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Through evolutionary processes, biological composites have been optimized to fulfil specific functions. This optimization is exemplified in the mineralized dactyl club of the smashing predator stomatopod (specifically, Odontodactylus Scyllarus). This crustacean's club has been designed to withstand the thousands of high-velocity blows that it deliv...
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Context 1
... rota- tion angles were chosen such that all panels had a consistent thick- ness, and mid-plane symmetry could be maintained. Details of the composite layup schemes are presented in Table 1. ...
Context 2
... unidirectional layer within the composite samples was modeled individually as continuum plane stress shell elements with the thickness being equal to the average lamina thickness (0.135 mm) and the average element size near the impact region being 0.08 mm. Fiber orientation was assigned to each ply based on the layup details of each sample (see Table 1). ...
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Citations
... This unique arrangement, artificially achieved by stacking and rotating adjacent fiber layers in helicoidal manner, enable it to have remarkable toughness and strength, and effectively dissipate energy compared to conventional structures [10,21]. Using the aforementioned bio-inspired structure, Grunenfelder et al. [22] manufactured CFRP to achieve high-performance laminates. They concluded that the propagation of damage decreased in helicoidal laminates compared to conventional unidirectional (UD) and cross-ply laminates under impact loading. ...
... Due to the manufacturing challenges associated with bio-inspired helicoidal laminates featuring small pitch angles, there is limited literature focusing on taking advantage of these smaller angles or incorporating a gradual change in pitch angle starting from a smaller angle and increasing through the thickness [17,31]. Furthermore, these studies rarely exceed two repetitions of the bio-inspired distinct blocks throughout the thickness [22]. In this context, Jiang et al. [24] developed laminates with helicoidal layups inspired by Non-Linear Rotation Angle (NLRA) from nature to enhance the impact resistance of composite laminates. ...
Biostructures found in nature exhibit remarkable strength, toughness, and damage resistance, achieved over millions of years. Observing nature closely might help develop laminates that resemble natural structures more closely, potentially improving strength and mimicking natural principles. Bio-inspired Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymers (CFRP) investigated thus far exhibit consistent pitch angles between layers, whereas natural structures display gradual variations in pitch angle rather than consistency. Therefore, this study explores helicoidal CFRP laminates, focusing on the Non-Linear Rotation Angle (NLRA) or gradual variation to enhance composite material performance. In addition, it compares the strength and failure mechanisms of the gradual configuration with conventional helicoidal and unidirectional (UD) laminates, serving as references while conducting transverse tensile tests (out-of-plane tensile). The findings highlight the potential of conventional and gradual helicoidal structures in reinforcing CFRP laminates, increasing the failure load compared to unidirectional CFRP laminate by about 5% and 17%, respectively. In addition, utilizing bio-inspired configurations has shown promising improvements in toughness compared to traditional unidirectional laminates, as evidenced by the increased displacement at failure. The numerical and experimental analyses revealed a shift in crack path when utilizing the bio-inspired helicoidal stacking sequence. Validated by experimental data, this alteration demonstrates longer and more intricate crack propagation, ultimately leading to increased transverse strength.
... Taking inspiration from nature, these cellular structures have unconventional properties in terms of energy absorption and stiffness, while being lightweight, making them impact-resistant and resilient. A well-known example is the mantis shrimp's multiregional structure with mineralized fiber layers that provide remarkable impact resistance and energy absorbance capabilities [4][5][6]. Recently, the advancements in additive manufacturing techniques have made it possible to easily produce and optimize them for engineering purposes. Indeed, the latest developments in topology design have resulted in the production of sandwich panels that are lightweight and have internal structures based on trusses. ...
The aim of the present study is to design a solid material with specific and tailored mechanical properties through a suitably defined design framework and to evaluate the effectiveness of different microstructure geometries in an engineering perspective. To these ends, topology optimization algorithms are applied on a 2D homogenized equivalent model of a periodic structure. The design framework, developed in a previous work for 2D lattices made of regular hexagons, is here expanded and validated also in the cases of circular and square unit cells. The proposed approach involves optimizing porosity distribution of a homogenized equivalent solid, obtained through a Bloch–Floquet-based analysis, within a 2D lattice of regular unit cells forming the core element of a sandwich panel. Finite-element analyses on homogenized and fine structural models are carried out in order to validate the procedure, beyond the particular choice of the unit cell geometry and to detect its effectiveness and limits.
... This unique failure behavior of delamination (in-plane) followed by crack-twisting (through-thickness) was responsible for a higher load-carrying capacity than the conventional designs. Grunenfelder et al. 20 fabricated helicoidal FRP composites at various pitch angles (7.8 , 16.3 , and 25.7 ). They observed reduced throughthickness impact damage and increased residual strength in helicoidal carbon FRP compared to quasi-isotropic laminates. ...
