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Land use map of the Bay Area. Map reflects land use patterns as of 1995 (Perkins 1996). Note that undeveloped lands include land in private ownership as well as public lands. More extensive areas of native forest lands occur at both the northern and southern reaches of the region.
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The San Francisco Bay Area hosts a diverse insect fauna and a dense cluster of urban areas. The high diversity of insects in the Bay Area arises for three primary reasons: its location in the California biotic province, the diverse local environment and the entomologist-area effect. The juxtaposition of high insect diversity and an area intensively...
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... 1930, the population of the Bay Area has more than quadrupled ( Figure 2). Today urban areas almost completely encircle the bay Year 1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 Human population size ( Figure 3). San Francisco has the highest population density in the region, but the largest population center is comprised of the city of San Jose and the adjacent region known as Silicon Valley (Table 1). ...
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... Our results then confirm the relevance of protected areas for the conservation of pollinating insect taxa, such as butterflies, ground beetles, hoverflies and wild bees [97][98][99]. Given the high importance of pollinating insects for ecosystem services, we recommend to extend investigations to other protected and non-protected green areas in urban and suburban areas of Haiti. ...
The preprint investigates the impact of habitat type on the composition of pollinating insect assemblages in two protected areas in Western Haiti. The study compares insect abundance and composition between the suburban Wynne Farm Ecological Reserve (WFER) and the Urban National Park of Martissant (UNPM), both encompassing forest patches, agroforestry, and agricultural crops. Utilizing colored pan-traps, the researchers collected 3722 insects from six Orders, identifying 68.2% to family level due to taxonomic constraints. Results indicate higher insect abundance in WFER compared to UNPM, with significant variations in habitat differences between sites. Site, habitat, and their interaction significantly influenced insect composition. Notably, only 30.51% of identified families were shared between sites. The study highlights the importance of combined protection in preserving broader insect diversity and reports the discovery of patrimonial lepidopteran and hymenopteran species previously unrecorded in Haiti. The findings underscore the significance of protected areas and emphasize the necessity for enhanced entomological expertise in conservation efforts.
... In addition, both the Outbound Field and Mess Mahogany observation points were dominated by tall trees so that imago food plants were rarely found, as well as the larva host plant of butterflies. The differences in species diversity between observation points can be caused by anthropogenic disturbance and habitat quality [7,30] in each point. ...
... The lack of contact with the natural environment of young people is pointed out by Louv (2005), and the Acta Botanica Brasilica, 2023, 37: e20210249 generalization of environment knowledge is demonstrated by Driessnack (2009). Both of these aspects when added to the physical impacts of environment degradation, such as fragmentation of habitats, impact on the environment richness and abundance of fauna and flora, as well as the decrease and extinction of native species (Connor et al. 2002;Morini et al. 2007;Sanford et al. 2008;Buczkowski & Richmond 2012;Lutinski et al. 2014) aggravate the process of disconnection with the natural environment. ...
Abstract Limited experiential contact to natural environment can affect the knowledge of the local flora and, consequently, the intentions to conserve it. Therefore, this study aims to analyze whether high school students from Teresina (PI-Brazil) can identify more species of native than exotic plants and the factors that can affect this ability. 333 students from state public schools were interviewed through semi-structured questionnaires and with printed images of 20 species of plants found in the region. The data were analyzed using univariate non-parametric statistics. The results show that living in the countryside positively influenced the identification of local flora, but there was no significant difference in the number of identified plants between students who attended botany classes and those who did not. Two native plants (cashew-96.7% and pitomba-91.9%) and three exotic plants (mango-90.7%, guava-94.9% and acerola-82.0%) stood out among the most identified plant species. It was also found that, for two species of native plants very important for the State of Piauí, the caneleiro (0.6%) and the carnauba (26.7%), the identification rates were scarce. Thus, it is necessary to use Environmental Education and the teaching of Botany to prioritize native plant species, valuing local ecology and ensuring their protection.
... Urban areas are predicted to increase globally over the next few decades (Kii, 2021), decreasing the frequency and availability of natural areas that are essential to species conservation and their associated ecosystems (Connor et al., 2002). Insects can be useful bioindicators, as their short generation time allows them to respond rapidly to anthropogenic changes (Uehara-Prado et al., 2009). ...
Anthropic stressors are among the greatest concerns in nature conservation. Among these, deforestation and urban expansion are major drivers of habitat loss, which is a major threat to biodiversity. Insects, the largest and most abundant group of animals, are declining at alarming rates. However, global estimates of the impact of anthropic stressors on insect abundance, richness, and traits are still lacking. Here, we performed a meta-analysis to estimate the impact of urbanization stressors on insect abundance, diversity, and traits. Our design focused on the effects of urbanization on moderators such as insects' activity periods, climatic zones, development stages, ecosystem, functional roles, mobility, orders, and life history. We found that insects are negatively affected by urban stressors across most moderators evaluated. Our research estimated that in insects, urbanization resulted in a mean decrease of 42 % in abundance, 40 % in richness, and 24 % in trait effects, compared to a conserved area. Even though in general there was greater loss in abundance than in richness, each moderator was affected by different means and to varying degrees, which results from artificial lighting at night as well as land use. Our study highlights the importance of promoting better protection of insect biodiversity in the future from the enormous loss in biodiversity reported in >500 papers assessed.
