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Leaf and fruit shapes of edible Ficus carica varieties in Fars Province. (A) 'Roghani', (B) 'Kale Gorbeie', (C) 'Payves Siyah', (D) 'Shah Anjeer Morvarid', (E) 'Sigotou', (F) 'Sabz Morvarid', (G) 'Pariyovee', (H) 'Barg Chenary', (I)' 'Matti', (J) 'Kashky', (K) 'Charmee', (L) 'Rownoo', (M) 'Sabz', (N) 'Siah', (O) 'Shah Anjeer', (P) 'Atabaki', (Q) 'Sefid', (R) 'Kanezak', (S) 'Payves', (T) 'Ghanee', and (U) 'Mambilee'.
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Ficus carica L. is one of the most ancient fruit trees cultivated in Persia (Iran).The conservation and characterization of fig genetic resources is essential for sustainable fig production and food security. Given these considerations, this study characterizes the genetic variability of 21 edible F. carica cultivars in the Fars Province using rand...
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... LW, whereas 'Payves Siyah' and 'Mambilee' tended to have the smallest values for both parameters. The 'Sigotou' genotype has the longest PL (6 cm), which makes the abscission of the fruit easy and quick from the twig, and consequently main- tains the fruit's integrity. As reported in Table 2, 'Payves Siyah' was the only variety which had the entire leaf. The rest of acces- sion had three-or five-lobed leaves with different CLS (Fig. 1). (Table 3; Fig. 1). Some cultivars, including Roghani, Kale Gorbeie, Peyvas Siah, and Barg Chenari, were juvenile (sapling) and no fruit was observed during the study, so no photographic record of their fruit was collected. However, they have been morphologically well characterized in col- laboration with a fig research station team in the Fars Province, and their morphological traits are described in this study (Supplemen- tal Fig. 1). The fruit skin ground color (FSGC) and FPIC of fig cultivars in this study were quite diverse (Table ...
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... LW, whereas 'Payves Siyah' and 'Mambilee' tended to have the smallest values for both parameters. The 'Sigotou' genotype has the longest PL (6 cm), which makes the abscission of the fruit easy and quick from the twig, and consequently main- tains the fruit's integrity. As reported in Table 2, 'Payves Siyah' was the only variety which had the entire leaf. The rest of acces- sion had three-or five-lobed leaves with different CLS (Fig. 1). (Table 3; Fig. 1). Some cultivars, including Roghani, Kale Gorbeie, Peyvas Siah, and Barg Chenari, were juvenile (sapling) and no fruit was observed during the study, so no photographic record of their fruit was collected. However, they have been morphologically well characterized in col- laboration with a fig research station team in the Fars Province, and their morphological traits are described in this study (Supplemen- tal Fig. 1). The fruit skin ground color (FSGC) and FPIC of fig cultivars in this study were quite diverse (Table ...
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... LW, whereas 'Payves Siyah' and 'Mambilee' tended to have the smallest values for both parameters. The 'Sigotou' genotype has the longest PL (6 cm), which makes the abscission of the fruit easy and quick from the twig, and consequently main- tains the fruit's integrity. As reported in Table 2, 'Payves Siyah' was the only variety which had the entire leaf. The rest of acces- sion had three-or five-lobed leaves with different CLS (Fig. 1). (Table 3; Fig. 1). Some cultivars, including Roghani, Kale Gorbeie, Peyvas Siah, and Barg Chenari, were juvenile (sapling) and no fruit was observed during the study, so no photographic record of their fruit was collected. However, they have been morphologically well characterized in col- laboration with a fig research station team in the Fars Province, and their morphological traits are described in this study (Supplemen- tal Fig. 1). The fruit skin ground color (FSGC) and FPIC of fig cultivars in this study were quite diverse (Table ...
