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Boubínský prales virgin forest is the best-preserved montane Picea-Fagus-Abies forest in the
Czech Republic. Its core area (46.67 ha), grown with original montane forest never cut nor managed
by foresters, has been protected since 1858. It represents the centre of the present-day nature reserve
(685.87 ha). A detailed inventory of its fungal divers...
Citations
... As a "virgin forest standard", we used Boubínský prales in Czechia, located in the Bohemian Forest Mts. (Vrška et al. 2012, Holec et al. 2015. We compared it with similarly looking stand in the same mountain range -Zámecký les forest near the village of Železná Ruda (Fig. 1). ...
... Boubínský prales (BP), virgin forest ( Fig. 2c) Czech Republic, located in the Bohemian Forest (= Šumava) Protected Landscape Area. Habitat data were taken from Vrška et al. (2012) and Holec et al. (2015. The site is protected as a national nature reserve. ...
... Their characteristics were recorded by J. Holec in August 2022 (Electronic Suppl. C, D): way of fall (broken or uprooted), diameter at breast height (DBH, in cm), length (m), geographic coordinates (using handheld Garmin GPSmap 60CSx device), direction of fall (in azimuth degrees), elevation (m a.s.l.), decay stage (1-5, average value for the entire trunk; estimated in accordance with Heilmann-Clausen 2001 and Holec et al. 2015, contact with the soil (%), bark cover (%), moss cover (%), cover of trees (E3, %, estimated from a rectangle covering the trunk and 1 m more at both sides), cover of shrubs and young trees up to a height of 5 m (E2, %, estimated like E3), total canopy cover (E32, %). Trunk volume was calculated according to the formula for a truncated cone using ½ of the DBH as radius of the bottom disc and 2.5 cm as radius of the top disc (resulting from 5 cm as the usual width of the fallen trunk top). ...
Accessible as Open Access in Sydowia 76: 2024 (www.sydowia.at/syd76/T15-3205.pdf). Diversity of wood-inhabiting macrofungi on large decaying trunks of Norway spruce and Silver fir was monitored in Zámecký les near-natural forest in Czechia. The aim was to statistically evaluate the fungal species richness and composition in relation to environmental/trunk parameters and to compare it with data on forest naturalness taken from historical documents. The results were compared with data obtained by the same methods in Boubínský prales virgin forest and literature data from Mittelsteighütte natural forest. Surprisingly, trunks in the near-natural forest were species-richer than in the virgin one, showing that the available ecological niche, here a fallen trunk, can be occupied by a rich set of fungi regardless of human impact. However, species composition differed considerably among the sites, especially by the presence of rare, red-listed and old-growth forests fungi, designated as species of special interest (SSI). They were least represented in the near-natural forest, more in the natural forest, and most in the virgin forest. This correlation shows that the independent concepts of both SSI species and classification of forest naturalness go well together. Even seemingly small interventions in the past like selective cutting have a big impact on fungal communities. The most sensitive fungi like Amylocystis lapponica, Fomitopsis rosea or Phellinus ferrugineofuscus require unbroken forest continuity. They are absent from affected sites although their refugia as potential sources of propagules exist
nearby. Our data document that only spruces and firs 500–600 years old indicate true forest continuity. Linking fungal occurrence data, environmental variables and historical documents on human interventions is crucial both for understanding ecosystem processes and conservation management.
... To date, members of Tatraea have been only found as saprobes on the rotting and permanently moist, decorticated trunks of beech wood (Fagus sylvatica), rarely occurring on Fraxinus excelsior or Betula and have been reported in Austria, China, Croatia, Denmark, France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland (Svrček 1993;Baral et al. 1999Baral et al. , 2013aBaral et al. , 2013bHolec et al. 2015). The significance of fungi in forest ecosystems was reviewed by Niego et al. (2023a), highlighting their diverse functional contributions. ...
... Decay fungi are able to produce enzymes that degrade components of wood, such as lignin, cellulose and xylans (Bucher et al. 2004) and are known as lignicolous fungi. Different lignicolous fungi prefer dead wood at different stages of decaying, for example, Tatraea mainly grows and decomposes the intermediate and late stages of wood decay (DS4) (Svrček 1993; Baral et al. 1999Baral et al. , 2013aHeilmann-Clausen 2001;Holec et al. 2015;Dvořák 2017;Ujházy et al. 2018;Kunca et al. 2022). Due to the high density of managed forests, their low understory vegetation diversity compared to that of primary forests as well as the lack of late-stage decayed wood, members of Tatraea were rarely discovered in managed forests. ...
