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Laminate reinforcement types: a) long fibers, b) short fibers, c) textile, d) layer of other material, e) dispersed particles [3]
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Composite materials used nowadays for the production of composites are the result of advanced research. This allows assuming that they are among the most elaborate tech products of our century. That fact is evidenced by the widespread use of them in the most demanding industries like aerospace and space industry. But the heterogeneous materials and...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... of such composite form may vary. A composites with a reinforcement made of layer of another material, long fibers, short fibers or dispersed particles can be distinguished (Figure 1). A characteristic feature of laminate composites is that as matrix an adhesive binder is used. ...
Context 2
... graphs presented in Figures 9 (Fig. 10) and 10 (Fig. 10) show the summary of series of researches which were carried out during the both test. On the chart presentd on Figure 9 a comparison of the average results of laboratory tests and simulation tests for rosettes No. 1 on the two-layer composite is shown. ...
Context 3
... the chart presentd on Figure 9 a comparison of the average results of laboratory tests and simulation tests for rosettes No. 1 on the two-layer composite is shown. Figure 10 shows a comparison of the average results of laboratory tests and simulation tests for rosettes No. 2 on the two-layer composite. Results obtained in both types of researches do not differ significantly from each other, especially for smaller values of load. ...
Citations
... Fiber-reinforced composites based on epoxy resin have been widely used in industrial production because of their high specific strength, high specific modulus, strong design ability, good overall formability and so on [1]. As a major structural material, its stability has increasingly become the focus of attention. ...
Based on the all-atomic molecular dynamics simulation method, the tensile creep behavior of epoxy-based polymer was discussed. The physical and mechanical properties of the model were characterized, such as glass transition temperature and yield strength. The simulation results are very close to the previous simulation and experimental results, and the correctness of the model is verified. On this basis, the tensile creep behavior and free volume evolution of polymer epoxy resin at different temperatures and stress levels were studied. The model fully predicted the three classical stages of epoxy resin creep (the primary, secondary and tertiary) and the dependent behavior of epoxy resin creep on temperature and stress level at the molecular level, and the creep rate increases with the increase of temperature and stress level. It was found that with the progress of the creep process, the proportion of free volume increases gradually under high stress levels, indicating that the effect of creep behavior on the structure of epoxy resin is that the interaction between atoms becomes weaker and weaker by increasing the distance between atoms, which finally induces creep failure in the material.
... Depending on the material manufacturer, the amount of activator used and the temperature of heating the casting mold, the polymerization time could be ranged from 2 to 25 minutes. The samples thus obtained were compared with each other and conclusions were prepared [2,4,5,6,7]. ...
... For the previously molded bushings, worm wheel and worm assemblies were made, equipped with compensators and bearings. Then these were placed in the appropriate cups, 5 ...
The growing industry of polymer and composite materials is facing new challenges posed by the automotive industry. In this industry, traditional materials such as steel and aluminum are widely replaced with plastic materials, including polymers. In the past, such behavior concerned design and interior elements, but more and more often plastics are used in the case of load-bearing elements, i.e. those that require high strength and durability nowadays. This kind of materials are also often used in safety systems or driver assistance systems. Therefore, the aim of the activities described in this article are to carry out an innovative process of injection of cold polymeric material, PDCPD (Polidicyclopentadiene), polymerizing with the use of Metathesis reaction, which in 2005 was awarded the Nobel Prize. This injection applies to the worm gear components of the system, supports the power steering system of the passenger car. Also the process of selecting the appropriate parameters to carry out this process, guaranteeing the best quality of the obtained elements is necessary. The aim of the activities was to achieve a fully useful power steering support system, using a polymer body, which is replacing the aluminum. These activities were aimed at reducing the costs and weight of the final product. The injection process and the way to achieve the finished product were carried out in an innovative way, never used in industry before.
... The problems related to the preparation of the model for motion simulation in the CAD system, PLM Siemens NX, are described in the next papers [5,6,7]. However the problems of design process of a technical mean is showing in the works [8,9,10,11,12,13]. In the case of creating the model of the Stewart platform, that is prepared for motion simulation (figure 3), one should extract the components of the " link " type and create the components of the " joint " type. ...
The development of methods of computer aided design and engineering allows conducting virtual tests, among others concerning motion simulation of technical means. The paper presents a method of integrating an object in the form of a virtual model of a Stewart platform with an avatar of a vehicle moving in a virtual environment. The area of the problem includes issues related to the problem of fidelity of mapping the work of the analyzed technical mean. The main object of investigations is a 3D model of a Stewart platform, which is a subsystem of the simulator designated for driving learning for disabled persons. The analyzed model of the platform, prepared for motion simulation, was created in the "Motion Simulation" module of a CAD/CAE class system Siemens PLM NX. Whereas the virtual environment, in which the moves the avatar of the passenger car, was elaborated in a VR class system EON Studio. The element integrating both of the mentioned software environments is a developed application that reads information from the virtual reality (VR) concerning the current position of the car avatar. Then, basing on the accepted algorithm, it sends control signals to respective joints of the model of the Stewart platform (CAD).