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... analysis and RAPD band patterns. From the 24 arbitrary RAPD primers initially screened, only 16 primers generated strong and reproducible amplifica- tion products, all of which displayed poly- morphism. Genetic diversity among the fig cultivars in this study were detected using these 16 single decamer primers (Table 4; Fig. 2). A total of 229 loci were successfully generated with 170 (74.43%) of them poly- morphic. Based on the data from the 16 assay units, the PIC av was 0.899 (Table 4). Indi- vidual primers generated a number of bands varying from 9 (OPY15) to 22 (OPH19), with an average of 14.31 bands per assay unit (Table 4; Fig. 2). The PPB ranged from 4 (OPY15) to 18 (OPH19), with an average value of 10.6 bands per primer. None of the pair accessions exhibited identical band pat- terns. The maximum PIC value of 0.942 was observed using OPH19, whereas the mini- mum PIC value of 0.854 was obtained using OPY15. Indeed, the PIC value and PI showed that the OPH19 was more practical in com- parison with the other primers used in this experiment as it produced more PPB (Table 4; Fig. 2). Discrimination power of each marker was estimated by the PI ranging from 0.965 to 0.994 which was nearly uni- form (random) for the total of 170 PPB. The analysis was based on the principle that a band is considered to be polymorphic or monomorphic if it is present in some or all cultivars in the study. The relatedness of the fig varieties in the study was well established through the use of RAPD markers. Among the studied cultivars, the genetic similarity ranged from 0.514 to 0.839 (Table 5). The reliability and consistency of the UPGMA Small SF = shape of fruit; FS = fruit size; FSGC = fruit skin ground color; FPIC = fruit pulp internal color; PC = pulp cavity. clustering method with the RAPD ge- netic similarity matrix was ensured by the high cophenetic correlation coefficient of r = 0.737. 'Shah Anjeer Morvarid' and 'Shah Anjeer' showed a high degree of genetic similarity (0.839). High genetic similarity (0.802) was also observed between cultivar Kashky and Charmee, which is likely due to the high level of intracultivar clonal similar- ity. The lowest genetic similarity (0.514) was observed between cultivars Kale Gorbeie and Sefid (Table 5). Genetic variability and phylogenetic relationships. The dendrogram presents re- lationships among 21 fig cultivars based on the area of their diffusion and/or pedigree information (Fig. 3). Determination of the optimal number of clusters or number of acceptable clusters is an important feature in cluster analysis. The dendrogram contains five well-supported clusters/groups of edible figs (Fig. 3). The first cluster consists of Roghani and Kale Gorbeie cultivars, which are separated at a cutting value of 0.68. The second group contains Atabaki cultivar, which can be distinguished by a cutting point of 0.62 from the first ...
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Citations
... Furthermore, high phenotypic variability was reported in female gs from Iran (Mahdavian et al., 2006;Baziar et al., 2018;Khadivi et al., 2018;Mirheidari et al., 2020), Tunisia (Mars et al., 1998;Chatti et al., 2003;Aljane et al., 2012;Gaaliche et al., 2012;Essid et al., 2017), Turkey (Caliskan & Polat, 2008, 2012Caliskan et al., 2017), Morroco (Oukabli et al., 2002;Hssaini et al., 2019Hssaini et al., , 2020b, Spain (Sanches et al., 2002;Pérez-Sánchez et al., 2016), Lebanon (Chalack et al., 2005), Palestine (Ali-Shtayeh et al., 2014), Jordan (Almajali et al., 2012), and Slovenia (Podgornik et al., 2010). These studies indicated that high diversity in pomological and leaf-related traits could be used as an efcient marker system to discriminate between g genotypes (Khadivi et al., 2018). ...
The fig (Ficus carica L.) tree has not been subjected to intensive plant breeding programs, and thus many fig tree populations exhibit rich genetic biodiversity that could only be fully exploited once it is properly identified and classified. Traditionally, the plant germplasm characterization with the aim of its conservation has been carried out using morphological or agronomical traits. Despite the progress in elaborating descriptors, fluctuations among years, environments, or repetitions have made its application difficult until recently. These fluctuations are significant in common fig tree germplasm, and consequently, the cultivar identification is very difficult for this species. Particularly, a high vagueness and incongruence have been found in the locally cultivated accessions. Therefore, selecting highly discriminant variables is essential to optimize resources for a feasible morphological characterization. This is especially important in a crop such as a fig fruit with hundreds of genotypes described worldwide in which many synonymies and homonymies may be observed. Presumably, the most reliable method for proper investigation and optimizing resources of reliable and highly discriminant variables for a feasible morphological characterization and to detect separation of genotypes (varieties, cultivars, and accessions) is vegetative propagation and thus cloning of a homogeneous and uniform genotype and planting them in different regions with different climatic conditions and of course with a specific nutritional program. Then, under different environmental and geographical conditions, it is possible to diagnose stability and instability in the measured qualitative and quantitative morphological traits in that cultivar. In this way, the altered and environmentally affected traits can be ignored, and as a result, valid and stable morphological and distinctive traits in that cultivar could be obtained. Also, in this method, a pattern for unstable traits in different climatic conditions as additional side information for different cultivars could be defined.
