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Preface
By producing vegetables year-round, small-scale growers can increase their incomes and enhance the diets of their families and communities. Vegetable crops respond well to irrigation, which helps to improve yield and quality, and increases the efficiency of other inputs.
Simple, low-cost drip irrigation systems can ensure small-scale produc...
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... Distance from the soil surface up to the maximum diameter is denoted by (h). The total available water content (TAWC) was determined in the laboratory in accordance with (Palada et al., 2011). A known quantity of soil sample was first oven dry at 105 o C and the weight noted. ...
... Where, is gravimetric water content of the soil in g/g, is the mass of moist soil, and is mass of oven dried soil. Culturally, readily available water content (RAWC) is usually 50% of the total available water content (TAWC) (Doorenbos and Pruitt, 1977;Allen et al., 2006;Palada et al., 2011 andDukes, 2012). The submissions of the above quoted authors were also utilized in this study. ...
... Drippers of this discharge rate are chosen considering the soil type (clay loam) with slow intake rate, as well as volume of water held in the plant root zone. The expected number of dripper per lateral length of seven (7) meters was determined using equation (Palada et al., 2011 andNaglic, 2014). ...
The trend in the advancement of irrigation system in developed nations is rapidly progressing, but reverse is the case in some developing countries with Nigeria inclusive. Irrigation has gone beyond only applying water to plants, but applying good quality water, of the right quantity and at the right time. This can only be achieved when proper design is prioritized. This research paper focuses on the design of a solar-powered intelligent drip irrigation system, which was designed to supply exact water for a small garden egg research plot. Study showed that soil in the study area have higher composition of clay particles, and are therefore classified as clay soil. This was also confirmed by its slow intake rate. The plant water requirements were approximately 4 mmday-1 , time of irrigation is around 40 minutes with an average irrigation interval of 5days. The drip laterals, submain and mainline were designed as 0.40cm, 1.50cm and 1.7cm respectively. The pump capacity in kilowatt was computed as 0.046kW, which is approximately 0.1kW. The system is designed to be powered by 4 deep cycle batteries of 808Ah rating that will be charged by 8 mono-crystalline solar panel of 250W rating and a charge controller of 83.33A. It is recommended that selection of items for installation/construction should not be less in capacity compared with the designed ones.
... Reduced or no till system sequesters higher fractions of C and principles along with a systemic approach, can significantly contribute to improve the water-soil-plant multiple relationship (soil physical, chemical and biological properties) and at the same time be improving the general agro-ecosystem productivity and sustainability (Jat et al., 2009). Precise application of water onto plant roots which could result to reduced water and energy cost, less disease pressure because the leaves remain dry and better weed control while soil erosion can be avoided (Palada et al., 2011). ...
Agriculture accounts for 70% of all water withdrawals globally.
Irrigated land is more than twice as productive as rainfed crop land. Water
use in agriculture is at the core of any discussion of water and food security.
The World Bank helps countries improve water management in agriculture
to achieve Sustainable Development Goals on efficient use of water as well
as on eliminating hunger. Currently, water use is unsustainable; water
supplies are limited being affected by climate change. Much effort was made
to reduce water use by crops and produce ‘more crop per drop’ (improving
crop water productivity) and it can be led through improvements in
agronomic practices by choosing well-adapted crop types, mulching, zero
tillage/minimum tillage and reducing unproductive sinks viz., seepage,
percolation and evaporation. It provided additional impetus for the
researchers to solve the problems arising from the mismatch between
demand and supply in terms of water quantity, quality and timing. Improving
water productivity was identified as one of the global challenges that require
urgent attention. Conservation agriculture enhances biodiversity and natural
biological processes above and below the ground surface, which contribute
to increased water and nutrient use efficiency. CA had an improved
remarkable achievement in both sustained investment in agricultural research
and development and farmer innovation.
... Currently in the Republic the area of irrigation is 4280 hectares and rich in natural and economic conditions, availability of labor resources has enabled steady economic growth and development of the national economy [1]. In the last two years through the use of innovative equipment, irrigation technologies, irrigation and drainage systems achieved high yields in many farms of cotton, vegetables, orchards and vineyards, fodder, legumes etc [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. Advances received two or more crops on the irrigated lands during the calendar year [1,7,11,15]. ...
... Where; ∆a = I00-a; a-relative humidity of the surface air layer; t-average monthly temperature of the surface air layer, о С, P-atmospheric precipitation, mm; G-amount of incoming groundwater into the calculated layer, m 3 /ga. With drip irrigation garden bandpass moistened with each tree, hence the formula moistening each watering will have the following logical form for gardens formula N.N.Dubenok: (14) Where;B -field width, m; V -field length, m; а -distance between apple trees by field width m; ...
This article presents the results of long-term theoretical experimental field studies on drip irrigation of Apple orchard of the cultivar “Golden” in the conditions of Tashkent region. Based on the analysis of climate, soil, hydrogeological, hydrological and economic conditions of the experimental plot and biological features of the garden is determined by the values of total water use, scarcity of water, irrigation, irrigation norms and number of irrigations bioclimatic method.
