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Large representative reserves in the Russian biodiversity hotspots with their predominant vegetation according to the classification of Stolbovoi and McCallum (2002): A) Kavkazskii zapovednik (temperate forest and grasslands) B) Altaiskii zapovednik (southern taiga, temperate forest, and grasslands); Sayno-Shushenskii zapovednik (middle taiga, pre-tundra); Tunkinskii national park (southern taiga); C) Bureinskii zapovednik (southern taiga, pre-tundra.
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Recent fire management policy in Russia assumes the complete exclusion of fires from the statutory reserves. We analyzed what the natural, climate-induced fire regimes for the historical years 1901–1998 in Russia, in the Russian biodiversity hotspots and in the selected statutory reserves would be if the human impacts were neglected. A global dynam...
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... this set, we took for analysis the five reserves with the most continental geographical location (Kavkazskii zapo- vednik in the North Caucasus, Bureinskii zapovednik in the Far East, and all large reserves in South Siberia). Short biogeo- graphical characteristics of the five protected areas are presented in Fig. 4. Results of analysis of the normalized areas burnt for the representative reserves reveal a high spatial variation of fire regimes within the hotspots (see Table ...
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... In the real world, these changes in fire activity have large consequences for other elements of ecosystem function beyond carbon storage. For instance, declining fire activity and resulting woody encroachment often have negative effects on fire-dependent ecosystems (42), and in particular on tropical savannas and grasslands (43,44), where fire is crucial for ecosystem function and maintenance of biodiversity (45,46) and human livelihoods (47). This link has been demonstrated empirically: Increases in carbon stocks resulting from fire suppression in savannas have been associated with extensive biodiversity losses (45). ...
Fire is an important climate-driven disturbance in terrestrial ecosystems, also modulated by human ignitions or fire suppression. Changes in fire emissions can feed back on the global carbon cycle, but whether the trajectories of changing fire activity will exacerbate or attenuate climate change is poorly understood. Here, we quantify fire dynamics under historical and future climate and human demography using a coupled global climate–fire–carbon cycle model that emulates 34 individual Earth system models (ESMs). Results are compared with counterfactual worlds, one with a constant preindustrial fire regime and another without fire. Although uncertainty in projected fire effects is large and depends on ESM, socioeconomic trajectory, and emissions scenario, we find that changes in human demography tend to suppress global fire activity, keeping more carbon within terrestrial ecosystems and attenuating warming. Globally, changes in fire have acted to warm climate throughout most of the 20th century. However, recent and predicted future reductions in fire activity may reverse this, enhancing land carbon uptake and corresponding to offsetting ∼5 to 10 y of global CO2 emissions at today’s levels. This potentially reduces warming by up to 0.11 °C by 2100. We show that climate–carbon cycle feedbacks, as caused by changing fire regimes, are most effective at slowing global warming under lower emission scenarios. Our study highlights that ignitions and active and passive fire suppression can be as important in driving future fire regimes as changes in climate, although with some risk of more extreme fires regionally and with implications for other ecosystem functions in fire-dependent ecosystems.
... One of the most important requirements of DGVMs is the accurate simulation of carbon flux between biosphere and atmosphere at different spatial scales from global to regional scale and at different time steps from millennia to half-hour step (Sitch et al., 2003). Reliable descriptions of carbon exchange in biosphere-atmosphere system can provide the possibility for the future prediction of climate-carbon cycle feedback in Earth System Models (ESMs), where DGVMs are included (Wu et al., 2017;Wu et al., 2018). The total carbon flux, or Net Ecosystem Exchange (NEE) in biosphere-atmosphere system, could be validated with global measurements of changes in atmospheric CO 2 concentration at different locations (Arneth et al., 2017). ...
Dynamic Global Vegetation Models (DGVMs) are commonly used to describe the land biogeochemical processes and regulate carbon and water pools. However, the simulation efficiency and validation of DGVMs are limited to varying temporal and spatial resolutions. Additionally, the uncertainties caused by different interpolation methods used in DGVMs are still not clear. In this study, we employ Socio-Economic and natural Vegetation ExpeRimental (SEVER) DGVM to simulate Net Ecosystem Exchange (NEE) flux with large scale National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) daily climate data as inputs for the years 1997–2000 at 14 Euroflux sites. It is shown that daily local NEE flux on chosen sites can be reasonably simulated, and daily temperature and shortwave radiation are the most essential inputs for daily NEE simulation compared with precipitation and the ratio of sunshine hours. Different running means (1 to 30 days) methods are analysed for each Euroflux site, and the best results of both averaged regression coefficient and averaged slope of regression are discovered by using 5 days running mean method. SEVER DGVM, driven by linearly interpolated daily climate data is compared at the monthly time step with Lund-Potsdam-Jena (LPJ) DGVM, which combines the linear interpolation of daily temperature with stochastic generation of daily precipitation. The comparison demonstrates that the stochastic generation of daily precipitation provides an acceptable fit to local observed NEE, but with a slight decrease in accuracy. Simulation experiments with SEVER DGVM demonstrate that daily local NEE flux inside a grid cell for a region as large as Europe can be modelled by DGVMs, using only large scale climate data as inputs.