... The average values of LLL, LLW, and PL of the Basilicata accessions were similar to the figs accessions or local varieties characterized by [11,14,16,43] in India, Iran, Brazil, and Tunisia, respectively. ...
... In Ficus carica L., the aspect of the base of the leaf is one of the primary descriptors of the leaf shape [7] and was also one primary source of variation observed by [16], which compared different Persian varieties of fig, most of them with a calcarate or cordate leaf base. ...
... The PC2 has high loadings with leaf lobations traits, and PC3 and PC4 with traits related to leaf width (PUS and UVL) and the shape of the leaf base ( Figure 5). When measured, the same leaf traits were also found in PCs of different fig accessions of Iran [12,13,16], Tunisia [11], Libya and Egypt [51], Morocco [13,15], in Mulberry genotypes [23], and in grapevine [52]. ...
Figs (Ficus carica L.) are ancient fruits of the Mediterranean basin. In Southern Italy, they are particularly important in the traditional course of local cuisine. In Southern Italy, fig trees are rarely cultivated in specialized orchards but are present in association with other fruit trees (for example, olive, almond, pear, pomegranate, and grapevine). These mixed orchards are particularly important in the traditional agroecosystems of the south of Italy. This study reports preliminary results on the local fig variety’s leaf morphological characterization, aiming to elucidate the presence of synonymousness or homonymy for in situ and ex situ conservation and further exploitation. A field survey was carried out during the summer of 2018 in some areas of the Basilicata district. Thirty local putative varieties were collected, and each of them was identified by GPS coordinates and recorded photographically. Moreover, they were cataloged with the name of the Municipality of origin, year, details of growing location (main crop, mixed orchard, gardens, and single plants), approximate age, and the local name supplied by the donor. All relevant information was included in the accession code. Leaf samples were collected from each accession from medium-length shoots. A digital image of each leaf sample was captured using a digital camera. Leaf morphometric traits were recorded using ImageJ and statistically analyzed using the software PAST 4.11 to discriminate among fig accessions. The multivariate morphometric approach applied correctly classified more than 90% of the leaves and helped to discriminate among accession. Moreover, linear discriminant analysis helped to recognize the presence of different synonymousness and homonymy of different accessions. The results revealed that measured leaf morphometric aided by image analysis could be a simple and inexpensive accessions classification tool.
... Some of the frequently used molecular markers are restriction fragment random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs), amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs), simple sequence repeats (SSRs) and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Four different types of molecular makers that have been used to detect the fig cultivars are summarized in Table 4. (Almajali et al., 2012) and Chinese Fig (Zhang et al., 2020) SSR Tunisian caprifigs (Essid et al., 2015) and (Ciarmiello et al., 2015) and Persia Figs, Iran (Baziar et al., 2018) RAPD and AFLP Five new gamma irradiated plants were used in the study with Roxo-de-Valinhos cultivar as a standard (Rodrigues et al., 2012) According to Aljane et al., (2018), ISSR and RAPD markers are mainly used to detect polymorphism and DOVR LQ GLVWLQJXLVKLQJ ¿J FXOWLYDUV 0HDQZKLOH 665V SURFHGXUHV DUH KDELWXDWHG WR LGHQWLI\ FKDUDFWHUL]H RU for the assessment of genetic diversity of fig cultivars (Essid et al., 2015;Aljane et al., 2018). studies done by Rodrigues et al., (2012) showed that RAPD and AFLP molecular markers have been used to compare the genetic variability gamma radiated fig trees and the Roxo-de-Valinhos cultivars. ...
In vitro propagation offers some advantages over conventional propagation methods where it can supply
uniform plants throughout the year and offer germplasm conservation. Besides, the optimization of in
vitro culture conditions can accelerate and ease the research on transgenic plants through genetic
engineering technology. Induced mutation breeding is a well-established method for plant improvement
and this procedure can raise the possibility by a thousandfold when compared to spontaneous mutation
under natural condition. Plant genetic engineering is currently a crucial method to transform genes of
interest into a particular plant nuclear genome to get the desired expression. Successful transformation
of fig cultivars provides a promising tool for the introduction of desired genes into fig cultivars,
improved agronomic characteristic, and a means for the production of desired proteins in the edible
parts of fig. Molecular markers are mostly neutral to environmental variations, in which researchers can
evaluate their genetic material independently of the environmental conditions as opposed to
morphological markers. Molecular markers such as RAPD, RFLP, ISSR and SSR have reportedly been
prosperously utilized for the characterization of fig germplasm. Meanwhile, mutation which can occur
either spontaneously or via induction plays a notable role in improving the ostiole size, fruit size, quality
and productivity of fig. It is believed that fig has become one of the most valuable crops in the world
as its fruits contain incredible
... More recently, Baziar et al. (2018) It seems that difference among these studies was related to sampling distances. In both studies, Salhi-Hannachi et al. (2005) and Baziar et al. (2018), plant samples were collected from two localities or one province, while we collected fourteen populations from different parts of Iran. ...