... Reduction of plant diseases as a result of watering directly to the soil's roots was also observed in our study. Additional advantages of drip irrigation, among others, would include precise application of water onto plant roots which could result to reduced water and energy cost, less disease pressure because the leaves remain dry, and better weed control while soil erosion can be avoided (Palada et al. 2011). Further, the presence of mulch layers in conservation agriculture can reduce soil temperature, resulting in high accumulation of soil organic carbon (Thiombano and Meshack 2009;Silici 2010). ...
The years of intensive tillage in Cambodia have caused significant decline in agriculture’s natural resources that could threaten its future of agricultural production and sustainability. Conventional tillage could cause rapid loss of soil organic matter, leading to a high potential for soil degradation and decline of environmental quality. Hence, a better and comprehensive process-based understanding of differential effects of tillage systems and crop management on crop yield is critically needed. A study was conducted in 10 farmer’s fields to evaluate the effect of conservation agriculture and conventional tillage on yield of selected crops and weeding activity in two villages of Siem Reap, Cambodia. The experiment was laid out following a 2 × 2 factorial treatment combination in randomized complete block design. Each treatment was replicated five times. Each farmer’s field was divided into four plots and was randomly assigned with production management and irrigation treatments, respectively. We demonstrated that our results supported the overall premises of conservation agriculture. Average yields of selected crops were significantly (≤ 0.001) improved in plots with conservation agriculture (17.1 ± 6.3 to 89.3 ± 40.2 Mg ha⁻¹) compared with conventional tillage (18.8 ± 6.4 to 63.8 ± 27.7 Mg ha⁻¹). Our results showed that manual weeding in all cropping seasons was significantly reduced by about 35% in conservation agriculture (169 ± 23 to 125 ± 18 man-day ha⁻¹), which can be attributed to existing cover crops and surface mulch. Overall, our results suggest that in smallholder commercial household farms, adoption of conservation agriculture had a profitable production management system, which could save natural resources, improve yield, and reduce labor. We proved for the first time that in Cambodian smallholder commercial household farms, adoption of conservation agriculture saves natural resources, improves yield, and reduces labor. Additional studies are encouraged to further test the conservation agriculture system for a longer period of time, with repeated cropping sequences.
... These are intended for small commercial farmers, not home gardens. The World Vegetable Center (AVRDC) has published a drip irrigation manual for simple drip irrigation for vegetables (Palada et al. 2011). Although developed for Asia, its detailed easy-to-follow illustrated step-by-step instructions for installation, use and maintenance are applicable elsewhere. ...
Purpose This paper has been prepared for the Innovation Lab for Small-Scale Irrigation (ILSSI). ILSSI is a cooperative research project implemented through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) in support of the Feed the Future (FtF) program. The project aims to increase food production, improve nutrition, accelerate economic development and contribute to the protection of the environment. A research partnership comprising the International Water Management Institute (IWMI), the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), the International Food and Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), and North Carolina A & T State University, led by the Texas A & M University System is collaborating with national partners to achieve the goals of ILSSI. The purpose of this paper is to synthesize available knowledge and lessons learned from past experiences in promoting kitchen or home gardens, with a special emphasis on water management. The paper has been prepared based on an extensive desk study. It focuses on gardens whose primary purpose is production of food and, at times, growing herbs and spices for home consumption. Home gardens defined in this manner are distinguished from market gardens. However, there is no firm differentiation: some home garden produce may be sold, while some market garden produce may be consumed by the household. Home gardens are an ancient and ubiquitous practice; most rural people have some kind of home garden. Home gardens tend to be characterized by the diversity of crops grown, recycling of nutrients including organic household wastes and grey water, and minimal use of purchased inputs. They are usually managed by women, often assisted by children. Home gardens do not exist in isolation: they are an integral component of larger agro-ecological, social, economic and cultural systems.
The development of irrigation and agricultural water management technology holds significant potential to improve water productivity. Improper on-farm irrigation management practices lead to poor water distribution, non-uniform crop growth, excessive leaching in some areas leading to waterlogging, and insufficient leaching in others leading to salinity buildup. The research was conducted to evaluate water saving, yield, and water productivity of wheat by using the Wetting Front Detector (WFD) and Chameleon sensor at Chihona, Adibera, and Teleta blocks during the 2018/2019 irrigation season. The study shows that the Wetting Front Detector and Chameleon sensor irrigation water management system can save 6% and 25% water, respectively. The average water productivity (WP) of the scheme was 0.64 kg/m3, 0.85 kg/m3, and 0.87 kg/m3 for the Control group (i.e., traditional irrigation scheduling, based on experience), WFD, and soil moisture sensor (Chameleon) respectively. Likewise, the average yield of the scheme was 2788 kg/ha, 3220 kg/ha, and 3490 kg/ha for the Control group, WFD, and Chameleon, respectively. If all fields in the scheme were guided by WFD, additional land to be irrigated could be 2080 ha. Similarly, if all fields in the scheme were guided by the Chameleon sensor, 691 ha of additional land can be irrigated.
