference shielding, gas/biosensors, water distillation, nanocomposite reinforcement, lubrication, and photo/electro/chemical catalysis. This review will first discuss the advancement of MXenes synthesis methods, their properties/stability, and renewable energy applications. Secondly, we will highlight the constraints and challenges that impede the scientific community from synthesizing functional MXene with controlled composition and properties. We will further reveal the high-tech implementations for renewable energy storage applications along with future challenges and their solutions.
... The energy storage capacity of LIBs is limited by the cathode's ability to accommodate Li + with minimal structural change [24]. A greater incorporation of lithium by the cathode corresponds to a greater energy density. ...
This review presents the development stages of Ni-based cathode materials for second-generation lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Due to their high volumetric and gravimetric capacity and high nominal voltage, nickel-based cathodes have many applications, from portable devices to electric vehicles. A discussion of the most commonly used methods for cathode synthesis and the standard and advanced characterizations of synthesized materials is presented. The methods for preparing LIBs for electrochemical characterizations for obtaining electricity are also analyzed. The progress of synthesis methods is highlighted, connecting them to the mitigation strategies to overcome the failure mechanisms in Ni-rich cathodes. This review summarizes the state-of-the-art of Ni-based cathode for LIBs through high-impact scientific references.
... With widespread lockdown and social distancing, traditional forms of education were disrupted, leading to an increased reliance on online platforms for teaching and learning. In this contemporary society, it is not possible to do something without electrochemical energy sources (Yoo et al., 2014). Balancing the need for reliable energy sources with sustainability remains a significant challenge in ensuring the continued advancement of modern society. ...
Writing correctly and accurately in English is essential for communicating formally with others in this 4.0 era. Various approaches, methods, techniques, strategies, and media have been used to improve students’ writing skills. However, students still require help with writing correctly and accurately in English. This study aims to investigate whether online multimodal feedback-based weblogs improve students’ writing skills and to discover the students’ perceptions of using this teaching model. Fifty students were included in this quasi-experimental study. They were divided into two groups: experimental and control groups, with 25 students in each group. The experimental group was taught writing with online multimodal feedback-based weblogs, and the control group was taught writing using the traditional method. A written test was used to collect data in both pre-test and post-test. A set of questionnaires was also used to collect information about the students’ perceptions of the teaching model used. The research results showed that online multimodal feedback-based weblogs could improve the students’ writing skills. Furthermore, students in the experimental group positively responded to the use of online multimodal feedback-based weblogs in teaching and learning writing. Hence, it can be inferred that weblogs incorporating online multimodal feedback have the potential to enhance both the writing proficiency and motivation of students.
... It enables hydrogen and oxygen molecules to engage with the electrodes and undergo essential reactions, producing electricity and water. 68 Additionally, the electrolyte alkaline properties enhance reaction kinetics and accelerate the overall EC process. iii. ...
... [1,6,7,[11][12][13] Despite Ni, Co, and Mn all being reported to dissolve from the cathode, deposition of Mn on the anode has been found to generate the most damage to the anode SEI, resulting in increased capacity fade. [14] While much research has been conducted to determine the oxidation state(s) of the transition metal(s) in the cathode active materials and deposited on the anode, [1,4,13,[15][16][17][18] there are few studies examining the oxidation state of transition metal ions dissolved in the liquid electrolyte. [19][20][21][22][23] By understanding the speciation of dissolved ions in the electrolyte, better models of the transition metal ion dissolution process can be developed that account for all factors of the failure mechanisms associated with cycling to high potentials. ...
Significant capacity loss has been observed across extended cycling of lithium‐ion batteries cycled to high potential. One of the sources of capacity fade is transition metal dissolution from the cathode active material, ion migration through the electrolyte, and deposition on the solid‐electrolyte interphase on the anode. While much research has been conducted on the oxidation state of the transition metal in the cathode active material or deposited on the anode, there have been limited investigations of the oxidation state of the transition metal ions dissolved in the electrolyte. In this work, X‐ray absorption spectroscopy has been performed on electrolytes extracted from cells built with four different cathode active materials (LiMn2O4 (LMO), LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 (LNMO), LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 (NMC811), and (x Li2MnO3*(1‐x) LiNiaMnbCocO2, with a+b+c=1) (LMRNMC)) that were cycled at either high or standard potentials to determine the oxidation state of Mn and Ni in solution. Inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry has been performed on the anodes from these cells to determine the concentration of deposited transition metal ions. While transition metal ions were found dissolved in all electrolytes, the oxidation state(s) of Mn and Ni were determined to be dependent on the cathode material and independent of cycling potential.