... There are three biodiversity hotspots in Russia; the North Caucasus, South Siberia, and the Far East [10]. Recently, biologists from various backgrounds have shown a great interest in Central Siberia as a biodiversity hot spot [11,12]. As a geographic link between Europe and Asia, Central Siberia is an important region for understanding the spatial distribution and the evolutionary processes of a diversity of organisms, including WDF. ...
... Sustainability 2020,12, 2535 ...
Wood-decay fungi (WDF) play a significant role in recycling nutrients, using enzymatic and mechanical processes to degrade wood. Designated as a biodiversity hot spot, Central Siberia is a geographically important region for understanding the spatial distribution and the evolutionary processes shaping biodiversity. There have been several studies of WDF diversity in Central Siberia, but identification of species was based on morphological characteristics, lacking detailed descriptions and molecular data. Thus, the aim of this study was to identify WDF in Central Siberia, regarding the degradation of host trees based on both morphological and molecular analyses. We collected 106 WDF samples from Krasnoyarsk and the Republic of Khakassia in 2014 and 2017, and identified a total of 52 fungal species from six main host tree genera. In order to assess the host preference of the WDF, we examined previous literature, and data from this study. We confirmed a division in host preference of WDF between gymnosperms and angiosperms. DNA-based identification and host preference assessment of the WDF provide preliminary data on WDF diversity and their role in nutrient cycles in the ecosystem of Central Siberia. To fully understand WDF diversity in Central Siberia, continuous long-term surveys, including DNA sequence data, are needed.
... Many fire scars are visible across the landscape and vegetation patterns often dominated by evidence of past fire history, favouring the occurrence of simplified, often nearly pure Mongolian oak stands, frequently with reduced canopy closure ( Figure 12). Wildfires can hugely influence the local biome by changing the vegetation cover, shaping the vegetation structure and altering the local climate (Wu et al., 2018). Moreover, wildfires represent the main factor that determines the dynamics of carbon pools in the ecosystems of boreal forests. ...
This work was funded by the European Union as part of the Project “The Amur Coalition for Participatory Governance”. Contract No 2015/370-518, aimed at enabling participatory forest governance and civil society development in the Russian Far East. The Project was delivered by the Amur Branch WWF (Russia) and the Forest Sciences and Technology Centre of Catalonia (CTFC).
... Although fire is an important natural component to the maintenance of grassland ecosystems worldwide Bond and Keeley 2005;Leys et al. 2018), repeated entire-area spring burning is known to be detrimental to many prairie insects in North America Panzer 2002;Swengel et al. 2011). The Eurasian steppes are also fire-prone ecosystems Wu et al. 2018) and many Japanese grassland butterflies have originated from the Eurasian steppes (Hiura 1971;Ohwaki 2018). However, as was observed in prairie insects, entirearea spring burning had negative impacts on many butterfly species (Fig. 5, Table A3), i.e., only 7 species were indicative of burned grasslands, whereas 20 species were indicative of abandoned grasslands. ...
Entire-area spring burning is a common practice in many grasslands. Although there are many studies on the effects of entire-area spring burning on insects, the underlying mechanism of insect response is not well known. Herbivorous insect responses to spring burning are expected to be related to hibernating traits and grassland quality (host and nectar plants). I surveyed butterfly assemblages and vegetation characteristics (e.g., nectar flower occurrence, host plant richness, vegetation height, and vegetation coverage) as parameters of grassland quality for butterflies over 21 transects in 3 burned and 3 abandoned grasslands. Butterfly species were classified based on their hibernating traits, with a focus on endangered and grassland species. Although grassland quality as measured by nectar resources and host plants did not differ between the abandoned and burned grasslands, butterfly richness and abundance were lower in the burned grasslands. Each grassland, particularly two burned grasslands, supported a lower number of Red List grassland species, considering the presence of their host plants. Butterfly richness and abundance exhibited a unimodal response to vegetation height and were lower in burned grasslands; however, they were not related to other variables. Species associated with burned grasslands hibernated belowground or on the surface in sparse vegetation, whereas species associated with abandoned grasslands hibernated on the surface or aboveground. Therefore, although burning is an effective method to halt grassland decline, entire-area spring burning is detrimental to grassland butterfly species. Rotational patch fire and grassland restoration would be required to maintain grassland butterfly diversity.
... Wildfires can hugely influence the local biome by changing the vegetation cover, shaping the vegetation structure and altering the local climate (Wu et al., 2018). ...
Forest beekeeping is an example par excellence of sustainable local enterprises. IT creates strong incentives to protect forest ecosystems while providing local communities the sources of income and livelihood. In the context of Primorsky province, the southern corner of the Russian Far East, forest beekeepers have been actively managing bees under very challenging conditions which include institutional obstacles, the imperfect land tenure regime, forest destruction and degradation due to illegal logging and overlogging, and the conflict of interests with logging companies which are more favoured by regional government. Against this backdrop, the objective of this report is to assess the current status of the beekeeping sector of Primorsky province, the obstacles and challenges it is currently facing, to identify the gaps between the needs of the current sector and its current conditions, and to suggest the ways to move it forward.
