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High isolation and compact size microstrip diplexers designed with common resonator sections have been proposed. By exploiting the variable frequency response of the stepped-impedance resonator, resonators can be shared by the two filter channels of the desired diplexer if their fundamental and the first spurious resonant frequency are properly ass...
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... circuit structure of this diplexer is shown in Fig. 4. As can be seen, this diplexer has not only saved one resonator space, but also saved the space of the conventional T junction matching circuit. For convenience, the upper and lower third-order filters are labeled as filters A and B, respectively. The resonators are labeled as resonators 1-5, as indicated in Fig. 4. These two fil- ters ...
Context 2
... of this diplexer is shown in Fig. 4. As can be seen, this diplexer has not only saved one resonator space, but also saved the space of the conventional T junction matching circuit. For convenience, the upper and lower third-order filters are labeled as filters A and B, respectively. The resonators are labeled as resonators 1-5, as indicated in Fig. 4. These two fil- ters can be designed independently. The designed parameters of each resonator are listed in Table I. The resonant frequency of resonators 2 and 3 is designed to be 1.5 GHz, and the reso- nant frequency of resonators 4 and 5 is 2 GHz. Thus, the fun- damental and second higher order resonant frequencies of res- onator 1 ...
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Citations
... In the context of energy harvesting, microstrip passive devices are utilized to efficiently capture and convert ambient energy sources such as solar, thermal, and kinetic energy into usable electrical power. Couplers are commonly employed to split or combine power signals (Liou, et al., 2009), whereas diplexers and triplexers enable the simultaneous transmission and reception of multiple frequency bands (Chen, et al., 2006;. Filters are also essential components for ensuring the purity and stability of harvested energy signals (Salehi and Noori, 2015;Zakaria, et al., 2013). ...
... Mid-Band (Lai and Ma, 2013) 2.4 Coupler 18.8 0.0231 Mid-Band (Bukuru, Song and Xue, 2015) 3.65, 5.2 BP-BP Diplexer 8.2, 7.69 0.0506 Mid-Band (Rezaei, et al., 2022) 0.7, 2.2, 3.8, and 5.6 4-Chanel BPF ---0.0012 Low & Mid Bands (Chen, et al., 2006) 1.35, 1.76 BP-BP Diplexer 3.4, 3.4 ---Mid-Band (Zakaria, et al., 2013) 5.4 BPF ------Mid-Band 5.2 Coupler ---0.04 Mid-Band 1. used in energy harvesting systems to efficiently capture and convert ambient RF energy into electrical power for various applications. ...
This review paper provides a comprehensive overview of microstrip passive components for energy harvesting and 5G applications. The paper covers the structure, fabrication and performance of various microstrip passive components such as filters, couplers, diplexers and triplexers. The size and performance of several 5G and energy harvester microstrip passive devices are compared and discussed. The review highlights the importance of these components in enabling efficient energy harvesting and high-speed communication in 5G networks. Additionally, the paper discusses the latest advancements in microstrip technology and identifies key research challenges and future directions in this field. Overall, this review serves as a valuable resource for researchers and engineers working on microstrip passive components for energy harvesting and 5G applications.
... Table 2 compares the performance parameters of the designed duplexer with those in the references. Its isolation levels of −44 dB and −48 dB at the first and second frequency centers are better than those in [15][16][17][18]. Besides, its rectangular coefficient (the ratio of the 40 dB bandwidth to the 3 dB bandwidth) is lower than the others, indicating a higher frequency selectivity. ...
... Moreover, various techniques have been employed for effectively miniaturizing diplexers, including techniques involving the use of spiral inductor resonators [2], quarter-wavelength resonators [3], stepped-impedance resonators (SIRs) [4]. Common resonator techniques have also been proven to be effective in reducing the circuit area of diplexers and multiplexers [5], [6]. Such techniques can obviate the need for conventional T-junction matching circuits that connect Tx and Rx filters and can reduce the number of resonators required for the entire diplexer and multiplexer circuits, thus substantially reducing the overall circuit size. ...
This paper presents a novel design method for multifunctional filtering diplexers integrated with single-pole double-throw switches having three operating modes: Modes 1-3. Modes 1 and 2 involve the operation of switchable filters with different frequencies, which are suitable for time-division duplexing (TDD) systems. Mode 3 involves the operation of switchable diplexers, which are suitable for TDD and frequency-division duplexing (FDD) systems. The proposed design method is based on distributed coupling technology and can thus offer a high degree of design flexibility, particularly in terms of controlling the filter order, bandwidth, and number of channels. To demonstrate the feasibility and design flexibility of the proposed method, it was used to design and fabricate second- and fourth-order multifunctional diplexers; the designed diplexers were then assessed through electromagnetic simulations and experimental measurements. The simulation results were in good agreement with the experimental results, thereby validating the feasibility and design flexibility of the proposed method. The results indicated that the second- and fourth-order multifunctional diplexers occupied small circuit areas (approximately 0.098 λ
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, respectively). In addition to their multifunctional characteristics and high design flexibility, the multifunctional diplexers exhibited satisfactory performance, including an in-band insertion loss of <2.5 dB in the ON state, an in-band attenuation of >42 dB in the OFF state, and a port-to-port isolation of >48 dB.