... There are numerous forms of energy storage systems, such as thermal energy storage, thermochemical energy storage, and electrochemical energy storage [1]. Electrochemical energy storage consists of supercapacitors and batteries [2]. Nowadays, batteries are advanced applications with high voltage, high energy density, large charge numbers and discharge cycles [3], and portability. ...
... From the impedance data, real (ε ) and imaginary (ε ) permittivity values as a function of frequency for a sample with various LiClO 4 concentrations were deduced. The ε and ε can be deduced using Equations (2) and (3). ...
In this work, a plant-based resin gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) was prepared by stereolithography (SLA) 3D printing. Lithium perchlorate (LiClO4) with a concentration between 0 wt.% and 25 wt.% was added into the plant-based resin to observe its influence on electrical and structural characteristics. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis showed shifts in the carbonyl, ester, and amine groups, proving that complexation between the polymer and LiClO4 had occurred. GPEs with a 20 wt.% LiClO4 (S20) showed the highest room temperature conductivity of 3.05 × 10−3 S cm−1 due to the highest number of free ions as determined from FTIR deconvolution. The mobility of free ions in S20 electrolytes was also the highest due to greater micropore formation, as observed via field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) images. Transference number measurements suggest that ionic mobility plays a pivotal role in influencing the conductivity of S20 electrolytes. Based on this work, it can be concluded that the plant-based resin GPE with LiClO4 is suitable for future electrochemical applications.
... Energy storage technologies using cheap and sustainable energy supplies alleviate the problems of resource shortage and environmental pollution caused by fossil energy sources, including oil, coal, and natural gas. 1 Secondary batteries have been widely used in portable mobile devices and large-scale electrochemical energy storage. 2,3 The 2019 Nobel Prize in Chemistry recognized the excellent contribution of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, lithium resources are scarce (only 0.0017 wt % of global resources), unevenly distributed, and expensive, thus forcing the secondary batteries toward other relatively abundant and low-cost resources (e.g., Na, K, Mg, and Zn). ...
... This is because the surface decomposition layer and H + inserted in the lattice accelerate the electrolyte consumption, thus hindering the Na + diffusion. 57 Nazar et al. concluded that the air aging process of Na 2/3 [Mn 0.5 Fe 0.5 ]O 2 materials is accompanied by the insertion of CO 3 2− in the transition metal layer. 79 In a humid air environment, CO 2 and H 2 O combine to produce H 2 CO 3 . ...
... 79 In a humid air environment, CO 2 and H 2 O combine to produce H 2 CO 3 . Then, the CO 3 2− generated by the dissociation of H 2 CO 3 is inserted into the tetrahedral sites of the transition metal layer, and the remaining protons react with oxygen to regenerate H 2 O in the surface absorbent layer (CO 2(ads) + H 2 O (ads) → 2H + (surf) + CO 3 2− (insert) ). As a result of charge compensation, the insertion of CO 3 2− causes an increase in the valence of Mn from Mn 3+ to Mn 4+ , leading to the inactivation of Mn ions in Na 2/3 [Mn 0.5 Fe 0.5 ]O 2 during the first charging. ...
Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are a leading candidate to address the energy crisis and lithium depletion. Layered transition metal (TM) oxides are regarded as one of the most promising cathode materials for SIBs due to their high capacities, high rate capability, and low cost. However, the practical application of layered TM oxide cathodes is significantly challenged by limitations in both energy density and cycle life, specifically at extreme temperatures. Herein, we summarize the fundamental issues and newly proposed strategies on interface reaction and air sensitivity of layered TM oxide cathodes. Then, the research progress on pursuing wide-temperature-range oxide-based SIBs and analysis of recent commercialization attempts are reviewed. Finally, we prospect the future research directions to accelerate the practical application of layered TM oxide cathodes in SIBs. This work will provide an enhanced understanding of the challenges and strategies of layered TM oxide cathodes and guidance on developing high-energy-density and long-life SIBs.