During the investigations of discomycetes in Yunnan, China, five species of Tatraea were discovered on decayed, decorticated oak trees or unidentified wood. All species have typical disc-like, large fruiting bodies with grey, brown or greyish-green colors. The ITS sequence analysis showed that they belong to Tatraea (Helotiaceae, Helotiales) and the LSU and ITS combination revealed a different topology within the genus. Four species, T. clepsydriformis , T. griseoturcoisina , T. yunnanensis and T. yuxiensis were established as new species, and T. aseptata was collected and described on oak woods. The pairwise homoplasy index (PHI) test results indicated that there is no significant genetic recombination (Φ w = 1.0) between all related species pairs. All the species described here are supported by descriptions, illustrations and multi-gene analyses.
... Nebyly jsme však schopné nalézt v herbářích položku pocházející z druhé z lokalit. Druh byl sbírán i v Boubínském pralese, ale do Červeného seznamu se údaj nedostal, stejně jako do přehledových článků z lokality (Holec et al. 2015, Holec 2019. Nález (zároveň první v ČR) zde byl učiněn již v r. 1960 během exkurze v rámci druhého ročníku Kongresu evropských mykologů (Pilát et Svrček 1961, PRM 572222). ...
The article deals with recent records of Merulicium fusisporum listed in the probably extinct category (?EX) in the current Czech Red List. A macroscopic and microscopic description
accompanied by a photograph of basidioma, a line drawing of microcharacters and a map of its current and historic distribution in the Czech Republic are provided together with a discussion on its taxonomy, ecology and distribution.
... The highest number of indicator species belong to the saprotrophic ecological category (18), followed by parasite/saprotrophic (15), and mycorrhizal category (5). For the majority of saprotrophic, and all the parasite/saprotrophic indicator species, a prerequisite for survival is the presence of large amounts of dead wood of different quality (dimensions and decay stage) (Holec et al., 2015). For fungi that are connected to woody substrate, it is generally considered that the most significant limiting factor for the survival of their populations is the presence of a suitable substrate (Lonsdale et al., 2008). ...
The Republic of Serbia is one of the few European countries without a national database of recorded fungal species, so documenting and publishing data on fungal diversity is of outmost importance for our country. The presence of fungal specimens of Tara Mountain was examined in the following localities: Mitrovac, Predov Krst, Kaludjerske Bare and Zaovine at each site in summer and autumn during 2021 and 2022. A total of 320 taxa of fungi were recorded during this period, 10 of them are included in the Serbian List of Protected Wild Species of Fungi: Boletus edulis, B. reticulatus, Cantharellus cibarius, Craterellus cornucopioides, Hydnum repandum, Lactarius deliciosus, L. deterrimus, L. salmonicolor, Marasmius oreades and Russula cyanoxantha, while three species: Hericium flagellum, H. coralloides and Psilocybe serbica are listed in the Serbian List of Strictly Protected Wild Specis of Fungi. Also, 38 species are indentified as an indicator species of old and preserved forests. The highest species diversity was founded in Mitrovac.
... Preferuje zejména dřevo olší a vrb (Ševčíková et Antonín 2017), přičemž obvyklým stanovištěm tohoto druhu i dalších zástupců rodu bývají potoky, potůčky a prameniště a jejich bezpro střední okolí (např. Sánchez 1967, Holec et al. 2015. Ačkoli předpoklad in dikační hodnoty druhu ve vztahu k čistotě prostředí (Ševčíková et Antonín 2017) v dalších dostupných zdrojích není výslovně uváděn a např. ...
Článek představuje první část publikace shrnující nálezová data sběrů a prvonálezů některých vzácnějších, méně známých či pravděpodobně přehlížených druhů vřeckovýtrusých hub v národním parku Podyjí z let 2017 až 2021 a týká se druhů ze skupin voskovičkoplodých (Leotiomycetes) a tvrdohub (Sordariomycetes). Jsou diskutovány ekologické nároky uváděných taxonů a údaje z relevantních literárních a herbářových zdrojů jsou srovnány s vlastními poznatky z terénu. U druhů s ojedinělým výskytem na území ČR – Encoelia glaberrima a Spathularia rufa – a také u druhů, které jsou nacházeny častěji, ale bývají zřídka dokladovány – Sclerencoelia fraxinicola a Illosporiopsis christiansenii – jsou pak prezentovány přehledy exsikátů uložených v nejvýznamnějších veřejných i soukromých herbářích v ČR.
(The paper presents the first part of a publication summarising records of collections and first finds of some rare, less known, or hitherto probably overlooked ascomycetes in the Podyjí National Park in the years 2017–2021, dealing with species of the Leotiomycetes and Sordariomycetes groups. The ecological requirements of the mentioned taxa are discussed, and information from relevant literary and herbarium sources are compared with knowledge gained during the field research. For species with a rare occurrence in the Czech Republic, i.e. Encoelia glaberrima and Spathularia rufa, and also for species found more often but rarely documented, i.e. Sclerencoelia fraxinicola and Illosporiopsis christiansenii, overviews of exsiccates deposited in the main public and private herbaria in the Czech Republic are presented.)
