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Prolong infestation of Insects Pests and rapid virulence of several diseases on large cardamom causes a drastic reduction in potential production threatens Nepalese agricultural finance of 48 hilly districts. Unsustainable, unhealthy, and traditional management practices before and after susceptible are major causes of yield reduction. This review...
Citations
... Mountain agriculture is also impacted by pest infestations and diseases, which have a direct impact on people's livelihoods. According to Basnet et al., (2021), pests and diseases have caused a rapid decline in large cardamom production in the eastern part of the HKH. ...
The cryosphere of the Hindu Kush Himalaya (HKH) is an important source of water for maintaining ecosystem health, supporting biological diversity, and providing ecosystem services (very high confidence). This biodiversity-rich region – 40% of which is under protected area coverage – is characterised by interconnected and diverse ecosystems. Sixty percent of the region features seasonal cryosphere (snow, glacier, permafrost, and glacial lakes) – a major source of water and other ecosystem services (very high confidence).
However, multiple drivers of change, including climate change, are impacting the fragile HKH ecosystem and cryosphere, bringing cascading impacts on surrounding ecosystems and human wellbeing (high confidence). As a fragile ecosystem, the HKH is extremely sensitive to climate change. Widespread shrinking of the cryosphere – attributable to climate change – is resulting in glacier mass loss, snow cover reduction, shrinkage of permafrost area, changes in hydrology, and increased natural hazards and disasters (high confidence). Cascading impacts have been reported in most ecosystems, affecting most inhabitant species (high confidence). A visible range shift of species to higher elevations, ecosystem degradation and changes, decrease in habitat suitability, species decline and extinction, and invasion by alien species have been reported, both increasing the vulnerabilities of biodiversity and people and affecting their wellbeing (high confidence).
Future scenarios paint an alarming picture at the ecosystem and species levels – increased ecosystem vulnerability and lowered ecosystem services flows will result in disruptions to social–ecological resilience (high confidence). There is increasing documentation of the cascading effects of cryosphere loss on ecosystems, including ecosystem degradation and changes in species structure and composition. Predicted scenarios show more extreme events taking place, with increasing imbalances in ecosystem functions resulting in more acute societal vulnerability (high confidence).
... Mountain agriculture is also impacted by pest infestations and diseases, which have a direct impact on people's livelihoods. According to Basnet et al., (2021), pests and diseases have caused a rapid decline in large cardamom production in the eastern part of the HKH. ...
... Cardamom farming is a monoculture practice so there are more chances to complete several life cycles by insects, pests, fungi, bacteria, viruses, and more severity of infestation (Yadav et al., 2021). Twenty-three insect pests (leaf Eating caterpillar (Artona chorista Jordon), stem borer (Glyphipterix spp.), Shootfly (Merochloropsdimorphus Cherian), White grub (Holotrichia sp.), etc.) four fungal diseases (Colletotrichum blight, etc.) and two viral diseases are found associated with large cardamom (Amomum subulatum Roxb.) (Vijayan and Shadanaika, 2020). ...
Four treatments (Dadaguard Plus (0.05%), mugwort (Titepati) Oil (0.05%), azadiractin (Neem) Oil (0.25%), and tobacco extract (1%) of different botanicals and an absolute control) were evaluated in a field experiment against a lepidopteran pest, the leaf eating caterpillar infesting large cardamom, in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with an area of 4.2× 3.88 m 2 in each experimental unit having 5 treatments with 4 replications at Khandbari, Sankhuwasa-bha, Nepal. Leaf-eating caterpillars cause a white papery thin epidermis-like structure at the primary stage and defoliation of the plant, leaving the midrib of the leaves, symptoms at the severe stage. Treatment-wise application of botanicals was done by using a high-volume knapsack sprayer, and the number of larvae per plant was counted at different time intervals, viz., 3, 5, and 7 days after spraying (DAS), to access the effectiveness of the treatments. The botanical pesticides caused significant differences in their effects against the leaf-eating caterpillar. Among the different botanicals, Dadaguard Plus (0.05 %) was found highly effective in managing the leaf-eating caterpillar in large cardamom, followed by neem oil (0.25%), tobacco extract (1%), titepati oil (0.05%), and untreated control, respectively. Dadaguard could be considered an effective botanical in the successful management of the pest leaf eating caterpillar due to its efficacy.