... The process of creating the 3D model of a technical system could be based on different methods. In works [4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13] are shown different methods of designing the technical means. ...
The paper presents a method for determining the workspace of an industrial robot using an approach consisting in integration a 3D model of an industrial robot with a virtual control system. The robot model with his work environment, prepared for motion simulation, was created in the "Motion Simulation" module of the Siemens PLM NX software. In the mentioned model components of the "link" type were created which map the geometrical form of particular elements of the robot and the components of "joint" type mapping way of cooperation of components of the "link" type. In the paper is proposed the solution in which the control process of a virtual robot is similar to the control process of a real robot using the manual control panel (teach pendant). For this purpose, the control application "JOINT" was created, which provides the manipulation of a virtual robot in accordance with its internal control system. The set of procedures stored in an .xlsx file is the element integrating the 3D robot model working in the CAD/CAE class system with the elaborated control application.
... Moreover they are supported with different methods of design automation and analysis [7,8,9]. The latest generation of 3D CAD tools is particularly well suited for the development of threedimensional geometric models with all of the detail needed for manufacturing [10,11]. Moreover the CAD systems allow generating the documentation needed for procurement and manufacturing [12,13,14]. ...
Nowadays a key issue is to reduce the energy consumption of road vehicles. In particular solution one could find different strategies of energy optimization. The most popular but not sophisticated is so called eco-driving. In this strategy emphasized is particular behavior of drivers. In more sophisticated solution behavior of drivers is supported by control system measuring driving parameters and suggesting proper operation of the driver. The other strategy is concerned with application of different engineering solutions that aid optimization the process of energy consumption. Such systems take into consideration different parameters measured in real time and next take proper action according to procedures loaded to the control computer of a vehicle. The third strategy bases on optimization of the designed vehicle taking into account especially main sub-systems of a technical mean. In this approach the optimal level of energy consumption by a vehicle is obtained by synergetic results of individual optimization of particular constructional sub-systems of a vehicle. It is possible to distinguish three main sub-systems: the structural one the drive one and the control one. In the case of the structural sub-system optimization of the energy consumption level is related with the optimization or the weight parameter and optimization the aerodynamic parameter. The result is optimized body of a vehicle. Regarding the drive sub-system the optimization of the energy consumption level is related with the fuel or power consumption using the previously elaborated physical models. Finally the optimization of the control sub-system consists in determining optimal control parameters.
Changes in the ecological spirit of the world lead to the need for usage of additional ways of obtaining clean energy. With help comes solutions to use wind energy. In the world, there are numerous commonly used, various kinds of wind turbines of different sizes, numbers of generated power and the different place of use. They are increasingly used as household wind turbines to improve the ecology and a marked decrease in household spending. Moreover, it was decided to use an innovative, previously unused connection of two separate types of wind turbines. The approach to turbine positioning is also innovative. Due to the use of its horizontal orientation and purpose to mounting on the roofs of the buildings, to do not exceed the specified size limits in building regulations. It also allows increasing the number of applications of this solution. With the use of Darrieus - Savonius turbine increasing of the range of the wind speeds, which are able to spin a turbine is achieved. In the case of higher efficiency, the Darrieus turbine operates at high wind speeds, while the Savonius turbine at lower wind speeds. Two separate solutions have been coupled with each other by claw clutch, which allows the rotation of only one part or two parts of the turbine depending on the prevailing wind conditions. The CAD model of the turbine was made and then the turbine was subjected to advanced CFD analysis. Initially, analysis of the air course around the turbine was performed, using statistical and analytical data on wind speeds prevailing in Poland, within the areas of single-family houses. The approximate values of the wind flow streams and the torque which ultimately is moving the electric generator were determined. The subsequent CFD analysis was performed using the moving FEM mesh, mapping the actual velocities of the turbine blades. The turbine blades revolved at velocities close to the obtained analytical speed of the shaft and turbine components. Airspeeds were analysed in the case of the shape of the flow of streams. The pressure of the air around the turbine was also analysed, the value of which could be used to add strength analysis using FEM method. The main purpose of the test was to determine the torque acting on the engine. Thanks to this information, it was possible to determine the energy efficiency of the turbine and select the appropriate elements, such as the generator, bearings etc. The obtained information has also had an impact on the final shape of the turbine’s executive elements. Thanks to performed analysis, it was possible to obtain proper turbine performance parameters without conducting expensive, real, experiments. In the end, the prototype of this Darrieus – Savonius turbine was manufactured.
