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Air temperature variations are studied in the territory of the middle and high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. Estimates
of the intraregional homogeneity of current climate changes were used to carry out zoning by several criteria for the XX and
early XXI centuries. Six zones with typical climate change were identified: the Pacific, Canadian,...
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We propose a general principle that under the radiative-convective equilibrium, the spatial and temporal variations in a planet's surface and atmosphere tend to increase its cooling. This principle is based on Jensen's inequality and the curvature of the response functions of surface temperature and outgoing cooling flux to changes in incoming stel...
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... Warming trends in mean air temperatures across the Northern Hemisphere are evident over the last century and will continue into the 21st century according to the IPCC fifth assessment report on climate change (Allen et al., 2014). The warming trend is more pronounced in the cold regions of the Northern Hemisphere (>40 N), particularly during the cold season (Liu et al., 2007;Panin et al., 2009). This warming trend was a salient element in the local and regional studies reviewed in this work, as was the fact that annual air temperatures are projected to continue increasing, with the largest warming occurring during the cold season. ...
Cold region hydrology is conditioned by distinct cryospheric and hydrological processes. While snowmelt is the main contributor to both surface and subsurface flows, seasonally frozen soil also influences the partition of meltwater and rain between these flows. Cold regions of the Northern Hemisphere midlatitudes have been shown to be sensitive to climate change. Assessing the impacts of climate change on the hydrology of this
region is therefore crucial, as it supports a significant amount of population relying on hydrological services and subjected to changing hydrological risks. We present an exhaustive review of the literature on historical and projected future changes on cold region hydrology in response to climate change. Changes in snow, soil, and streamflow key metrics were investigated and summarized at the hemispheric scale, down to the basin scale. We found substantial evidence of both historical and projected changes in the reviewed hydrological metrics. These metrics were shown to display different sensitivities to climate change, depending on the cold season temperature regime of a given region. Given the historical and projected future warming during the 21st century, the most drastic changes were found to be occurring over regions with near-freezing air
temperatures. Colder regions, on the other hand, were found to be comparatively less sensitive to climate change. The complex interactions between the snow and soil metrics resulted in either colder or warmer soils, which led to increasing or decreasing frost depths, influencing the partitioning rates between the surface and subsurface flows. The most consistent and salient hydrological responses to both historical and projected climate change were an earlier occurrence of snowmelt floods, an overall increase in water availability and streamflow during winter, and a decrease in water availability and streamflow during the warm season, which calls for renewed assessments of existing water supply and flood risk management strategies.
... Warming trends in mean air temperatures across the Northern Hemisphere are evident over the last century and will continue into the 21st century according to the IPCC fifth assessment report on climate change (Allen et al., 2014). The warming trend is more pronounced in the cold regions of the Northern Hemisphere (>40 N), particularly during the cold season (Liu et al., 2007;Panin et al., 2009). This warming trend was a salient element in the local and regional studies reviewed in this work, as was the fact that annual air temperatures are projected to continue increasing, with the largest warming occurring during the cold season. ...
Cold region hydrology is conditioned by distinct cryospheric and hydrological processes. While snowmelt is the main contributor to both surface and subsurface flows, seasonally frozen soil also influences the partition of meltwater and rain between these flows. Cold regions of the Northern Hemisphere midlatitudes have been shown to be sensitive to climate change. Assessing the impacts of climate change on the hydrology of this region is therefore crucial, as it supports a significant amount of population relying on hydrological services and subjected to changing hydrological risks. We present an exhaustive review of the literature on historical and projected future changes on cold region hydrology in response to climate change. Changes in snow, soil, and streamflow key metrics were investigated and summarized at the hemispheric scale, down to the basin scale. We found substantial evidence of both historical and projected changes in the reviewed hydrological metrics. These metrics were shown to display different sensitivities to climate change, depending on the cold season temperature regime of a given region. Given the historical and projected future warming during the 21st century, the most drastic changes were found to be occurring over regions with near-freezing air temperatures. Colder regions, on the other hand, were found to be comparatively less sensitive to climate change. The complex interactions between the snow and soil metrics resulted in either colder or warmer soils, which led to increasing or decreasing frost depths, influencing the partitioning rates between the surface and subsurface flows. The most consistent and salient hydrological responses to both historical and projected climate change were an earlier occurrence of snowmelt floods, an overall increase in water availability and streamflow during winter, and a decrease in water availability and streamflow during the warm season, which calls for renewed assessments of existing water supply and flood risk management strategies.
... For the mouths of large rivers, biological invasions and the introduction of alien species of aquatic organisms transported with the ballast waters of ships have become specific problems (Sabia et al., 2015;Dry et al., 2016). The threats related to climate warming have acquired particular relevance in the Arctic Circle (Panin et al., 2009;Rautio et al., 2011). Thus, structural changes in water communities caused by the thermal eutrophication of lakes were also recorded in the Pechora Basin-in the southeastern part of the Bolshezemelskaya tundra (Fefilova et al., , 2016. ...