... Insects have highly organized sensory and neuro-motor systems more comparable to those of vertebrates and the interactions between insects and plants in case of herbivorous insects, or hosts for parasitic insects are often called co-evolutionary Carlsson et al. (2005). They respond to altered conditions by genetic change and this heterogeneity or elasticity within insect species allows persistence to efficiently face the environmental change Edward et al. (2002) Kakatia and Chutia (2009). Thus, the present study has come out with basic information on three important ecoraces of Similipal which need to be conserved for posterity. ...
Tropical tasar silkworm Antheraea mylitta is represented by 44 different ecoraces in India. Due to urbanisation, mining and other anthropogenic reasons, many of the wild Tasarecoraces either lost or in the process of extinction which warrants their conservation. Similipal Biosphere Reserve in Mayurbhanj, Odisha is considered to be the natural habitat for many economically important tropical Tasar silkworm namely Modal, Nalia, Jata and Bogai etc. All these wild ecoraces are genetic treasures for Vanya sericulture industry, unfortunately, genetic base of all these ecoraces are depleting day by day. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to ascertain the genetic varability between these ecoraces particularly with reference to cocoon and associated parameters. The study indicated that the ecorace Modal is one of the best with highest average Cocoon length 5.40 (5.23-5.48 cm), breadth 3.47 (3.42-3.50 cm), Cocoon volume 30.03 (29.20-31.10 cc), Single cocoon weight 15.57 (13.48-18.48 g), Single shell weight 3.22 (2.90-3.52 g) and Silk ratio 20.80 (19.11-21.52%) when compared to all other ecoraces. However, result depicted that there was considerable statistically significant variation exists with respect to the different cocoon and associated characters amongst the evaluated ecoraces. Further variation in voltinism and choice of food plants were also evident among the studied ecoraces. The range of variation exists among these ecoraces can effectively be utilized in formulating conservation plan and selective breeding programme.
... Kondisi tersebut melatarbelakangi urgensi dalam upaya konservasi biodiversitas karena diindikasi mengalami berbagai gejala penurunan kondisi lingkungan yang disebabkan oleh perkembangan urbanisme yang sangat pesat agar menghindari terjadinya penurunan kondisi lingkungan. [20] dalam penelitiannya menunjukkan bahwa berbagai tekanan lingkungan dapat berpengaruh negatif bagi ekosistem maupun komunitas biotik pada suatu habitat karena menyebabkan perubahan maupun hilangnya komponen-komponen habitat sehingga dapat berdampak pada keberadaan satwa di dalamnya, termasuk kupu-kupu. Kupu-kupu menjadi salah satu satwa yang penting keberadaanya pada RTH perkotaan karena memiliki fungsi ekologis sebagai polinator tumbuhan dan merupakan bagian dari rantai makanan satwa. ...
One of the ecological functions of green open space (RTH) is to accommodate biodiversity in urban areas by providing a habitat for wild plants and animals. Pollution, urbanization, and various other environmental pressures make green open spaces in urban areas more susceptible to disturbances, both natural and due to human activities, which can affect the existence of biodiversity within them, including butterflies, which have specificity and sensitivity to certain environmental conditions, thus acting as bioindicators. Assessment of butterfly species, habitat conditions, and assistance with problems was carried out at four green open space locations in the East Jakarta Administrative City (DKI Jakarta Province) and four green open space locations in Pontianak City (West Borneo Province) to determine the potential and effectiveness of green open space as habitat protection for butterflies. The assessment was carried out by observing the presence of butterflies using the time search method and measuring the environmental factors that form the habitat and their correlation with the butterfly community through quantitative analysis. The results of the study showed that there were 22 species of butterflies in green open space in the East Jakarta Administrative City and 17 species of butterflies in green open space in Pontianak City. Correlation analysis at the eight green open space locations showed the same pattern, namely that the occurrence of butterfly species increased along with the number of forage plant species (as hosts or food plants) and canopy density (as shelter plants). The clustered shape of green open space is also a characteristic of green open space, which supports the function of green open space as a refuge habitat for butterflies in urban areas.
... En el caso de las plantas, por ejemplo, cada ciudad desde su fundación, y dependiendo de su contexto biogeográfico y del proceso histórico humano, heredará un grupo florístico más o menos característico (Duncan et al. 2011;Hahs y McDonnell 2014). En algunos casos como el de la ciudad de Madrid (España), la constitución de la biodiversidad vendrá determinada por su desarrollo original a partir de un contexto agrícola, distinto por ejemplo al de ciudades como San Francisco (California, E.E.U.U.) que por el contrario surgió en un entorno mucho menos transformado, rodeada de grandes extensiones naturales (Connor et al. 2002;Schwartz et al. 2002). ...
