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The spatial distributions of Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn concentrations in surface soils of Guangdong Province, China, were investigated to evaluate the environmental quality of these potentially toxic elements using 261 samples. The following average concentrations were obtained: Cu, 17.4 mg/kg; Ni, 17.7 mg/kg; Cr, 56.7 mg/kg; Co, 6.8 m...
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... use with different soil properties affected the con- centrations of potentially toxic elements, with the con- centrations under different land uses being different (Fig. 4). The samples with higher concentrations of Cu, Co, Mn, and Zn were obtained from dry land, whereas most samples with high levels of Hg and Pb concentrations came from paddy land (Table 3). All concentrations of samples obtained from forest land were lower. Soil type is another factor for the enrichment of poten- tially toxic elements. In Guangdong Province, approxi- mately 62.58 % of the total soil area is made of cambisols. The percentage of anthrosols is approximately 24.27 %; ferralsols and regosols only cover 5.19 and 3.66 %, respectively. Measurements of the analyzed elements for each of the studied soil types are shown in Table 4. The concentrations of Cu, Zn, Cd, Ni, Cr, Co, and Mn were higher in regosols, whereas Pb and Hg were higher in an- throsols. In general, the concentrations of most of the elements in ferralsols presented strong spatial variability with higher variation coefficients for Cu, Ni, Co, Mn, and Hg. Zn, Pb and Cr showed high variability in ...
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... The toxicity and the chances of intrusion of heavy metals from the soil into the food chain can be measured using the geoaccumulation index (I geo ), which is used to evaluate the level of heavy metal contamination and their mobility in the soil [61]. The geoaccumulation index can be calculated using the following formula reported by [62]. I geo = log 2 (C n /1.5B n ) ...
... contamination and their mobility in the soil [61]. The geoaccumulation index can be calculated using the following formula reported by [62]. ...
... Standards for the interpretation of geoaccumulation index values[62,63]. ...
Land degradation and the release of contaminants such as heavy metals into the environment due to mining activities is a concerning issue worldwide. The bioaccumulation of heavy metals in the environmental matrix can severely damage flora and fauna and negatively impact human health. The poor physicochemical properties of mine spoil generated through mining operations make restoration of such contaminated and degraded lands challenging. In recent years, an exponential growth in the development and applications of biochar and its composites for the remediation of heavy metal-polluted environmental matrices such as soil and water has been observed. The literature review found that 95 review papers were published in the last five years reviewing the utility of biochar for heavy metals removal from the aqueous environment. However, no paper was published focusing on the application of biochar and its composites for the remediation of heavy metal-contaminated coal mine soil. The objective of the present review is to critically review the impact of mining activities on the environment and the role of biochar and its composites in the remediation of heavy metal-contaminated mine soil. This review presented a detailed discussion and sufficient data on the impact of mining practices in India on the environment. In addition, it critically discussed the methods of the production of biochar from various wastes and methods of modifying the pristine biochar to develop functionalized biochar composites. The detailed mechanism through which biochar and its composites remove and immobilize the heavy metals in the soil was discussed. The efficacy of biochar for the remediation of contaminated mine soil was also critically evaluated using various case studies and data from previously published articles. Thus, the major conclusion drawn from the review is that the application of various functionalized biochar composites could effectively manage and remediate heavy metal-contaminated mine soil.
... Additionally, to examine the extent of involvement of each metal in the danger posed to an area, the single factor index, the Nemerow pollution index (PI) was tested for water quality of river with respect to heavy metals (Liu et al. 2004;Yang et al., 2013). The pollution index of single heavy metal was calculated by Eq. 2 and the contamination index (CI) for potentially toxic heavy metal in the river was calculated by using the same equation as in case of CPI which is given in Eq. 3. Therefore, PI was calculated as follows: ...
The study investigated the potential of aromatic-grass-based agroforestry systems to rehabilitate degraded land in the north-western Himalayas. Five treatments; sole lemon grass (Cymbopogon flexuosus) (LG), sole java grass sole (Cymbopogon winterianus) (JG), lemon grass + Morus alba (LG + M), java grass + M. alba (JG + M) and sole M. alba (M) were planted in a randomised block design and the systems were evaluated in terms of plant and tree growth and yields over three years and effects on soil quality characteristics. Considering the 3-year averages, the highest survival rate of the grass (95%) was recorded in sole lemon grass, while the highest plant height (117 cm), number of tillers clump⁻¹ (67), clump diameter (104 cm), fresh biomass (179 Mg ha⁻¹), dry biomass (60 Mg ha⁻¹) and oil yield (89 kg ha⁻¹) of the grass were recorded for the lemon grass + M. alba treatment. The highest total fresh root weight (128.7 g clump⁻¹) and number of total roots (511.7 clump⁻¹) were recorded under sole lemon grass and for lateral root spread (78.8 cm) was recorded under sole java grass. The highest soil organic carbon and potassium concentrations were recorded in sole M. alba. The treatment with sole M. alba was recorded to have the highest values for the soil biological properties followed by the treatments with lemon grass.