The structure and diversity of zooplankton of the mouth of the largest river in the European North, the Pechora, is studied. The river delta, an adjacent piece of the Pechora course, the estuary (Korovinskaya Bay), and lakes on its northern coast—in Timan Tundra—are in the studied region. In the delta of the Pechora River, the planktonic fauna is rich and unique in structure, in which rotifers (105 species) and cladocerans (55 species) prevailed; thermophilic invertebrates are present in zooplankton, but psychrophilic ones are revealed. Among copepods, brackish taxa and also a possible recent invader of the region (Eurytemora sp.) are found. The analysis of alpha and beta diversities of planktonic communities of the studied region shows the highest indexes for the delta water bodies relative to others and for the lake zooplankton in general. In our opinion, such diversity is due to a variety of environmental conditions and also features of gradients of the dominating environmental factors: temperature, anthropogenic, etc.
... The † Deceased. western atmospheric transfer of moisture from sea sur face has a considerable effect on the regime of moist ening of European territory [7,14]. The characteris tics of the centers of action of the atmosphere and ocean have been a focus of intense studies [1,4,6,16,18,21,22]. ...
... Estimates of the effect of the North Atlantic on Eurasia, made in [8,9,14], demonstrates the direct effect of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and the Atlantic thermohaline circulation (ATHC) on climate variations in ER. Variations of the net heat flux between the North Atlantic and the atmosphere, as well as ATHC, show considerable long period oscilla tions [11]. ...
This study is a continuation of a cycle of studies into the effect of Atlantic climate on the hydrometeorological regime of European Russia. In this article, an attempt is made to analyze the effect of climate variations in the Atlantic on the Don basin and the hydrological regime of the Tsimlyansk Reservoir. A new composite index of heat transfer NAAII (North Atlantic Air Interaction Index) is suggested, the use of which enables the explanation of changes that have taken place in the Don basin. Evaporation was evaluated with the bathymetry of the Tsimlyansk Reservoir taken into account, and the water level of 32 m abs. was shown to be critical in the interaction between the reservoir and the atmosphere.
... Yu et al. [6] found a significant increase in annual mean temperature from 1950 to 2010, and Novorotskii [7] claimed that the tendency in temperature change in Amur River basin is generally synchronous to the global one, and the annual mean temperature increased by 1.3 ∘ C during the 20th century, based on the long-term observed data from 1891 to 2004. Panin et al. [34] demonstrated a similar conclusion at a bigger scale of the middle and high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, and Pan et al. [35] found that the temperature rose significantly since the 1980s in Heilongjiang province, which is in the Chinese part of the Amur River basin. For the regional scale, the abrupt change of the annual mean temperature occurred during 1980s, combining the results of change detection for 44 individual stations series and their average. ...
This paper aims to detect climate change points and compare the extreme temperature changes with the average-value changes in the Amur River basin. The daily air temperatures of 44 stations in the Amur River basin were collected from April 1, 1954, to March 31, 2013. The change points for annual mean and extreme temperature in 44 individual stations and their average were detected by the Mann-Kendall test, respectively. The annual mean temperature changed during 1980s in terms of increased mean value and relative stable standard deviation. The annual maximum temperature from 31 stations mostly located in the central and northwest basin changed significantly, and their change points occurred mainly in 1990s. For the annual minimum temperature, 32 stations mainly located in the central basin had significant changes. The generalized extreme value distribution was fitted to the postchange point subseries of annual extreme temperature and the parameters were estimated by the maximum likelihood method. The 10/50/100-year return levels were estimated by the method of profile likelihood. For the areas in the central and Northwestern basin, the probability of occurrence of hot extremes increased, while the occurrence probability of cold extremes was decreased in the central basin under climate change.
... Это время характеризуется относительной стабильностью в динамике ледников СССР. В арктических широтах это был период похолодания (Panin et al, 2009) или «сравнительно медленного потепления между двумя периодами интенсивного потепления в 1916-1945 и 1976-2000 гг.» (Котляков и др., 2011). В последней работе группой авторов выполнено обобщение и систематизация сведений, приведенных магаданским ученым Р. В. Седовым по ледникам Чукотского и Колымского нагорий. ...
Results of the analysis of satellite images of 2012 are presented. Square estimates and equilibrium line altitudes are given for Chukchi and Kolyma highland glaciers. These estimates are compared with 1970–80 data by Magadan explorer R. V. Sedov. Significant area reduction is observed for most of the gla cier systems. Evolution of the Chukchi highland glacier systems over the period up to 2030 is projected using climate change estimates from the ensemble of 31 IPCC models run under the RCP 4.5 scenario. Empirical relationships between М. Д. Ананичева, А. М. Карпачевский
... Such works are in progress now, and their first encouraging results open possibilities to more reliably predict the sea's level [19]. In addition, it should be mentioned that the relationship between regional changes in water balance components of the Caspian Sea and the global processes are still not fully understood [3,10,11,14,21,22]. Such studies are of particular impor tance, as there still is no consensus on Caspian Sea level variations. ...
