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Sea-level rise and related risks are an aspect of climate change that deeply affects coastal areas worldwide and calls for adaptive responses. Spatial planning is one key to adaptation, in particular at local level, where coastal risks might be experienced and solutions need to be developed. However, local spatial planning is a complex process invo...
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Context 1
... d'Azur (PACA) region is famous worldwide for the beauty of its coast and its seaside towns (Nice, Cannes, SaintTropez), as well as for its sizeable ports (Marseille, Toulon). An international tourism centre, it features strong real estate activity reflected by intense urbanisation and widespread urban sprawl ( Fig. 1). In 2015, its 65 coastal communes had more than 2.5 million inhabitants, i.e., a density of 733 inhabitants/km 2 , 2.5 times more than French coastal communes and 6.2 times more than the general French population density (INSEE, 2018). The coastal zone contains key infrastructures: three major airports (Marseille, Nice and Toulon); ...
Context 2
... geographic distribution of the risks shows some heterogeneity (Fig. 4). In some sections of the coast, communes provide a relatively similar risk description, reflecting a relative geographical coherence: Camargue for flooding (Fig. 4, A1), Corniche des Maures for erosion (A2), Baie de Fréjus (A3) and Baie de Cannes (A4) for flooding. However, in other sections the situation is more uneven, with communes not acknowledging the same coastal risks although they occupy geographic locations where the natural environment dynamics are relatively comparable: Côte bleue (B1), ...
Citations
... This erosion hazard zone is determined by extrapolating historic shoreline retreat 100 years into the future and adding to this the maximum shoreline retreat in an extreme storm event (DDTM, 2015). However, most PPRLs do not account for the impacts of SLR on future coastal risks, and many municipalities still allow for commercial and residential development within hazardous zones (Chadenas et al., 2014;Robert and Schleyer-Lindenmann, 2021). In many areas, the costs of defending these properties already exceed their value or the financial means of local authorities, forcing the national government to resort to expropriation (Meur-Férec et al., 2008). ...
... However, the region's maritimity is not expressed in terms of policies for anticipating and adapting the coastline to the effects of climate change. While France has clearly embarked on a national strategy for adapting its coastline to coastal risks and rising sea levels, the region lags behind in this area (Robert et al. 2023;Robert and Schleyer-Lindenmann 2021). ...
A key component of the environment in coastal territories, the sea also creates special geographical features and grounds social and cultural identities. At a time of rising concern and multiple projects for its exploitation as well as its protection, public policies need to consider the social representation of the marine environment and people’s visions of its future. Relying on the concept of maritimity, defined as all the relationships binding human societies to the sea and the resulting landscape, economy and culture, we assess the maritime character of a coastal region in southern France by analysing the local sea–related associations its population are engaged in. This is made possible through the supervised extraction of the relevant data from the national directory of associations, the official database of non-profit associations in France, which are then given appropriate statistical and cartographic treatments. Results provide an indication of the depth of the region’s maritime character, as well as the areas of activity and places in which maritimity is the most developed. These are consistent with the social and economic profile of the region, highly engaged in tourism and a residential economy. Further work is recommended, with a view to exploring the region’s maritimity more closely by comparing it with other regions and applying finer analysis to the stated objectives of the sea-related associations.
... De manière à minimiser au possible l'impact de ces risques, la réalisation de plans d'aménagements et de communications intelligibles par les citoyens (Castro et Mouro, 2016) est primordiale. Or, bien que ces actions s'inscrivent en France dans un cadre législatif précis (Robert et Schleyer-Lindenmann, 2021), elles ne peuvent se détacher des savoirs, des représentations et des expériences que les gestionnaires locaux (élus et/ou techniciens) ont des risques et du territoire dans lequel ils s'inscrivent (Pesqueux, 2012 ;Serra-Llobet et al., 2012). Il est dès lors difficile de composer sans le contexte géohistorique dans lequel s' élaborent ces pensées (Allouche et Nicolas, 2015 ;Giacona et al., ce volume). ...