... In recent years, significant progress has been made in related fields. In terms of soil pollution evaluation, a variety of evaluation methods based on water and soil ecological risk evaluations have been developed, including the pollution load index method [15,[18][19][20][21][22][23], the Nemerow pollution index method [15,20,[24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31], the geoaccumulation index method [32][33][34][35][36][37], and the potential ecological hazard index method [10,18,[25][26][27]30,38,39]. Based on a geochemical survey of land quality, China has gradually formed a methodical system for conducting cultivated land quality [17,40,41] and geochemical evaluations [42]. ...
... The soil environmental quality was evaluated using the single heavy metal pollution index (P i ) and the Nemerow pollution index (P N ) [26,29,31], which were calculated as follows: ...
Various human production activities have caused tremendous damage to the soil ecological environment of cultivated land. Regional ecological risk assessments and the safe use of cultivated land have received widespread attention. The ecological risk assessment of heavy metals based on soil geochemical zoning has not been reported in the past. Using 14,389 topsoil samples, considering comprehensive geological background information, Yishui County in northern China was divided into three soil geochemical areas and 14 soil geochemical sub-regions by means of principal component factor superposition. The results of environmental quality and risk assessments of eight heavy metals based on soil geochemical zoning show that the single pollution index was greater than 1.0 and the Nemerow pollution index was greater than 0.7 for Ni in a sub-region, indicating that Ni pollution had reached the early warning limit, which demonstrates that Ni has a certain enrichment trend. Meanwhile, the geoaccumulation index of Ni and Cr was greater than zero in some sub-regions, indicating a slight pollution level. In addition, the potential ecological risk factor of the measured heavy metals was greater than 40 in 9 sub-regions, indicating a moderate ecological hazard, and the risk index was greater than 150 in a sub-region, revealing moderate ecological intensity, in which Hg and Cd were leading contributors to potential ecological hazards with a contribution rate between 58% and 76%. This method is suitable for the evaluation of soil environmental quality and safety for medium and large scales, and can provide a scientific basis for further zoning and grading prevention and control of soil pollution in cultivated land.
... Water quality indices like -organic pollution index (OPI) (Quan et al, 2005), comprehensive pollution index (CPI) (Zhao et al, 2012), overall water quality index (WQI) (Sargaonkar and Deshpande, 2003) and heavy metal pollution index (HPI) (Yang et al, 2013) have been evaluated to classify the water quality status in different stretches of river Beas. The mean and standard error of each parameter analysed and has been compared to the prescribed limit value of parameters concentration in surface water (BIS, 2012 andCPCB, 2000). ...
The present water quality monitoring study was conducted to evaluate the various physico-chemical parameters of river Beas from its different stretches in Punjab, India. The water samples were collected in triplicate from river Beas covering its entire flow in Punjab from upstream (Kiri Afghana, Gurdaspur), midstream (Gagrewal, Amritsar) and downstream (Goindwal, Tarn Taran) stretches during the period of May to December 2019 at monthly interval. The critical water quality parameters pertaining to river health (pH-7.75 to 8.42, DO-6.29 to 8.46 mgl-1 , BOD 0.68 to 2.14 mgl-1 , COD 0.83 to 8.33 mgl-1 , NH3-N-0.013 to 0.202 mgl-1) were found within the standard limits prescribed by CPCB, BIS, WHO, USEPA. Various pollution indices were also calculated on the basis of physico-chemical parameters of water to check the level of pollution. In reference to evaluated indices, the water quality of selected sites of Beas river was found optimal for supporting biological diversity in river ecosystem. However, it needs regular monitoring in respect to Biological Oxygen Demand, ammonical nitrogen and organic load at all the sites.
... Different natural or anthropogenic environmental factors influencing the spatial distributions of PTEs can be reflected through a comparison of their spatial patterns. The high-concentration regions of Co, Cr, Mn, and Ni were situated in hilly regions with sandstones, while low concentrations were related to alluvial deposits ( Fig. S1b; Fig. 2c, d, g, and h), implying the influence of parent materials on the distributions of these elements (Yang et al. 2013). Wang (1991) reported that Co, Cr, Mn, and Ni concentrations in sandstone were 0.86, 1.55, 0.84, and 1.45 (mg kg -1 ), respectively, generally higher than those in alluvial deposits in Shandong Province, consistent with the results in this study. ...
