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In this paper, we use an artificial neural network (ANN) to design a compact microstrip diplexer with wide fractional bandwidths (FBW) for wideband applications. For this purpose, a multilayer perceptron neural network model trained with the back-propagation algorithm is used. First, a novel resonator consists of coupled lines loaded by similar pat...
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... There is a slight disadvantage associated with the device that was built, and that is its insertion loss, which is 2.88 dB for Tx and 3.2 dB for Rx. However, this is regarded to be acceptable as compared with [33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43]. ...
There has been a lot of interest in microstrip diplexers lately due to their potential use in numerous wireless and computer communication technologies, including radio broadcasts, mobile phones, broadband wireless, and satellite-based communication systems. It can do this because it has a communication channel that can combine two distinct filters into one. This article presents a narrow-band microstrip diplexer that uses a stepped impedance resonator, a uniform impedance resonator, tiny square patches, and a meander line resonator. The projected diplexer might be made smaller than its initial dimensions by utilizing the winding construction. To model the microstrip diplexer topology for WiMAX and WIFI/WLAN at 1.66 GHz and 2.52 GHz, the Advanced Wave Research (AWR) solver was employed. It exhibited an insertion loss of 3.2 dB and a return loss of 16 dB for the first channel, while the insertion loss and return loss were 2.88 dB and 21 dB, respectively, for the second channel. When both filters were simulated, the band isolation was 31 dB. The projected microstrip diplexer has been fabricated using an FR4 epoxy laminate with dimensions of 32 × 26 mm 2. The simulated S-parameters phase and group delay closely matched the measurements.
... Recently, achieving a compact high-performance microstrip diplexer has been a challenge for designers. Accordingly, some microstrip structures are introduced to access dual-band bandpass-bandpa]ss diplexers [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23]. A common disadvantage of the designed diplexers in [1-4] and [6-20] is occupying large implementation areas. ...
... In Table 1, the comparison results are shown where f o1 and f o2 are the lower and upper resonance frequencies, respectively and FBW 1 and FBW 2 are the FBWs at the lower and upper passbands, respectively. As shown in Table 1, the previous work in [14] have the minimum S 11 j j dB . Also, the proposed diplexer in [22] has the widest FBW%. ...
... Compared with the previous diplexers, the main advantage of our diplexer is its compact size. Our diplexer is 13.5 times smaller than the proposed diplexer in [14]. Moreover, the introduced diplexer in [22] has the minimum size. ...
In this work, a microstrip diplexer with 0.004 λg2 (10.1 × 23 mm) overall size is designed, analyzed and fabricated. The proposed diplexer has the smallest size compared to the previously reported microstrip diplexers. The proposed diplexer has a simple and novel structure, wide flat channels and very low \(\left| {S_{11} } \right|_{dB}\). An innovative microstrip structure based on thin coupled lines is used to design of the proposed diplexer. Since in a simple structure the possibility of manufacturing errors reduces, having a simple structure is one of its advantages. Another advantage of this diplexer is two low \(\left| {S_{11} } \right|_{dB}\) of 0.17 and 0.14 dB at the lower and upper channels. The operational frequencies of our diplexer are tuned to work at 0.9 GHz and 1.8 GHz for GSM application. It has the privileges of very compact size, simple structure, small \(\left| {S_{11} } \right|_{dB}\), two wide fractional bandwidths (FBWs) of 21 and 24.3% and acceptable \(\left| {S_{11} } \right|_{dB}\) and isolation. Due to its two wide FBWs, the presented diplexer is suitable for broadband communication systems. We have fabricated and measured the introduced diplexer to verify the design methodology and simulation results. The obtained results of the diplexer measurement confirm the simulation.
... tansig and purelin activation functions are calculated as in Eqs. (1) and (2), respectively [43,44]. ...