... Kubička surprisingly listed this species among lignicolous fungi (growing on lying trunks of Abies alba). It has not been found here recently (Holec et al. 2015). However, occurrence of S. odorata in the Czech Republic has been confirmed by a recent unpublished find in the Brdy Mts (West Bohemia): Strašice, Ostrý vrch hill, 29 Sept. 2019 leg. ...
... Based on available published occurrence data (e.g. Kotlaba et Pouzar 1951, 1962, Kubička 1960, 1963, Svrček et Kubička 1964, Kuthan 1990, Holec et al. 2015 and our field experience from Czechia and Slovakia, we hypothesise that Mycena laevigata Gillet is a gilled fungus growing almost exclusively in old-growth forests. This is supported by results of an indicator analysis based on a field survey of permanent plots in various types of Czech forests (Dvořák et al. 2017), where M. laevigata is listed as a "faithful old-growth forest species". ...
... Wood decay stage is characterised according to the widely used five-level scale (Heilmann-Clausen 2001, Holec et al. 2015. ...
Published in Czech Mycology 75: 35-52, 2023. Available as Open Access (with supplement) at: http://www.czechmycology.org/_cmo/CM75103.pdf. --- The distribution and ecology of Mycena laevigata was evaluated in the Czech Republic and Slovakia. We collected data on records from 32 Czech and 32 Slovak localities, mostly from dead wood of spruce, but also fir and rarely pine. Mycena laevigata is a distinctly submontane to supramontane species with its distribution peak in the montane zone and rare occurrence in the subalpine zone. Preferred habitats are supramontane spruce forests, submontane/montane mixed forests (beech, spruce, fir) and submontane beech/fir forests. Several extrazonal habitats are known, namely waterlogged spruce forests, bog forests and ravine forests. Records of M. laevigata clearly dominate in old-growth forests under protection, which are rich in dead wood of spruce and/or fir, while records from managed forests are extremely rare. The species is able to fructify on wood of all decay stages, but most frequently at advanced stages, from May to November, with peaks in June and September. The prevailing occurrence in old-growth forests shows that the species requires not only presence of dead conifer wood in any cold and humid environment, but also some degree of habitat continuity, i.e. minor human impact on the forest ecosystem. The species can therefore be used as a good indicator of habitat preservation. Its taxonomic identity was verified molecularly using the ITS sequence from Czechia. Sequences of Asian samples are somewhat different from the European ones. Its distribution in Europe is summarised and its ecology in other parts of Europe discussed. --- Rozšíření a ekologie druhu Mycena laevigata byla hodnocena v Česku a na Slovensku. Údaje o nálezech jsme shromáždili z 32 lokalit v Česku a 32 na Slovensku, převážně z mrtvého dřeva smrku, ale i jedle a vzácně borovice. Mycena laevigata je výrazně submontánní až supramontánní druh s převahou výskytu v horském stupni a vzácným výskytem v subalpínském stupni. Preferovanými biotopy jsou supramontánní smrkové lesy, submontánní/montánní smíšené lesy (buk, smrk, jedle) a submontánní jedlobučiny. Je známo i několik extrazonálních biotopů, zejména podmáčené smrčiny, rašelinné lesy a suťové lesy. Nálezy M. laevigata jednoznačně dominují v chráněných starých lesích bohatých na mrtvé dřevo smrku a/nebo jedle, zatímco nálezy z hospodářských lesů jsou extrémně vzácné. Druh je schopen tvořit plodnice na dřevě všech stadií tlení, ale nejčastěji se vyskytuje v pokročilých stadiích, od května do listopadu, s vrcholy v červnu a září. Převažující výskyt v přirozených lesích ukazuje, že druh vyžaduje nejen pouhou přítomnost mrtvého dřeva jehličnanů v jakémkoli chladném a vlhkém prostředí, ale také určitý stupeň kontinuity stanoviště spočívající v absenci většího vlivu člověka na lesní ekosystém. Druh lze tedy použít jako dobrý indikátor přirozenosti stanoviště. Jeho taxonomická identita byla ověřena molekulárně pomocí sekvence ITS z Česka. Sekvence asijských vzorků se od evropských poněkud liší. Je shrnuto rozšíření v Evropě a diskutována ekologie v jiných částech Evropy.
... These well preserved old forests with diverse composition of woody species and water-rich substrates provide a good foundation for high fungal diversity. Several mycological studies in Central Europe have also shown that old mixed forests of beech, spruce, and fir are habitats of extremely diverse macrofungal communities, with a large number of rare and endangered species [85][86][87]. The protected forest habitats at Tara Mt. stand out, not only in terms of the total number of recorded species but also the presence of species that are interesting from a conservational perspective. ...