This study investigates the mechanical characteristics of basalt fiber/epoxy polymer composites (BPC) inspired by nature's higher‐order designs especially helicoidal structures found in fish scales. The present work includes the experimental analysis of 20‐layered bioinspired BPC composites in single helicoidal ([90/80/70/60/50/40/30/20/10/0]s), and double helicoidal ([130/40/120/30/110/20/100/10/90/0]s) layups. The hand layup technique, followed by the vacuum bagging method, is used to fabricate composite laminates. The layup design significantly influenced the mechanical properties of both helicoidal structures with different stacking sequences, including load capacity, deformation, energy absorption, and fracture modes. Interestingly, failure mechanisms demonstrated both bending and twisting (attributed to specific ply orientation, resulting in a twisting effect) occurring majorly under flexural loading, leading to improved energy absorption. The flexural strength of single helicoidal laminate was observed to be 28.8% higher than double helicoidal laminate design. On the other hand, the double helicoidal laminate showed 46.8% and 19.4% higher interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) and impact resistance properties, respectively, compared to the single helicoidal laminate design. Therefore, this comparative experimental analysis of both stacking structures provides insights into potential changes in conventional stacking sequences and enhances understanding of mechanical responses in bioinspired composites.
Highlights
Mechanical characterization of bioinspired helicoidal laminates is done.
The flexural strength of single helicoidal laminates is 28.8% higher than double helicoidal laminates.
Double helicoidal laminates showed better interlaminar shear strength and energy absorption.
... Uniform and functionally graded lattice structures with minimal surface honeycomb lattices are designed and shown in Figure 1a. They were inspired by the microstructure of a beetle's forewing, the topology of a Mantis shrimp shell, and a dactyl club [9,34,50]. In addition, the mathematical equations used to generate a TPMS lattice were the level-set approximation equations of the Schwartz diamond (D) and Schoen gyroid (G), as given in Equations (1) and (2) [47]. ...
... Figure 1. (a) Ladybeetle forewing microstructure [9,34], Mantis shrimp structure that inspired lattice designs [50], and specific features that inspired lattice designs. (b) Uniform minimal surface diamond and gyroid honeycomb lattices at different orientations. ...
Recent progress in additive manufacturing, also known as 3D printing, has offered several benefits, including high geometrical freedom and the ability to create bioinspired structures with intricate details. Mantis shrimp can scrape the shells of prey molluscs with its hammer-shaped stick, while beetles have highly adapted forewings that are lightweight, tough, and strong. This paper introduces a design approach for bioinspired lattice structures by mimicking the internal microstructures of a beetle's forewing, a mantis shrimp's shell, and a mantis shrimp's dactyl club, with improved mechanical properties. Finite element analysis (FEA) and experimental characterisation of 3D printed polylactic acid (PLA) samples with bioinspired structures were performed to determine their compression and impact properties. The results showed that designing a bioinspired lattice with unit cells parallel to the load direction improved quasi-static compressive performance, among other lattice structures. The gyroid honeycomb lattice design of the insect forewings and mantis shrimp dactyl clubs outperformed the gyroid honeycomb design of the mantis shrimp shell, with improvements in ultimate mechanical strength, Young's modulus, and drop weight impact. On the other hand, hybrid designs created by merging two different designs reduced bending deformation to control collapse during drop weight impact. This work holds promise for the development of bioinspired lattices employing designs with improved properties, which can have potential implications for lightweight high-performance applications.
... In recent years, more and more bio-inspired and biomimetic approaches have been used to improve specific mechanical properties of fibre-reinforced composites [17][18][19]. a factor of 2.5 times higher toughness for the layered region. However, the monolithic cylinder displayed a 20% higher hardness and modulus [38]. ...
... Therefore, some applications where higher toughness is required are still not feasible. Many studies focus on improving the toughness of fibrereinforced composites using impact modifiers [9,10], tougher fibres [45,[58][59][60], special laminates [61,62] or bio-inspired concepts [17,[19][20][21]. Hybridisation with different fibres is often used to improve certain composite material properties. ...
Bast fibre-reinforced plastics are characterised by good strength and stiffness but are often brittle due to the stiff and less ductile fibres. This study uses a biomimetic approach to improve impact strength. Based on the structure of the spicules of a deep-sea glass sponge, in which hard layers of bioglass alternate with soft layers of proteins, the toughness of kenaf/epoxy composites was significantly improved by a multilayer structure of kenaf and cellulose acetate (CA) foils as impact modifiers. Due to the alternating structure, cracks are deflected, and toughness is improved. One to five CA foils were stacked with kenaf layers and processed to composite plates with bio-based epoxy resin by compression moulding. Results have shown a significant improvement in toughness using CA foils due to increased crack propagation. The unnotched Charpy impact strength increased from 9.0 kJ/m2 of the pure kenaf/epoxy composite to 36.3 kJ/m2 for the sample containing five CA foils. The tensile and flexural strength ranged from 74 to 81 MPa and 112 to 125 MPa, respectively. The tensile modulus reached values between 9100 and 10,600 MPa, and the flexural modulus ranged between 7200 and 8100 MPa. The results demonstrate the successful implementation of an abstract transfer of biological role models to improve the toughness of brittle bast fibre-reinforced plastics.