This study aimed to identify the spatial patterns of potentially toxic elements (PTEs), including the spatial distribution, spatial autocorrelation, and risk probability, and to quantify the sources of PTEs, to provide guidelines for soil management. Spatial distributions and probabilities of PTEs were determined by empirical Bayesian kriging (EBK), while spatial autocorrelation was estimated by Moran's I. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) was adopted for the quantitative source contributions of PTEs. More than 64.6% of Co, Cr, Mn, and Ni were derived from geogenic sources, with high regions and high-high clusters both correlated to sandstone. Thus, it can be deduced that parent materials dominated the spatial patterns of these PTEs. In addition, some hotspots were situated in urban areas, and the influence of human activities on these four PTEs should be considered. Industry-traffic discharge and parent materials both influenced As, Cu, Pb, and Zn. Nonetheless, the spatial patterns of As, Cu, Pb, and Zn were formed by anthropogenic emissions since hotspots and high-high clusters were contiguously situated in urban areas. 58.5% of Hg originated from atmospheric deposition related to industrial emissions, and 47.2% of Cd was controlled by the application of chemical fertilizers. High levels of Hg and Cd mainly corresponded with industrial sites and cultivated land, suggesting that industrial and geoponic production played major roles in the generation of spatial patterns for Hg and Cd, respectively. Furthermore, the Cd and Hg posed a severe risk to soils, with a high probability to surpass 1.5 times the backgrounds. The EBK, Moran's I, and PMF results showed that all ten PTEs were enriched to some degree due to natural or anthropogenic factors. The results of geostatistical analysis and the receptor model can be mutually verified, indicating the reliability of these methods.
... The heavy metals are added into the river system (by anthropogenic and natural sources) and are distributed either in the aqueous phase, suspended stage, or settle down in the riverbed sediments (Kumar et al. 2017c). Under certain environmental conditions, accumulated heavy metals in the river systems lead to ecological disturbances (Yang et al. 2013;Adimalla 2020). Due to bioaccumulation capacity and the environmental persistence of heavy metals, it has been given special attention to know the potential risk of hazardous heavy elements in water bodies (Alves et al. 2014;Misaghi et al. 2017;Kumar et al. 2020b,c). ...
... The assessment of the overall contamination level and heavy metal enrichment in the Hindon River water was performed using the contamination index (CI) and Nemerow pollution index (PI) illustrated by Yang et al. (2013). The CI and PI were evaluated using the raw data of heavy metals concentration. ...
The Hindon River is a major freshwater resource predominantly for the rural population of the western region in Uttar Pradesh, India. The river receives industrial wastewaters having heavy metals concentration at potentially toxic levels. The focus of this study is to estimate the heavy metals (such as Fe, Cu, Zn, and Cr) contamination in the Hindon River using Nemerow pollution index followed by environmetrics to identify their pollution source. The water samples are collected from 28 industrial discharge sites in the river to analyze metals concentration during pre- and post-monsoon months. The estimated Nemerow pollution index value is more than 3 indicating severely contaminated river water. Principal component analysis (PCA) results confirm that Fe and Cu are the major contaminants in the river, which indicates the direct input of wastewater from electroplating industries. Therefore, it is suggested that a strategic eco-conservation plan should be formulated and implemented in advance to prevent the deterioration of the water quality and aquatic life.
... Additionally, to examine the extent of involvement of each metal in the danger posed to an area, the single factor index, the Nemerow pollution index (PI) was tested for water quality of river with respect to heavy metals (Liu et al. 2004;Yang et al., 2013). The pollution index of single heavy metal was calculated by Eq. 2 and the contamination index (CI) for potentially toxic heavy metal in the river was calculated by using the same equation as in case of CPI which is given in Eq. 3. Therefore, PI was calculated as follows: ...
The Kali River is a significant source of surface water as well as the main tributary of River Hindon that flows through major cities of western Uttar Pradesh, India. It flows throughout the urban and industrial regions; hence, it carries various amounts of pollutant. Therefore, a study was conducted to examine spatial–temporal variations in river water quality by determining physicochemical variables and heavy metal concentrations at seventeen sampling stations (S1–S17) throughout the river stretch. Various physicochemical variables, namely pH, EC, TDS, turbidity, BOD, COD, TH, TA, Ca, Mg, Na, K, HCO3−, Cl−, SO42−, NO3−, and PO43− were higher in summer than in winter. The order of mean metal concentrations was Fe > Pb > Mn > Ni > Zn > Cu > Cr > Cd. The relationships among measured physicochemical variables and pollution index were examined. Furthermore, multivariate statistical methods were used to assess spatial–temporal variation in water quality to identify current pollution sources and validate results. Water quality index and comprehensive pollution index indicated that the Kali River was less polluted from S1 to S8. However, downstream sampling sites were polluted. Pollution starts from S9 and drastically increases at and beyond S13 because of effluents from industries and sugar mills in Muzaffarnagar. The study suggests cleaning the downstream region of river to restore human health and flora and fauna in the river ecosystem.