Accurate prediction of mutual funds’ net asset value (NAV) has become increasingly important for investors. Mutual fund investors will be significantly supported by the development of models that accurately predict the future performances of mutual funds. Using these models will facilitate the selection of suitable mutual funds for investors who want to invest in the medium and long term. The aim of this study, using artificial neural networks and nonlinear autoregressive networks with exogenous inputs (NARX) methods and Levenberg–Marquardt (LM), Bayesian regularization (BR), and scaled conjugate gradient training algorithms, is to predict the NAV of two Turkish mutual funds, which are Deniz Asset Management First Variable Fund (DBP) and İstanbul Asset Management Short-Term Bonds and Bills Fund, with the funds’ their portfolio distributions. For this purpose, prediction models were developed with these methods, training algorithms, and some specific hyperparameters and applied to the datasets of the funds examined in the study. The performances of the developed models were compared according to the method and training algorithm pairs for each fund. For performance evaluation, mean squared error, mean absolute percent error, and coefficient of correlation statistical measures are used. From the result, it can be clearly suggested that the NARX-BR pair outperforms other models for DBP, and the NARX-LM pair outperforms other models for IST.
... Designing compact diplexers with good performance is important for the wireless networks industry. Several types of lowpass-bandpass diplexers [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8] and bandpass-bandpass diplexers [9][10][11][12][13][14][15] have been reported. Designing lowpass-bandpass diplexers is less common than the bandpass-bandpass diplexers. ...
This paper presents the design of a novel lowpass–bandpass diplexer with compact size and good performance using microstrip cells. For this purpose, two microstrip lowpass and bandpass filters are separately designed and mathematically analyzed. The proposed microstrip diplexer has a novel and simple structure. It occupies a compact area of 0.037 λ g ² (722 mm ² ), and its insertion loss and S 11 at both channels are low. The insertion loss at the lower and upper channels is only 0.047 and 0.16 dB, respectively. Meanwhile, both channels are flat with the maximum group delay of 1.68 ns which is the lowest compared to the previously reported diplexers mentioned in this paper. To design the proposed diplexer, first, a lowpass diplexer with good performance is designed which has low losses and a good figure of merit. It has a flat passband with a sharp roll-off. Then, to achieve the proposed diplexer, a bandpass resonator is added to the lowpass filter without any extra matching circuit, which saves the overall size. The proposed diplexer is designed, simulated, and fabricated, where the simulation and measurement results are close.
... M odern wireless communication systems widely need to microstrip passive devices such as filters, [1][2][3][4][5][6] diplexers, [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22] multiplexers (triplexers [23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30] and quadruplexers, [31][32][33][34][35][36][37] five-channel multiplexer [38] ), and couplers. [39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49] For all of these passive devices, it is very necessary to have small dimensions, low insertion loss (IL), low return loss (RL), suppressed undesired harmonics, sharp roll-off at the edge of passbands (high frequency selectivity), etc. ...
... Several types of microstrip diplexers such as twochannel, multi-channel, bandpass-bandpass, and lowpassbandpass are presented in. [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22] They have three ports, called; port1, port2 and port3, which pass the desired signal through two different frequency channels. The channels are created among port1-port2 and port1-port3, so port1 is common. ...
... [17][18] The use of meandering cells in [19] and [20] leads to save the size, relatively. In, [21] a wide-band diplexer with low insertion losses at both channels is obtained based on stub loaded coupled lines. The proposed diplexer in [7] has several features in terms of very compact size, low-insertion losses, low-group delays at both channels, and wide fractional bandwidths. ...
Microstrip technology is widely applied for design and implementation of several communication devices such as filters, diplexers, triplexers, multiplexers, and couplers. They are utilized to isolate desired signals and remove disturbing signals. The layout of filters, diplexers, and triplexers have two, three, and four ports, respectively. Passive filters have at least one pass channel, whereas diplexers have at least two channels to transmit the desired signal, and multiplexers have more passbands with more channels. To implement the passive components, first a cell called resonator must be designed. Creativity is very important in resonator design. It must be small and novel to get a better device than previous works. Therefore, the layout of the previous reported resonator, used in passive microstrip devices, is studied in this work. There is a fierce competition among designers to miniaturize and increase the device performance. Hence we, will investigate them, from the point of view size and performance, in this work. Some diplexers are multi-channel, which are more difficult to design than two-channel diplexers. Therefore, the multi-channel diplexers are less reported than the two-channel diplexers. The design of multiplexers is also very difficult because several channels must be controlled. Hence, they are less designed than filters and diplexers. The diplexers can be bandpass-bandpass or lowpass-bandpass, where the latest is less designed. This is because designing a lowpass-bandpass diplexer needs lowpass and bandpass resonators, whereas the design of a bandpass-bandpass diplexer needs only a bandpass resonator.