Advanced Materials have been identified by the European Commission as one of the five Key Enabling Technologies (COM2009 512 final). These materials are used in many research directions, generating a high potential in ensuring the economic growth of the different industrial sectors.
The advanced materials cover a high number of different areas such as focus on acoustic materials, materials for manufacturing and nanomaterials. Acoustic materials have one of the most important role in noise control such as machinery housings and the main types are akotherm, vibraflex, flamex, isomat and regufoam. Research in materials processing is aimed at obtaining results that will develop understanding of how these materials are used in various industrial applications. Nanomaterials are both manufactured and used at a very small scale having often unique mechanical properties.
Like the other materials, these materials cross the four major stages from mining sourcing to processing with the design & engineering intermediate stage, follow by testing & analysis for their use in various industrial applications and the end-of-life re-use and recycle phase.
This monography contains 10 chapters elaborated by researchers from prestigious universities in Poland, Romania and the Republic of Moldova. The chapters contain some of the issues mentioned so far, but also concrete examples of the use of research results in creating new or upgraded products or technologies.
By publishing this book we wanted to make a small contribution to the development of advanced materials and the readers to realize the new value created by its chapters.
We would like to express special thanks to the authors for their considerable effort in important chapters and to the board of the ModTech Publishing House for the approval to publish this monograph.
Every year the polymer and composite materials are being used in a growing number of elements using in automotive industry. During research for a modern solution to replace commonly used steering housings, solutions have been sought to reduce weight and cost of production. Bodies are made of traditional materials, such as steels or aluminum, which is why the choice was on modern polymer materials from the PDCPD materials group. Polymer composite materials loom large increasingly important role in the automotive industry. Materials from the DCPD and PDCPD group have been nowadays used to produce elements of the external surfaces of vehicles, like bumpers or parts of body of a car. However, regarding to a very good mechanical property, it was decided to use the PDCPD material as the body material of the passenger car steering system body. The technology of "wraping in a casting process" of the whole worm and wormgear assembly with polymeric material will be applied. In this process, the elements will be pre-set(arranged), will be encapsulated with the elements of the mold and the casting process will be carried out. The prerequisite for a correct implementation of the process is to keep the mold from leaks of fluid polmere material. This would not be possible without the use of auxiliary elements (fixing elements). Therefore, the manufacturing process of bodies made of PDCPD material requires an auxiliary element, without which the casting could not take place. These elements are also made of PDCPD material. At the beginning, CAD 3D forms were prepared. The next step was to design the mold making process. After the molds were formed, it was possible to proceed with the casting process. The modling process of the PDCPD material was associated with a number of tests required to determine the casting parameters. Process is quite different from the traditional casting of metal materials. Also, the casting process parameters, temperatures, pressures could influence the correct process of casting. Research and results were described in detail in this paper.
The use of new technologies and materials in various industries is a natural process that is directly related to the very high rate of development of these technologies. Certain industries decide to much faster introduce new technologies and materials. One of such branches is the automotive industry, whose representatives are very energetically looking for both financial savings and savings resulting from the vehicles mass reduction. An economically justified approach to construction materials is leading the search for new solutions and materials. The use of a modern material such as the two-component PDCPD composite shows hitherto unknown possibilities of producing subassemblies of many different constructions. The possibility of using a modern composite material with parameters comparable to that of metals and significantly lighter, can be an excellent alternative in the selection of materials for many parts of motor vehicles. The potentiality of precise casting of tolerated surfaces will allow to reduce the operations related to machining process, which is an indispensable part of the production process of elements that are cast of metal. This article describes the process of designing and building a test stand for precise positioning of power steering gear components at the stage of casting their housing. The article presents the principle of operation of the test stand and the process of preparation for the casting and the cast itself will be rudely described. Due to the implementation of research as part of a research project with an industrial partner, the article will only describe some operations. This is related to the confidentiality of the project.
The paper presents the procedure sequence for modelling multilayer composite materials using PLM Siemens NX software. Virtual
studies were referring to three-point and four-point flexural test of composite material samples. Composite materials containing
fiber reinforced epoxy resin composites were considered. Within the carried out research, a virtual experiment to test composite
samples composed of 5, 7 and 10 layers was conducted. Then the virtual model was matched to the results obtained during the
stationary tests. As a result of matching the composite material model to the real model, correct results of the virtual bending
experiment of composite samples were obtained. The presented procedure sequence for modelling composite material was used to
analyse the MES of the scaled side of the freight wagon. The modification consisted in the use of composite panels as reinforcing
elements of the wagon’s hull from inside to extend its life. The presented modelling approach enabled the initial strength verification
of the modified side of the freight wagon’s hull.
Keywords: composite materials, FEM method, modelling, flexural test.