... Due to negative impacts on humans and other living organisms, soil contamination with toxic elements is one of the basic concerns of many countries and societies. The toxic elements accumulated in upper horizons of the soil might enter into the food chain and cause adverse effects on the health of all living creatures (Yang et al. 2013). Soils around mining areas have always been affected by pollution problems caused by toxic elements. ...
In Sarcheshmeh, the amount of waste rock resulting from extraction and processing is very high due to the low grade of copper in host rocks. Weathering and oxidation of sulfide minerals increase the mobility and transfer rate of toxic elements in these environments. Classic sampling and laboratory analyses method should be performed to evaluate the source, type, and extent of the contamination. Given the disadvantages of these classical measurement methods, a quick and inexpensive way is required to monitor the amount of elements. Visible, near, and shortwave infrared reflectance (VNIR/SWIR) spectroscopy was used in this study, to predict the copper level in one of the waste dumps of Sarcheshmeh copper mine. 120 waste samples were gathered, and various experiments performed to determine the mineralogy and content of toxic elements in them. The reflectance spectra of the samples were also measured in the laboratory by means of a portable spectrometer. After preprocessing of the raw spectra, prediction mechanism was studied and prediction models were developed. Comparing to the iron content of samples, clay minerals had more significant impact on prediction of the copper. The best and worst prediction performances were obtained by stepwise multiple linear regression (SMLR) (\(R_{{\text{p}}}^{2}\) = 0.89) and principal component regression (PCR) (\( {R}_{\text{p}}^{2}\) = 0.37) methods, respectively. In addition, an SMLR predicted copper map, had relatively acceptable spatial similarity with the map constructed using the measured copper values. Results of this study showed that VNIR/SWIR spectroscopy can be considered as a novel method for predicting the copper content in highly heterogeneous environments.
... HPI is evaluated on the basis of heavy metals whose SAL in drinking water has been prescribed as per BIS [26] and WHO [27]. It is a single factor index that classifies the water contamination and degree of toxicity contributed by heavy metals in a water body [19,29]. The mathematical equations (Eq. ...
River Narmada is the fifth largest holy river of Madhya Pradesh (M.P) flowing in the central part of India. The river receives large quantity of untreated/partially treated wastewater enriched with heavy metals and supplementary toxic organic pollutants. This study aims to assess the water quality status in river Narmada using indices like comprehensive pollution index (CPI), heavy metal pollution index (HPI), risk assessment index (RAI) and cancer risk index (CRI), for human use. The presence of faecal coliform and high chemical oxygen demand > 20 mg/L indicates that the water is unsuitable for drinking purposes. The average CPI and HPI evaluated to be 1.98, and 1.35, respectively signifies the moderately polluted river water. Considerably, the RAI > 1 and CRI > 1 is obtained at all sampling locations that alarms the possible cancer risk to human if untreated river water is used. Principal component analysis of data confirmed pollution in the river from both natural and anthropogenic sources. The strongest Pearson correlation coefficient between Cu-Pb (0.998) and Zn-Cu (0.986) indicates the input of wastewater in the river probably from electroplating industries. The river water is unsuitable for human intake. It is required to control direct flow of wastewater in river to restore ecological health.
... Environmental contamination by Potentially Toxic Elements (PTEs) receives special attention at local, regional and global scales. PTE contamination is a challenge because, in addition to being toxic, these compounds are non-biodegradable and persistent, tending to bioaccumulate in biota and thus implying a risk to ecosystems and human health (Beone et al., 2018;Cabrini et al., 2017;Garcia-Ordiales et al., 2019;Landers et al., 2018;Yang et al., 2013). Within this context, mining industries are one of the productive sectors of most concern. ...
Samples from 13 beaches along the northern Spanish coast, a region with a history of heavy industries, were first screened to identify signs of pollution. High concentrations of Hg and Ba on Vega beach were found, both elements belong to the fluorite ore paragenesis, mined in the surroundings. Samples of beach and fluvial sediments,
and nearby soils were collected in Vega beach area to address potential Hg pollution, fate and sources. Most samples showed a similar pollutants fingerprint to that of beach samples, especially those taken from white dunes, registering notable Hg concentrations. Hg was enriched in the finer fractions, and overall the main input was attributed to the mining waste discharged along the coast in the past. Although a specific risk assessment
and study of the submerged sediments are advisable for this area, Hg bioavailability and methylation were low, thus indicating that this metal poses a reduced environmental risk.