... Each channel is used for receiving or sending signals from an antenna (Majdi and Mezaal, 2022). Several types of microstrip diplexer are introduced in (Hussein, Mezaal and Alameri, 2021;Chen, et al., 2021;Yahya, Rezaei and Nouri, 2020;Lu, et al., 2020;Su, et al., 2020;Tahmasbi, Razaghian and Roshani, 2021;Shirkhar and Roshani, 2021;Zhanga, Zhu and Li, 2018;Rezaei, Yahya, Noori and Jamaluddin, 2019;Dembele, et al., 2019;Yousif and Ezzulddin, 2020;Fernandez-Prieto, et al., 2018;Guan, et al., 2019;Guan, et al., 2014;Noori and Rezaei, 2017). However, all of them occupy large area. ...
This paper presents an efficient theoretical design approach of a very compact microstrip diplexer for modern wireless communication system applications. The proposed basic resonator is made of coupled lines, simple transmission line and a shunt stub. The coupled lines and transmission line make a U-shape resonator while the shunt stub is loaded inside the U-shape cell to save the size significantly, where the overall size of the presented diplexer is only 0.008 λg 2. The configuration of this resonator is analyzed to increase intuitive understanding of the structure and easier optimization. The first and second resonance frequencies are f o1 = 895 MHz and f o2 = 2.2 GHz. Both channels have good properties so that the best simulated insertion loss at the first channel (0.075 dB) and the best simulated common port return losses at both channels (40.3 dB and 31.77 dB) are achieved. The presented diplexer can suppress the harmonics acceptably up to 3 GHz (3.3 f o1). Another feature is having 31% fractional bandwidth at the first channel.
... The artificial neural network (ANN) is a suitable tool for designing and modeling the microwave components, which has been used for solving several engineering problems [21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33]. In [30] ANN is used to improve the performance of the microstrip filter design. ...
... In [30] ANN is used to improve the performance of the microstrip filter design. Also in [31] ANN is used to design a compact filter with wide operational bandwidth. A resonator with coupled lines are applied in [31] to design the filter. ...
... Also in [31] ANN is used to design a compact filter with wide operational bandwidth. A resonator with coupled lines are applied in [31] to design the filter. ...
In this paper, a compact branch microstrip coupler with the simple structure using T-shaped resonators and open-ended stubs at 1.8 GHz is designed and fabricated. The proposed coupler creates two transmission zeros at 3.4 and 3.87 GHz, with more than 50 dB attenuation level, which resulted in a good harmonic suppression at 2nd harmonic. Artificial neural network (ANN) has been utilized to extract the transfer function of the proposed coupler resonator for the first time, so the values of the transmission zeros can be located in the desired frequency. This technique can also be used for the other electrical devices. The designed device has a small size of 28 mm × 30 mm (0.9 λ × 0.95 λ), which shows more than 35% size reduction compared to the typical branch-line coupler with λ/4 branch lines. The proposed coupler is simulated using Advanced Design System (ADS) software and fabricated on Rogers Duroid 5880 substrate (ε r = 2.2, h = 31 mil). The simulation and measurement results verify the correct performance of the designed coupler.
... Therefore, several microstrip diplexers have been designed. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17] However, none of them could save the size signi¯cantly. Folded open-loop ring resonators in Ref. 1, stub-loaded dual-mode resonators in Ref. 2 and coupled meandrous microstrip lines in Ref. 3 have been used to obtain dual-frequency diplexers. ...
... A novel structure has been proposed in Ref. 12 based on the engraved semi-patch cells. To achieve a microstrip diplexer in Ref. 13, a novel microstrip resonator consisting of coupled lines and patch cells has been proposed. Similar to the designed diplexer in Ref. 12, engraved cells have been used in Ref. 14. Three coupled line structures loaded by short stubs and two coupling quarter-wavelengths have been utilized in Ref. 15 to create two broadband and narrowband channels, respectively. ...