... In any case, the fast-depleting conventional energy sources based on fossil fuels will also be limited in supplying the future energy needed for the world. Therefore, developing alternative and environmentally friendly renewable energy sources such as solar and wind along with hydro and geothermal, etc. along with low energy consuming technologies and efficient energy storage methods are being widely discussed in the scientific community [4]. Ideally, electrical energy must be available 24 h a day to meet the continuous energy demand by society and industry. ...
... Among these, batteries are devices that are used to convert chemical energy directly to electrical energy and they are the leading energy storage technologies available today that are capable of releasing a flow of charge when required. Rechargeable battery (secondary battery) technology is the most promising because the chemical reaction employed to generate electricity is reversible [4]. Rechargeable metal-ion batteries (Li, Na, K, Mg, Zn, Al, etc.) with a long lifetime, high energy/power density, and safety are preferred and attract much attention due to their flexibility in diverse applications. ...
Temperature dependence of ionic conductivity of three different compositions of the Mg(BH4)2:polyethylene oxide (PEO):propylene carbonate (PC) polymer gel electrolyte with Mg(BH4)2:PEO molar ratios of 1:8, 1:10, and 1:12 was studied. The composition with Mg(BH4)2:PEO = 1:10 exhibited the highest ionic conductivity of 7.60 × 10−6 S cm−1 at 30 °C. The effect of TiO2 nanofiller on ionic conductivity enhancement was studied for Mg(BH4)2:PEO:PC:TiO2 polymer gel electrolyte by varying the TiO2 weight ratio from 0 to 12.5 wt.%. The highest ionic conductivity of 17.95 × 10−6 S cm−1 at 30 °C was exhibited by the electrolyte composition with 10 wt% of TiO2 nanofiller. The optimized electrolytes had a Mg++ cationic transference number of 0.22 for the filler free electrolyte and 0.30 for the TiO2 10wt% filler incorporated electrolyte. Both electrolytes had negligible electronic conductivity. A more than two-fold increase in the ionic conductivity and a 30% increase in Mg++ ion transference number can be attributed to the nanofiller effect caused by TiO2. This preliminary study shows the possibility of developing this PEO-based polymer gel electrolyte to be used in rechargeable Mg ion batteries.
... Despite ongoing developments, there is a lack of cost-effective, mass-produced, and, most importantly, fully integrated storage solutions [105]. In addition, numerous distinct problems associated with RES for instance, poor power quality, meager load following, generation-load mismatch, voltage deviation, frequency instability, and intermittent output power cannot be techno-economically achieved by a sole ESS technology. ...
... In general, there are three types of anode reactions for Li-ion batteries. The Ionics reactions are intercalation, conversion, and alloying as illustrated in Fig. 4 [20,21]. ...
... Overall reaction: 4 Li-ion battery anodes: Li ion insertion, conversion, and alloying reactions. Reproduced with permission [21] The theoretical specific capacity of the ZnO electrode formula is calculated as follows in the Eq. (11): ...
In the recent 5 years, zinc oxide (ZnO)-based anode has been one of the research hotspot projects utilized to improve the electrochemical performance of lithium-ion batteries. This is because the theoretical capacity of the ZnO-based is the highest among metal oxides (MOs) with up to 987.87 \(\mathrm{mAh }{\mathrm{g}}^{-1}\). However, ZnO has shown some drawbacks during the cycle operation in lithium-ion batteries such as agglomeration during the discharge/charge process and low intrinsic conductivity. Researchers have attempted to find an alternative by hybridizing ZnO with carbonaceous materials, which can encounter the problem of ZnO by buffering the volume expansion of ZnO and enhancing the conductivity of ZnO anodes for high-capacity lithium-ion batteries. Hence, this review study focuses on ZnO/C composites to have a systematic review and meta-analysis comparative between binary and ternary ZnO/C composites and determining the correlation between the chosen of different carbonaceous materials on the binary ZnO/C. The binary ZnO/C composites are classified according to the structure of the carbonaceous materials: graphene, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), carbon nanofibers (CNFs), three-dimensional (3D) carbon, porous carbon, biomass-derived carbon and other carbonaceous materials. For ternary ZnO/C composites, the classification is made on whether they hybridize with other carbons or metals. Besides, other factors such as porosity that might influence the electrochemical performance are also discussed in order to obtain a promising anode for lithium-ion batteries.