... Multiplexers are widely used in satellite communications, radars, and electronic warfare, and they split the input wideband signals into several narrowband signals, and vice versa. Multiplexers are implemented by using the circulator, the hybrid-coupled structure, the common-coupled resonator structure, and the manifoldcoupled structure [2][3][4][5][6][7]. The manifold-coupled structure is extensively adopted in multiband communication systems owning to its compactness. ...
This article presents a miniaturized C-band triplexer fabricated with high-temperature superconducting (HTS) microstrip lines and to be applied to quantum computers. The triplexer consists of three bandpass filters and branch lines. In the design of the bandpass filters, folded step impedance resonators (SIRs) are firstly used to achieve good stopband performances by harmonic suppression. Secondly, cross-coupling structures are also utilized to further improve the passband edge steepness of the bandpass filters. Finally, the parasitic transmission zeros originating from the assembling box sizes are employed to achieve a deeper out-of-band rejection. Three bandpass filters are designed and connected to the common input port of the triplexer. After that, the triplexer is coarsely optimized by advanced design system (ADS) for time-saving and is finely optimized by Sonnet for better accuracy. The optimized layout of the triplexer is fabricated on a 2-inch diameter and 0.5 mm thickness MgO wafer; here, the MgO wafer is double-sided coated with HTS YBa2Cu3O7 (YBCO) thin films. The measured passband bandwidths (return loss greater than 12 dB) of the triplexer are 6.420-6.680 GHz, 6.780-7.030 GHz, and 7.110-7.380 GHz, respectively, which satisfy the required design specifications.
... Although microstrip planar diplexers have been extensively studied in recent years because of advantages, such as compact size, easy fabrication, and integration capability [ 8,9], they suffer from high losses and low power transmission capability. However, waveguide diplexers have low loss and high isolation between channels, but they are massive and relatively expensive; consequently, they are not suitable for integrated circuits [10,11]. ...
This paper presents a low-loss, sharp roll-off, and wideband millimeter-wave contiguous diplexer implemented on 0.127 mm-thick TLY5 dielectric material to separate U-band frequency range into two jointed frequency ranges of 40-50 GHz and 50-60 GHz using two low-pass and high-pass filter channels. In order to integrate the diplexer in the front end of a wideband millimeter-wave down-converter and evaluate the frequency response, the proposed diplexer is supported by three add-on waveguide-to-suspended-stripline transitions. The final design of diplexer consisting of a low-pass filter with cut-off frequency of 50 GHz, a pseudo-high-pass filter with crossover at 50 GHz, and a T-junction is analyzed and optimized together with a 3D full-wave simulator. The realized diplexer features a VSWR of 2.5 : 1 across the entire operation frequency band of 40-60 GHz, low passband insertion loss of less than 2 dB in both channels, stopband rejection higher than 45 dB, and compact size with dimensions of 27 × 13 mm2 due to its intelligent and guided design and technology selection.
... Moreover, diplexers will provide the ability for an antenna to receive and transmit simultaneously [3]. In recent reported works, hairpin resonators [4], stepped-impedance resonators [5], bandpass filters (BPFs) [6], square ring resonators [7] approaches are used to design and improve the performance of the diplexers. In [4], two hairpin line resonators are used in the diplexer structure to obtain two wide operating bands. ...
... In [4], two hairpin line resonators are used in the diplexer structure to obtain two wide operating bands. Five stepped-impedance resonators are used to achieve a diplexer with compact size and high isolation in [5]. ...
In this paper, two novel dual-band bandpass filters (BPFs) and a compact quad-channel diplexer working at 1.7/3.3 GHz and 1.9/3.6 GHz are proposed. In the proposed diplexer design, triangular loop resonators and rectangular loop resonators are used together to reduce the circuit size and improve diplexer performances. Insertion loss (IL) and return loss (RL) of the proposed diplexer are better than 0.8 dB and 21 dB, respectively, at these four operating frequencies. Output ports isolation parameter is better than 30 dB. With the achieved specifications, the proposed diplexer can be used in L and S band applications.
... Current intensity distribution @ 4.08 GHz. The developed microstrip in this paper has the lowest compactness and the greatest band isolation between Tx and Rx channels as compared with [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25], as explained by Table 2. Additionally, it has the lowest fractional bandwidths as compared with reported diplexers in [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25]. Figure 13 is a photograph of the microstrip diplexer after it was fully fabricated. In order to confirm the validity of the design simulations and test the operation of the diplexer, it was run through its paces on a Vector Network Analyzer (VNA). ...