... The dominant fungal species in the indigenous beech forest (P1) were Cerioporus varius, Hymenopellis radicata, Marasmius bulliardii, Megacollybia platyphylla, and Coprinellus xanthotrics, respectfully, as well as Phallus impudicus and Trametes versicolor as the only species present on both experimental plots at Vzganica. These species seem to favor beech forests, which is in agreement with previous studies [26,80,86,93,94]. Important findings-unique for the autochthonous beech habitat on Vidlič (P1)-are Flammulaster muricatus and Polyporus arcularius. ...
... The dominant fungal species in the indigenous beech forest (P1) were Cerioporus varius, Hymenopellis radicata, Marasmius bulliardii, Megacollybia platyphylla, and Coprinellus xanthotrics, respectfully, as well as Phallus impudicus and Trametes versicolor as the only species present on both experimental plots at Vzganica. These species seem to favor beech forests, which is in agreement with previous studies [26,80,86,93,94]. Important findingsunique for the autochthonous beech habitat on Vidlič (P1)-are Flammulaster muricatus and Polyporus arcularius. ...
Fungal diversity is one of the most important indicators of overall forest biodiversity and its health. However, scarce information exists on the state of macrofungal communities of mountain forests in Serbia, making it one of the countries with the least-published mycological data in the Mediterranean and Balkan region of Europe. This paper presents the results of the first comprehensive, long-term study of macrofungal communities in some of the most important mountain forest ecosystems in Serbia (Tara, Kopaonik and Vidlič). In the course of three consecutive years, the sampling of five permanent experimental plots resulted in 245 species of macrofungi, classified into three functional groups (terricolous saprothrophs, lignicolous, and mycorrhizal fungi). Special attention was given to protected and indicator species, which point out the great value of studied forest habitats and the importance of their conservation. It was found that precipitation, habitat humidity, and temperature significantly influence the occurrence and distribution, primarily of mycorrhizal and lignicolous group of fungi. Thus, the continuation of long-term monitoring is crucial in order to more precisely determine which groups/species of macrofungi would, and to what extent they would, adapt to a rapidly changing climate.
... Furthermore, our results do not show significant relationships between WSF species composition and CWD and FWD volume. The reason for this may be the lack of old-growth forest features, such as large amounts of deadwood and undisturbed forest soils (Müller et al., 2007;Holec et al., 2015), as well as natural characteristics of pine-dominated forest, e.g., lower productivity, standing volume, and input rates of deadwood due to drier and shallower soils (Stokland and Larson, 2011), in both RF and MF. A comparative study also indicated that the total cover of woody debris, rather than its volume, influenced woodinhabiting fungi (Kutszegi et al., 2015). ...
We report the first robust estimate of macrofungal assemblages in European mixed coniferous forest to better understand species diversity under two management strategies (managed vs. not managed) and to rate the recovery of forest reserves, transformed from formerly managed stands, to their natural state. Following extensive repeated sampling in three regions of Poland, we found 318 fungal species from different trophic groups. The two forest management strategies showed similar cumulative fungal species richness and values for Shannon, evenness, and Simpson’s dominance indices, suggesting that both management strategies did not generate factors stimulating or limiting species richness and biodiversity. In contrast, site as well as forest management strategy affected the composition of all fungal trophic groups, with site being a stronger influencing factor. Different fungal ecological groups responded differently to environmental drivers, with ectomycorrhizal symbionts and parasites being more tightly linked to tree traits than saprotrophs, which were affected mostly by climate and substrate. Indicator species associated mainly with managed forests comprised predominantly wood-inhabiting fungi. Conservation-relevant species (red-listed in Poland) were noted in both forest reserves and managed forests; however, they predominated in the former. The results indicated a rather slow process of transformation of fungal communities in forest reserves originating from previously managed forests. The major conclusion of this study is that managed forests complement forest reserves in fungal diversity conservation.
... Their diameter was measured at breast height (DBH). Segments of Boubínský prales virgin forest (BP) and trunk decay stages are given in accordance with Holec et al. (2015). RILOG ID represents trunk code in tree database of the The Silva Tarouca Research Institute for Landscape and Ornamental Gardening, Czech Republic. ...
After a revision of Kneiffiella specimens from European old-growth forests in Czech Republic, Slovakia, Croatia and Poland, Kneiffiella altaica was found to have a western distribution far from its type locality at Teletskoye lake in Altai mountains in Russia. Comparing further material from USA, we found a similar species, Kneiffiella subaltaica, which we describe as new to science based on molecular inference of the ITS and 28S DNA sequence and morphology.