Risk managers share experiences and knowledge related to the territory in which they operate. This construction of memories allows an appropriation and a mastery of the territory. However, when it comes to anticipating a risk, how do these stable and shared memories come into play? Can they influence appropriate management? Semi-structured interviews were conducted with flood risk managers in two exposed municipalities: Port-Saint-Louis-du-Rhône and Grau-du-Roi. In these two territories there is a strong attachment and dependence on the coastal identity which leads to a continuity between memories, present issues and future projections. PSL managers have a traditional coastal identity. They do not consider the plurality of floods experienced and minimize future risks to keep the consistency of their current way of life. GdR managers have a memory of risks consistent with the current economic challenges of their municipality and deny the risks that could impact it. In both cases, we observe the construction of a consistent memory according to the present issues of the territory which influences the perception and in fact the management of future floods. The cognitive need for identity consistency over time impacts and explains risk management.
... For example, Olazabal et al. (2019) found that 54% of adaptation policies for port cities worldwide had not been implemented. Studies from France, United States, India, Indonesia and Ireland document a lack of consideration of coastal risks in spatial planning (Robert and Schleyer-Lindenmann, 2021). To address the lack of understanding of processes and impacts of and adaptations to coastal change among spatial, development, economic and town planners and local town councillors, Continuing Professional Development (e.g. ...
... Presently, the implications of coastal change are not widely accepted within the affected communities and increased awareness is needed to make it more commonplace (Andréet al., 2015). Local decisions are often made on the basis of economics alone (Robert and Schleyer-Lindenmann, 2021), rather than risk to the property and activities of individuals. If the national government increases its share of its financial burden of risk, this may enable greater acceptance of contentious policy transitions where these are required. ...
Coastal defences have long provided protection from erosion and flooding to cities, towns and villages. In many parts of the world, continued defence is being questioned due to both environmental, sustainability and economic considerations. This is exemplified in England and Wales, where strategic Shoreline Management Plans envisage realignment of many protected coasts, often with low population densities, over the coming decades. The policy transition from protection to realignment is often resisted by affected communities and can have high political costs. Whilst some preparations for such transitions have been made, the communities affected are often not fully aware of the implications of policy change, and this brings the potential for blight. In this paper, we investigate the challenges of implementing transitions in coastal policy within England and Wales. The analysis is based on data obtained from three workshops held in 2019 that were attended by council members, engineers, planners, scientists and other relevant professionals. Five conditions are found to promote contention: (i) policy actors with competing priorities and different decision making time frames (immediate to decadal to a century); (ii) divergence between regulations and ad hoc political decisions (e.g. in relation to the demand for new housing); (iii) limited or non-existent funding to support policy transition; (iv) community expectation that protection is forever; and (v) a disconnection between people and ongoing coastal change. Our research indicates that transitions can be better supported through: (1) integrated multi-scalar preparedness for coastal change; (2) an accessible evidence base and future vision to nurture political confidence in adaptation; and (3) defined, time-bound and accessible diverse funding streams to achieve transitions. Critically, these generic actions need to be embedded within the local political and planning system to facilitate transition to more sustainable coasts and their communities.
... There are still relatively few studies on coastal adaptation in History and Archaeology. Yet these two 270 branches of Social Sciences could help better understanding the evolving relationship between societies 271 and their coastal environment over time, the changes in this relationship and the factors behind these 272 changes (Pfister, 2010;Guedes et al., 2016;Rockman and Hritz, 2020). This can benefit adaptation 273 because current barriers may be historically rooted in a particular period such as colonialism (Ferdinand 274 et al., 2018;Moulton and Machado, 2019;Bordner et al., 2020), in a specific relationship to the 275 environment, or in social, economic or political lock-ins that have been established and maintained over 276 time (Adamson et al., 2018). ...
... Consideration of equity and justice aspects in adaptation process, including gender and ethnicity's concern Islam, 2010;Chakraborty et al., 2014;Rhiney, 2016 Pearse, 2017 ;Bunce and Ford, 2015 Recognize socioeconomic and political realities and prioritize vulnerability, justice and equity concerns to enable just, impactful and enduring outcomes; Facilitate the design of adaptation policies adapted to the needs and behaviours of populations; Avoid new development commitments in exposed locations; Enable managed retreat in most at-risk locations Land-use planning for adaptation Wedin andWikman-Svahn, 2021 Frazier et al., 2010;Hurlimann et al., 2014;Robert and Schleyer-Lindenmann, 2021 Contemporary climate-driven migrations Horton et al., 2021King et al., 2014Bronen, 2015;Hino et al., 2017 ;Duvat et al., 2022Alexander et al., 2012Luetz andMerson, 2019 O'Donnell, 2022 by anticipatory actions; Facilitate the design of adaptation policies adapted to the needs and behaviours of populations Acceptability of adaptation solutions and processes Nunn et al., 2017;Bertana, 2020 ...