... Current intensity distribution @ 4.08 GHz. The developed microstrip in this paper has the lowest compactness and the greatest band isolation between Tx and Rx channels as compared with [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25], as explained by Table 2. Additionally, it has the lowest fractional bandwidths as compared with reported diplexers in [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25]. Figure 13 is a photograph of the microstrip diplexer after it was fully fabricated. In order to confirm the validity of the design simulations and test the operation of the diplexer, it was run through its paces on a Vector Network Analyzer (VNA). ...
... There are small differences because of VNA setup factors including the size of the diplexer, the quality of the SMA soldering, and the effect of coaxial cable losses. Table 2. Additionally, it has the lowest fractional bandwidths as compared with reported diplexers in [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25]. Figure 13 is a photograph of the microstrip diplexer after it was fully fabricated. In order to confirm the validity of the design simulations and test the operation of the diplexer, it was run through its paces on a Vector Network Analyzer (VNA). ...
Using Kappa substrate material, a compact microstrip diplexer is developed in this research with two separate channels based on the coupled junction and two bandpass filters functioning in independent frequency bands. Each filter comprises an input/output feed line and a number of resonators with different impedances. The diplexer’s frequency response was modeled and optimized using the Sonnet EM solver. At 2.84 and 4.08 GHz for TX/RX channels, the insertion loss is better than 1 dB for both channels, while the return loss values are 21.2 and 17 dB for transmit and receive filters, respectively. The microstrip diplexer has miniature dimensions of 24 mm × 18 mm with highly narrow bands and band isolation of more than 35 dB. The simulated scattering parameters are in agreement with the measured ones.
... The proposed RF diplexer is composed of one single common resonator section that is designed to ensure frequency operation at f0 and 2f0 [25]. The diplexer is a modified stepped impedance resonator with a simplified topology composed of only two transmission lines. ...
This paper presents a diplexer design that generates a pair of fundamental and harmonic frequencies. The diplexer is based on a capacitively loaded resonator that is able to reconfigure its frequency pair with respect to capacitive loading. The system shows a fundamental and harmonic frequency pair of 5 GHz and 10 GHz without any capacitive loading and 2.5 GHz and 5 GHz when loaded with a 1pF/0.5 pF capacitor pair. The complete system is fabricated and tested where good agreement is obtained between the measured and computed results. The testing is performed for the two states of the diplexer, when the diplexer is unloaded and after loading it with the capacitor pairs. For both unloaded and loaded scenarios, the proposed design produces a maximum insertion loss of 0.6 dB with an isolation of at least 35 dB at the corresponding operational frequencies. The structure is also able to provide a minimum return loss of 25 dB at each port. The proposed diplexer is then integrated with a frequency doubler chip and the full system maintains an acceptable efficiency along with a high conversion gain of approximately 15 dB.
... L2 = 8 nH and C2 = 0.787 pF are calculated to meet Qe lb = Qe_DRR2 and fb = fDRR2. After Cb = C2 is preset, Lb = 9.9339nH can be calculated by Eq. (5). The relationship between the variation of Qe-b ...
A lowpass-bandpass (LP-BP) diplexer with one lowpass channel (LPC) and one bandpass channel (BPC) is presented. The lumped-element dual-resonance resonator as common resonator is proposed to connect inductors, capacitors and LC resonator to constitute the desired channels. The LPC design is combined with parameters optimization and the lowpass transformation method, and the BPC design can be developed using the classical design theory of coupled-resonator filter. As an example, a 0.9 / 1.8 GHz LP-BP diplexer is designed and fabricated, which exhibits high return loss (RL), low insertion loss (IL), wide bandwidth (BW), high isolation and extremely compact size.
... To reduce the circuitry footprint, many methods were reported. For instance, the common resonator is utilized to replace the T-junction [3][4][5], and the dual-mode resonators are studied in diplexer designs, where each channel corresponds to a resonant mode of a dual-mode resonance [6][7][8][9]. In addition, the defected ground structure [10], artificial electromagnetic metamaterials [11], and hybrid resonators [12] can also make the diplexer with reduced circuitry footprint. ...
In this paper, a dual-mode loop resonator based circuit topology is studied for microwave diplexer applications. Several diplexers, with dense and sparse channel separations, are further discussed based on the introduced topology, featuring capable of controlling transmission zeros flexibly. Hence microwave diplexers with high selectivity and good channel isolation can be realized by placing transmission zeros of the channel filters at the desired channels. With the use of the proposed topology, the achieved center frequency ratio between two channels can be from 1.03 to 1.35 with good isolations, high selectivity and compact size. The demonstration diplexers are realized on PCB processes, but can be implemented with other media including MMIC. Experimental validations on the developed demonstrator are presented in the paper, and measured responses match well the full-wave electromagnetic simulated results. The developed UMTS diplexer demonstrator achieves the measured minimum passband insertion losses of 2.55 and 2.7 dB with return losses better than 15 dB and channel isolations over 40 dB at the two channels.