La flora de las ciudades no ha sido objeto de demasiada atención conservacionista en el pasado. En este trabajo se ofrece un análisis de las posibilidades de conservación de la biodiversidad vegetal en el medio urbano valorando algunas herramientas desarrolladas por la Biología de la Conservación: áreas protegidas, reintroducciones, hábitats artificiales, arboricultura y jardinería. Después, se utiliza la flora de la ciudad de Madrid como posible modelo de aplicación de las medidas conservacionistas generales expuestas. Se mencionan algunas de las extinciones locales mejor documentadas en la ciudad y se propone el uso de distintos tipos de microrreservas (estratégicas, potenciales o de novo, y de extrarradio) para intentar evitar extinciones adicionales en el futuro. Se concluye con una propuesta novedosa de estrategia de gestión de la biodiversidad consistente en el encaje biótico dentro del planeamiento urbanístico general de las ciudades. El encaje biótico persigue, entre otros objetivos, incorporar a técnicos en biodiversidad en las plantillas locales de las ciudades para alcanzar una gestión más completa de las áreas verdes urbanas.
... Intensitas cahaya tinggi dibutuhkan kupu-kupu untuk bereproduksi dan terbang karena kupu-kupu termasuk hewan poikilotermik (Dewi et al., 2016dan Ramesh et al., 2012. Biasanya sebelum kupu-kupu memulai aktivitas, kupukupu akan merentangkan sayapnya dan berjemur di bawah sinar matahari untuk menghangatkan tubuh sebelum terbang (Connor et al., 2002) (Muli et al., 2016). Nilai indeks keanekaragaman tertinggi pada jalur 2 dikarenakan lokasi tersebut merupakan daerah yang memiliki vegetasi beragam. ...
The Javan Eagle Wildlife Sanctuary Center (PSSEJ) is one of the regions in Indonesia that has a high diversity of flora and fauna in Bogor, West Java. One of the fauna that live in PSSEJ is an insect of the order Lepidoptera. The limited information about Lepidoptera in this location causes the data on the diversity of these species to not be known with certainty. It is necessary to research the diversity of Lepidoptera. This study aims to study the species diversity of the order Lepidoptera at the Javan Eagle Wildlife Sanctuary Center. This research is an exploratory research conducted from December 2020 to August 2021 in two routes, namely track 1 (camping ground area) and route 2 (officer entrance route and land use). The research method uses a survey method using a sweeping net technique. Collecting data in the form of primary data covering the number of Lepidoptera species and secondary data covering temperature, humidity and light intensity. Based on the research, it was found 39 species of the order Lepidoptera with a moderate diversity index of 2.84, a high evenness index of 0.87 and a low dominance index of 0.08. Keywords: Diversity, Javan Eagle Sanctuary Center, Lepidoptera
... Herein, we synthesized and analyzed a long-term amphibian occupancy dataset, allowing us to quantify regional trends for an entire community of lentic (i.e., pond) breeding amphibians. Specifically, we combined data from multiple monitoring programs across the past decade (2009-2019) within the California Bay Area, a region of both high biodiversity and heightened drought risk (Connor et al., 2002;Diffenbaugh et al., 2015). Using dynamic occupancy models, we estimated temporal patterns in occupancy for juvenile forms of both native and invasive amphibians and quantified the effects of drought while controlling for land use and the presence of invasive species. ...
The increasing frequency and severity of drought may exacerbate ongoing global amphibian declines. However, interactions between drought and coincident stressors, coupled with high interannual variability in amphibian abundances, can mask the extent and underlying mechanisms of drought impacts. We synthesized a decade (2009–2019) of regional-scale amphibian monitoring data (2273 surveys, 233 ponds, and seven species) from across California's Bay Area and used dynamic occupancy modeling to estimate trends and drivers of species occupancy. An extreme drought during the study period resulted in substantial habitat loss, with 51% of ponds drying in the worst year of drought, compared to <20% in pre-drought years. Nearly every species exhibited reduced breeding activity during the drought, with the occupancy of some species (American bullfrogs and California newts) declining by >25%. Invasive fishes and bullfrogs were also associated with reduced amphibian occupancy, and these taxa were locally extirpated from numerous sites during drought, without subsequent recovery– suggesting that drought may present an opportunity to remove invaders. Despite a historic, multi-year drought, native amphibians rebounded quickly to pre-drought occupancy levels, demonstrating evidence of resilience. Permanent waterbodies supported higher persistence of native species during drought years than did temporary waterbodies, and we therefore highlight the value of hydroperiod diversity in promoting amphibian stability.
... Menurut Effendi (2009) bahwa kelimpahan kupu-kupu berkorelasi dengan kelimpahan tumbuhan penghasil nektar yang menyediakan energi dan nutrisi bagi kupu-kupu, dan keragaman kupu-kupu tidak hanya dipengaruhi oleh keberadaan volume nektar, tetapi dipengaruhi juga oleh kekayaan tumbuhan nektar dan kandungan gulanya Habitat pinggir sungai merupakan lokasi yang sedikit terbuka, sehingga lebih dominan terpapar cahaya langsung. Cahaya akan dapat menarik kupukupu, karena kupu-kupu membutuhkan cahaya untuk menjaga keseimbangan suhu tubuh dari kupukupu tersebut (Connor et al. 2003). ...