... Long-term analysis of human relationship and adaptation to environment Pfister, 2010;Guedes et al., 2016 Rockman andHritz, 2020 Adopt a long-term view but take action now; Avoid maladaptation by considering the historical, socioeconomic and political context ...
The latest IPCC report estimates that approximately 1 billion people will be at risk from coastal hazards in the near term due to coastal population increase, sea-level rise and other coastal changes. This will occur in a world that is changing rapidly due to climate change, ecosystem decline, human development and the projected transformations of the economy to meet the objectives of the Paris Agreement. In this context, social sciences provide a pivotal perspective to coastal adaptation, for example, while assessing barriers and opportunities across scales, from local to global. This scoping review explores how social sciences support coastal adaptation. We show that Political Sciences, Economics, Sociology and Geography are already supporting coastal adaptation. Yet, scientific fields such as legal sciences, psychology, history and archaeology as well as anthropology and ethnography are less developed in the context of coastal adaptation to sea-level rise. New research avenues could also integrate education, media and communication research and aim at truly interdisciplinary studies linking different branches of social sciences with coastal science and climate services. This effort could help moving from a coastal adaptation often focused on coastal engineering protection to a broader vision of coastal resilient development, also addressing the challenges of mitigation, sustainable development and coastal ecosystem decline.
... The emphasis on adaptation science framed at the local scale contrasts with the need to find regional solutions (K. Brown et al., 2017;Robert & Schleyer-Lindenmann, 2021). To effectively address technical and knowledge gaps in climate change adaptation, there is a need to develop regional and transnational research programs that focus on coupled biogeography and improved climate change predictions to understand vulnerabilities at that scale Torossian et al., 2016). ...
Climate change poses increasingly severe risks for coastal ecosystems and coastal communities all around the globe. This condition requires implementing climate adaptation policy and advancing scientific knowledge to adapt to the current and future climate risks. However, implementing climate adaptation policy in coastal areas is still in its infancy. This paper provides insight into 650 peer‐reviewed empirical research studies on coastal climate adaptation from the past two decades, providing global evidence on the status quo and distilling six relevant research gaps: (a) minimal contribution to the implementation phase of the adaptation policy cycle; (b) geographical imbalance toward specific ecoregions and coastal sub‐systems; (c) less attention to regional scale; (d) lack of sectoral integration; (e) poor contextualization within policy and coastal governance instruments and management arrangements; (f) limited economic and financial focus. Therefore, this paper identifies areas where future empirical research can help fill current knowledge gaps and improve coastal communities' ability to adapt to climate change. This increased knowledge will enhance the resilience of coastal social‐ecological systems in the face of environmental challenges.
... Moreover, the regional authorities' awareness and assessment of climate change and its consequences seems limited. The risks only appear in a very secondary or even incidental manner in the Region's Sea and Coastal Plan, and anticipation of these risks in the town planning documents of coastal municipalities has been documented as scanty (Robert and Schleyer-Lindenmann, 2021). ...
... At level 1, municipalities were divided into two groups based on the study by Robert and Schleyer-Lindenmann (2021): those mentioning coastal risks in the presentation report of their town planning document (Plan local d'urbanisme or Plan local d'urbanisme intercommunal, in French), and those not mentioning these risks or without such a document. At level 2, each group was divided into two sub-groups according to degree of marine flooding hazard in the case of a temporary rise in the average sea level during a storm by 2100 (average sea level raised by + 0.60 cm compared to today), as assessed by the French Geological Survey -BRGM (Stépanian et al., 2017). ...
Adaptation to climate change is a critical issue in coastal areas, at risk from sea-level rise, erosion, and sea flooding. In territories strongly urbanized and long oriented toward tourism and a residential economy, a change in coastal management and territorial development is hard to initiate. In Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur (France), a leading tourism region, this article explores how local authorities perceive climate change and talk about adaptation strategies. Interviews with municipal-level authorities, both elected officials and technical agents, reveal the influence of territorial inertia, with persistent statements promoting the beach- and residential-oriented economy and a wait-and-see attitude regarding climate change. Beach erosion is the only coastal risk interviewees really recognize, while sea-level rise and sea flooding are barely perceived. Yet evidence supporting the possibility of a future change in position is provided by the younger generation of interviewees, who are more aware of environmental challenges. Providing original data for a coastal region often considered as a model of development throughout the world, this article also proposes an original and transferable method combining geographical sampling of municipalities, text statistics and qualitative analysis of interviews, to apprehend the social representations of the coast, of climate change and coastal risks. Such a methodology is recommended prior to any quantitative assessment of climate action at local scale.