... More recently, Baziar et al. (2018) It seems that difference among these studies was related to sampling distances. In both studies, Salhi-Hannachi et al. (2005) and Baziar et al. (2018), plant samples were collected from two localities or one province, while we collected fourteen populations from different parts of Iran. The distance between our studied populations were very long and in some cases exceed than 2500 km. ...
Ficus carica L. is a species of Moraceae family that has been cultivated in different parts of the world from ancient time. Its fruit is eaten by human and has several medicinal properties. This species widely grows and cultivated in various parts of Iran. For this, in the current study, we investigated infraspecific genetic variation and population structure of F. carica in the country. 14 natural populations of F. carica were collected and their genomic DNA were extracted and tested with RAPD molecular technique. Parameters of population’s genetic diversity varied among the studied populations. In addition, AMOVA test revealed significant variations among the populations. The studied populations clustered separately in UPGMA tree of RAPD data, moreover PCA and MDS plots produced similar results. STRUCTURE analysis revealed the best number of k = 9. Based on Nei’s genetic distance, we had nine distinct groups. Genetic clustering patterns according to UPGMA trees of RAPD data and Nei’s genetic distance were more similar with the results of STRUCTURE analysis. The small amount of Nm) the product of the effective size of individual populations (N) and the rate of migration among them (m) (value showed limited gene flow among the studied populations, therefore it seems that high genetic variations among these populations may be related less or few amount of gene exchange among populations.
Gerbera hybrida is a highly sought-after cut flower globally, renowned for its diverse flower color and pattern resulting from its complex inflorescence meristem architecture. However, the scarcity of genomic information and molecular markers has impeded efforts to comprehend the genetic diversity of G. hybrida. To address this, our study aimed to construct genome-wide simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers in G. hybrida, utilizing genomic data from an inbred line. We employed 170 gerbera cultivars exhibiting distinct flower patterns and colors to analyze genetic variation and diversity. Our analyses revealed highly polymorphic SSR markers, a total of 69 alleles (Na) were amplified by 14 pairs of primers, in which polymorphic information content (PIC) ranging from 0.380 to 0.700 with an average value of 0.583. The polymorphic results of the observed heterozygosity (Ho) and Shannon's information index (I) were 0.499 and 1.195, respectively, showing a high level of genetic diversity within the enriched sequences of the G. hybrida genome. Leveraging these markers with strong differentiation, we successfully constructed a unique fingerprint map encompassing 170 gerbera germplasm lines. This study involved the construction of an SSR fingerprint library for G. hybrida germplasm resources, employing genetic analysis for screening and molecular-level identification. The findings provide valuable insights into the identification of gerbera germplasm resources and kinship studies among various groups. Moreover, this study lays a solid foundation for future advancements in molecular design breeding improvement and germplasm resource development in G. hybrida.
Morphological and chemical properties are widely used to identify fig genetic resources. However, many characteristics that can be used in identification are considered problematic in terms of time, labor, and sustainability. Therefore, it is necessary to optimize and use the most successful of these characteristics. This chapter aims to reveal the morphological properties that have been found successful in identifying fig genetic resources from past to present. Edible figs (Ficus carica var. domestica) and caprifig (Ficus carica var. caprificus) have different morphological characteristics, a gynodioecious species, making them a gynodioecious species. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate them separately. In edible figs, some plant characteristics such as ripening time and leaf characteristics, fruit characteristics such as size, shape, skin and ostiole cracking, skin and flesh color, and chemical properties such as total soluble solids (TSS), acidity, TSS/acidity, sugar profile, and phytochemical contents such as total antioxidant activity, total phenolics, and total anthocyanins are successful in distinguishing genotypes from each other. For the profichi product used in caprification in caprifigs, fruit characteristics such as fruit size, skin and pulp color, the number of gall flowers, pollen number per fruit, and pollen characteristics such as pollen size and shape, and pore number are successful in distinguishing individuals. The most distinctive parameters will contribute to selecting suitable parents in the establishment of fig breeding programs and the identification of genotypes.