... Classification of bio-inspired structures for rebar-free concrete construction[58][59][60][61][62]. ...
... It is well known that biological composite materials are strong, rigid, stable, viscoelastic substances that can creep, recover, absorb energy, and filter vibrations [3]. Grunenfelder et al. [4] stated, that "fish scales, crustacean exoskeletons and bone share a striking resemblance with fiber-reinforced composites, which are correlated to the architectures of armor backing materials." In comparison with a sandwich with the traditional un-reinforced core, a sandwich with a bio-inspired core has a higher flexural strength and elastic energy absorption thanks to the longitudinal reinforcement of pultruded carbon rods in the foam core [5]. ...
... Garg et al. (2023) used the zigzag theory to study the buckling and free vibration of BiHLC plates. The helical structures derived from various biological sources can be observed in Fig. 1 (Grunenfelder et al. 2014;Jiang et al. 2019). ...
The main aim of this study is to further extend isogeometric analysis (IGA) based on higher-order shear deformation theory (HSDT) with Soldatos’s continuous function f(z)\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$f(z)$\end{document} for examining the free vibration characteristics of bio-inspired helicoid laminated composite (BiHLC) plates resting on elastic foundation (EF). The foundation follows Pasternak’s model with springer stiffness (k1\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$k_{1}$\end{document}) and shear stiffness (k2\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$k_{2}$\end{document}). The governing equation is derived by using Hamilton’s principle. The performance of the proposed formula is confirmed by comparing the obtained results with those of previous publications. In addition, an artificial neural network (ANN) model is set up by using Matlab software to accurately predict the natural frequencies of BiHLC plates without running code. Finally, some examples are conducted to provide novel results in the free vibration of BiHLC plates with different values of geometrical dimensions, material properties, boundary conditions (BCs), and foundation stiffness.
... To create Bouligand composites, one strategy consists of manually laying up long fiber-reinforced polymer laminates with controlled angles between each layer [8][9][10] . However, the use of continuous long fibers poses drastic constraints on the shapes. ...
The Bouligand structure found in the dactyl club of mantis shrimps is known for its impact resistance. However, Bouligand-inspired reinforced composites with 3D shapes and impact resistance characteristics have not yet been demonstrated. Herein, direct ink writing was used to 3D print composites reinforced with glass microfibers assembled into Bouligand structures with controllable pitch angles. The energy absorption levels of the Bouligand composites under impact were found to surpass those of composites with unidirectional microfiber alignment. Additionally, the Bouligand composites with a pitch angle of 40° exhibited a maximum energy absorption of 2.4 kJ/m ² , which was 140% higher than that of the unidirectional composites. Furthermore, the characterization of the topography of the fractured surface, supplemented with numerical simulations, revealed a combination of crack twisting and crack bridging mechanisms. Flexural tests conducted on the composites with a pitch angle of 40° revealed that these composites had the strongest properties, including a flexural strength of 36.9 MPa, a stiffness of 2.26 GPa, and energy absorption of 8 kJ/m ² . These findings are promising for the microstructural design of engineered composites using direct ink writing for applications in aerospace, transportation, and defense.
... Researches on the mechanical properties of bio-inspired helicoidal composite laminated plates are growing continuously. The influences of helicoidal layup sequences on the bending, [5][6][7] shear, [8][9][10] impact, [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21] thermomechanical buckling responses [22][23][24][25] of bio-inspired laminated plates have been proved by experiments and theoretical analyses. Moreover, except for the linear helicoidal configuration with uniform rotation angles, Jiang et al. 26 proposed three new nonlinear helicoidal layups of helicoidal-recursive, exponential and semicircular configurations for the first time. ...
... All the FE simulations, included in both optimization design and nonlinear vibration analysis, are performed using ABAQUS. 11 = 100 000, ρ = 1.0. The large amplitude deformation with the shape obtained from the eigenvector of linear vibration analysis under CCCC or SSSS boundary condition respectively is applied on the plate before the nonlinear vibration simulation. ...
Bio-inspired helicoidal carbon fiber reinforced polymer composite (CFRPC) laminates stacked with Bouligand configurations are considered to own great potential in engineering fields. The optimization design of helicoidal layups with single-form and combination-form of linear and nonlinear helicoidal arrangements is carried out using ABAQUS and Isight. Two single-objective optimizations and one multi-objective optimization of maximum fundamental frequency and the difference among the first four adjacent vibration frequencies of helicoidal CFRPC laminated plates are performed and the nonlinear free vibration characteristics of optimal ones are investigated for the first time. Numerical studies are carried out for 16-ply symmetrical rectangular helicoidal laminated plates under two different boundary conditions compared with quasi-isotropic counterparts. The results show that the combination-form helicoidal layup sequences can improve the linear vibration characteristics of CFRPC laminated plates. The plates stacked with the combination form of nonlinear Fibonacci and linear patterns are expected to provide better vibration characteristics.