In this work, we have used a novel adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) method to design and fabricate a high-performance microstrip diplexer. For developing the proposed ANFIS model, the hybrid learning method consisting of least square estimation and back-propagation (BP) techniques is utilized. To achieve a compact diplexer, a designing process written in MATLAB 7.4 software is introduced based on the proposed ANFIS model. The basic microstrip resonator used in this study is mathematically analyzed. The designed microstrip diplexer operates at 2.2[Formula: see text]GHz and 5.1[Formula: see text]GHz for wideband wireless applications. Compared to the previous works, it has the minimum insertion losses and the smallest area of 0.007 [Formula: see text] (72.2[Formula: see text]mm ² ). It has flat channels with very low group delays (GDs) and wide fractional bandwidths (FBWs). The GDs at its lower and upper channels are only 0.48[Formula: see text]ns and 0.76[Formula: see text]ns, respectively. Another advantage of this work is its suppressed harmonics up to 12.9[Formula: see text]GHz (5th harmonic). To design the proposed diplexer, an LC model of the presented resonator is introduced and analyzed. To verify the simulation results and the presented ANFIS method, we fabricated and measured the proposed diplexer. The results show that both simulations and measurements data are in good agreement, which give reliability to the proposed ANFIS method.
... The reported diplexer in Chen, Zhu, Bu and Cheng, 2015, has high insertion loss problem where the passbands in Rezaei and Noorin, 2018b, are very narrow. The achievements of the proposed diplexer in Rezaei, Yahya, Noori and Jamaluddin, 2019b, are low insertion losses at both channels and relatively wider fractional bandwidths (FBWs), whereas it is designed based on coupled step impedance cells. A diplexer using microstrip half-and quarter-wavelength resonators has been proposed in Jun-Mei, Zhou andCao, 2016. ...
A dual-band bandpass-bandpass microstrip diplexer with very small size and good performance is designed in this work. The proposed diplexer has a novel structure which is introduced for the first time in this paper. In comparison with the previously reported diplexers, it occupies the most compact size of 0.002 λg2 (226.7 mm2), fabricated on 0.787 mm dielectric substrate height. The resonance frequencies of the presented diplexer are located at 0.76 GHz and 1.79 GHz making it suitable for the global system for mobile communications (GSM) applications. It has a wide flat channels with two fractional bandwidths (FBWs) of 41.1% and 50%. Another feature of the proposed diplexer is its ability to suppress the harmonics. It can attenuate the 1st to 7th harmonics. Moreover, it has low insertion losses and low group delays at both channels while the isolation and return losses are acceptable. Finally, the proposed diplexer is fabricated and measured to verify the simulation results, where a good agreement between the simulation and measurement results is obtained.
... In [23], a via-free composite right/left-handed transmission line-based diplexer is introduced for WiMAX and WLAN applications. In [24], artificial neural network (ANN) is used for designing a wide fractional bandwidths (FBW) microstrip diplexer which has a compact size. ANNs [25,26] have become the most widely used network architectures in approximation problems such as engineering, physics, medicine, geology and finance [27,28]. ...
... Finally, using the achieved BPFs, a microstrip diplexer with high performance is presented. In comparison with Ref. [24], different resonator, better basic BPF and more efficient ANN model are presented to automatically obtain the microstrip BPFs with desired parameters. The proposed diplexer consists of coupled semi-spiral cells. ...
In this paper, a computational intelligence method based on artificial neural network (ANN) is used to design and fabricate a high-performance microstrip diplexer. For a novel basic bandpass filter we have developed an ANN model with S-parameters and group delay (GD) as the outputs and frequency, substrate type, substrate thickness and physical dimensions as the inputs. Using the multilayer perceptron neural network trained with back-propagation algorithm, a novel microstrip diplexer with a very small area of 0.004 λ2g
is obtained. It has the insertion losses less than 0.1 dB and GDs less than 1 ns, which are the best values in comparison with the previously reported microstrip diplexers. The proposed diplexer operates at 1.4 GHz and 3 GHz for L-band and S-band wireless applications, respectively. It has two wide fractional bandwidths of 47% and 45% which make it appropriate for broadband applications. Moreover, the very low insertion losses of the presented diplexer make it suitable for energy harvesting applications. The designed diplexer can attenuate the 1st up to 7th harmonics, where several transmission zeros are obtained that improve the stopband features. To verify the design process, the ANN model and simulation results, the presented diplexer is fabricated and measured.