... The main idea of this study is to analyze the depen dence of regional climate changes in the Caspian Sea basin on processes of global character, primarily, in the North Atlantic. It was established previously that, owing to the eastward transport of air masses, the cli mate of the North Atlantic region contributes much to the formation of Eurasian climate, especially, in the middle and high latitudes of European Russia and nearby countries [12][13][14][15][16][19][20][21][22][23]. To describe the cli mate in the Caspian region and variations of the sea's level, it is of importance to incorporate data character izing climate changes in the North Atlantic region, since the physical mechanism that generates long term variations of Caspian level is still not fully under stood. ...
The cause of Caspian level variations is still to be found, and their forecasting is still among the problems to be solved. This study proposes a new approach based on the results of analysis of the effect the North Atlantic has on climate formation in the Caspian Sea basin. The article presents the results of analysis of moisture transport into the Caspian Sea basin, as well as a relationship between precipitation and temperature in this basin and the indices of atmospheric and oceanic circulation for the periods of Caspian level drop and rise. A pioneer study of moisture transport from the North Atlantic showed this transport to govern the formation of Caspian Sea level regime.
... This work is in progress now, and the first results have demonstrated a possibility of more reliable pre diction of the Caspian level [12]. Additionally, it is worth mentioning that the relationship between regional changes in Caspian water balance and global processes is still not understood adequately [8,14,15]. Such studies are of particular importance because there is not generally accepted opinion about level variations in the Caspian Sea, nor even a possibility to reliably describe their tendencies. ...
... It is worth mentioning that such tendencies can be seen in climatic processes in the North Atlantic, which is known to affect the climate in the European Russia at western atmospheric transport [8][9][10][13][14][15][16]. Therefore, the analysis of Caspian level variations with no account taken of variations of Atlantic climate will not be enough for identifying the causes of level varia tions in the Caspian Sea. ...
The results of studying the hydrological regime of the Caspian Sea and its basin climate in observation period 1945–2010 are generalized. The results of analysis of the regime of precipitation, air temperature in the Caspian Sea basin and its level, as well as Volga runoff in periods of Caspian Sea level rise and drop are given. The conformity in variations of the trends in Caspian Sea level its basin climate is demonstrated, and the direction of further studies is substantiated.
The temperature in northwestern China has increased significantly since the 1990s. However, the responses of mountainous forests to warming have not been extensively examined. We collected tree rings of two dominant coniferous species of Qinghai spruce (Picea crassifolia) and Chinese pine (Pinus tabulaeformis) in the eastern part of the Qilian Mountains, and analyzed the differences in the response dynamic of the radial growth of two species to climate change. The results showed that (1) the annual radial growth of Qinghai spruce was mainly restricted by the minimum temperature in July and October, and the growth of Chinese pine was mainly restricted by the mean temperature in September of the previous year, January, and July and the maximum temperature in March, May, and July. In particular, Qinghai spruce increased its sensitivity to total precipitation in the growing seasons in March, May, and July after the temperature abruptly increased. (2) In comparison to Qinghai spruce, Chinese pine showed a consistent response to the main climatic factors and was more severely affected by drought stress. Qinghai spruce had divergent responses to mean temperatures in March and May and minimum temperatures in April and June. (3) The growth of Qinghai spruce increased with a significant fluctuation at the end of the twentieth century, while the growth of Chinese pine first showed an increase and then a significant decreasing trend. At present, the increase in temperature has adversely affected the growth of Chinese pine in the eastern Qilian Mountains and promoted the growth of Qinghai spruce. However, a continuous temperature increase could negatively affect the growth of Qinghai spruce because of the increasing probability of drought stress. Therefore, we should pay more attention to the growth dynamics of Qinghai spruce, especially with the different water supply and demand, and to the effects of drought on Chinese pine in forest ecosystems in arid and semiarid areas.
Climatic indices reflecting the environmental conditions and patterns of their variability in the entire northern Pacific and in its local regions are overviewed. Their physical nature and mechanisms of the processes, their geography and methods of calculation are presented, with citing of the first descriptions. Among a variety of global and regional climatic indices concern ing the North Pacific, the following ones are described: the indices of Arctic Oscillation (AO), El Niño — Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), Aleutian Low Pressure Index (ALPI), Siberian High Index (SHI), North Pacific Index (NPI), Pacific/North American (PNA) Index, and West Pacific Index (WP). AO is a large-scale index of atmospheric circulation reflecting the processes both in the troposphere and stratosphere, where «pumping» of air masses between the high and moderate latitudes occurs continuously. ENSO is also a large-scale index that reflects large-scale interactions in the fields of temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind, and cloudiness over the whole Pacific. Other indices are rather regional, since their influence does not extend far beyond the limits of the domains of their definition. Nevertheless, their role in environmental fluctuations in certain areas could be significant and their influence could be traced throughout the Northern Hemisphere.