... Moreover, similar research in other countries focused also on a connection between nature and culture (Kyvelou and Gourgiotis, 2019;Stoeglehner and Abart-Heriszt, 2022), on the problem of urbanisation (Salata et al., 2019;Wachter and Wytrzens, 2022) the traditional quantitative land use change analyses need to be integrated with a more accurate spatial and qualitative evaluation of the effects of the land use zoning of municipal land development plans and of the connected supplementary regulations (e.g., local building regulations, and on sustainable development www.acta.urk.edu.pl (Hermanns et al., 2015;Robert and Schleyer-Lindenmann, 2021) as reflected in LSMP. It should also be noted that the development of this type of study is only feasible on the basis of publicly accessible data, available at no extra charge. ...
Aim of the study: The main objective of the study was to analyse the possibility of using GIS tools for 3D modeling of data presented on local spatial development plans (LSMP) in the form of maximising the use of its provisions Material and methods: Publicly available LSMP for the analyzed scope were used in order to obtain the maximum building height for each section of the study area. Then, based on data obtained from the Open Street Map (OSM) and the database of topographic objects (BDOT10k), the areas on which construction or increase in the number of floors of existing buildings can take place were determined. Results and conclusions: The analyses obtained made it possible to determine the regions for which increased development is possible. This type of knowledge can be useful for facility owners, developers, and most importantly for public administration bodies to have knowledge about planning or possible elements in the MPZP that should be changed to prevent excessive building density. This could result, for example, in the possibility of obscuring the visibility of the sun for selected areas or closing air corridors in the city. Thus, this type of study allows a very simple way to visualise the maximum possible development on newly created local plans and other such analyses
... Mismatches may also arise when levels of governance have different, sometimes even conflicting priorities. On the one hand, a state may be responsible for mitigating natural hazards, while local authorities are in charge of spatial planning and might prioritise advancing economic development (Robert and Schleyer-Lindenmann 2021). On the other hand, top-down state-level disaster recovery often focuses on housing, while local needs for everyday services are put aside (Contreras et al. 2017). ...
... However, environmental changes have posed challenges to fisheries management. Due to the geomorphic evolution of the Waisanding Sandbar from 1985 to 2020 (Figure 2), some parts of the demarcated zones now overlap with the Waisanding Sandbar (e.g., Zones 3,10,16,17,18,26,28,and 33) and other neighboring sandbars (e.g., Zones 31,36,38,39,40,41,and 43) and are now located on the left side of the Waisanding Sandbar (e.g., Zones 25,26,28,32,33,34,and 35). ...
... This is particularly true when aquafarmers and community residents will likely be makers of disaster problems, post-disaster victims, and providers of solutions to risk mitigation. Therefore, it would be more meaningful if different role players are able to promote risk communication, bottom-up implementing and centralized planning and organization with regard to adaptation of stakeholders [36],take part in the process of managing environmental change risks, and effectively implement adaptation strategies [37][38][39]. Taking the changes in the environment of the Waisanding Sandbar in Chiayi County as an example, Taiwan is moving in this direction to communicate risks more effectively. ...
Oysters are one of the main aquatic products produced in Taiwan. However, because of the gradual changes in the environment of the Waisanding Sandbar, the oyster farming environment along the coast of Chiayi is shrinking, leading to greater operational risk and uncertainty. This study adopted a three-stage method to investigate the socioeconomic uncertainty that fishing communities face regarding environmental changes and to understand the environmental risk and fishery management awareness of different stakeholders as well as their views on adaptation strategies. In-depth interviews were used in the first stage. In Stage 2, two-round focus group interviews were conducted to organize views on the environment and climate, the oyster industry and management, and adaptation strategies. In the final stage, the AHP method was adopted to analyze the opinions of different stakeholders. The results showed factors affecting environmental change, oyster industry, and management among different stakeholders as well as the cognitive differences within the corresponding adaptation strategies. Therefore, socioeconomic and ecology complexities and uncertainties should be considered for enhancing social capital and promoting risk communication, more diverse social–ecological system data to assist fishery governance, and oyster industry development and adaptation strategies.
