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Lake Superior and the three study locations: Keweenaw Peninsula, Isle Royale National Park, and Sleeping Giant Provincial Park.
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Restoring plant populations requires an understanding of plant morphological adaptation to site locations and population genetic diversity and relatedness. This study examined the genetic and morphological diversity of Sarracenia purpurea L. within the natural fragmentation of western Lake Superior. Populations of S. purpurea were compared among th...
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Central Mexico and Guatemala. Populations of this variety show little variation in plant morphology, but their highly disjunct islandlike
distribution suggests that genetic differentiation between populations should be expected. To test...
Citations
... Our major goal was to determine the importance of clonal (vegetative) spread within these populations. Although genetic diversity has been reported for populations of several species of Sarracenia (e.g., Schwaegerle and Schaal 1979, Wang et al. 2004, Karberg and Gale 2006, Furches et al. 2013, including S. alata (Koopman andCarstens 2010, Zellmer et al. 2012), no study has examined the importance of clonal spread in any Sarracenia species. The data generated in this study also allowed us to examine the probable mechanisms by which these populations were established. ...
Clonality and the mechanisms by which populations become established can affect the level and pattern of genetic diversity, which can in turn affect the ecology and evolution of those populations. We used amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs) to examine genetic diversity and clonality in four isolated populations of the rhizomatous pale pitcher plant, Sarracenia alata, with particular emphasis on determining the extent of clonal spread and the likely mechanisms by which these populations became established. Genetic variation was greater within (87%) than between (13%) populations. The interpopulation genetic differentiation was a function of geographic distance. The mean (+ SE) genetic diversity (HE) within populations was 0.126 + 0.006, and the percentage of polymorphic loci within populations ranged from 58.9 to 72.4% (64.3 + 2.89, mean + SE). We found no repeated multilocus genotypes among our samples, nor was there evidence of bimodality of genetic differences among individuals within populations. Significant spatial genetic correlation was generally found only within 1 m, and matrix incompatibility analysis indicated that more than 90% of the genetic differences among individuals within each population could be explained by recombination. Our results indicate that asexual spread by this species is minimal. The relatively high genetic diversity within populations, the low differentiation among populations, and the low probability of gene flow among current populations suggest that the study populations are most likely the remnants of populations that were formerly more widespread with greater probability for gene flow.
... Of particular interest, along with D. peltata var. Godt et al. (1997) ; c Godt et al. (1995) ; d Wallace (2002) ; e Lesica et al. (1988) ; f Koopman and Carstens (2010) ; g Godt and Hamrick (1996) ; h Wang et al. (2004) ; i Godt and Hamrick (1998) and unpublished data (cited in Wang et al.[2004] ); j Godt and Hamrick (1999) ; k Parisod et al. (2005) , introduced populations in Switzerland; l Karberg and Gale (2006) ; m Karberg and Gale (2010) . * Values were calculated using pooled samples that included subspecies and varieties. ...
Premise of the study:
Drosera peltata var. nipponica, an element of the East Asia warm-temperate vegetation, and D. rotundifolia, a widely distributed boreal species, reach one of their northernmost and southernmost limits, respectively, on the Korean Peninsula. Because the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM)-Holocene dynamics of warm-temperate and boreal paleovegetation differed considerably on the Peninsula, the population history of these two sundews is expected to be different, leaving differential imprints in their genetic structure.
Methods:
We investigated population genetic structure of D. peltata var. nipponica and D. rotundifolia in South Korea (10 populations of each for 20 allozyme loci) to infer their population history in this region. In addition, we compared the genetic variation harbored in the two sundews to those reported for other carnivorous and wetland plants.
Key results:
Drosera peltata var. nipponica showed no genetic diversity, whereas D. rotundifolia exhibited extremely low within-population variation (He = 0.005) and considerable among-population divergence (FST = 0.817).
Conclusions:
Our results suggest that extant populations of D. peltata var. nipponica likely originated from a single ancestral population from southern Japan or southern China through postglacial dispersal. On the contrary, D. rotundifolia probably survived the LGM in situ, with extant populations derived from either one or several small source populations. We argue that separate conservation strategies should be employed, given that the two taxa have different ecological and demographic traits and harbor different levels of genetic diversity.
... The first two characteristics can be subjective while the last two are quantitatively measured leaf shape traits. S. purpurea leaves have exhibited morphological plasticity in response to environmental characteristics; responding to pH shifts, degrees of ecosystem wetness, precipitation, and nutrient flux (Ellison et al. 2004;Karberg and Gale 2006;Mandossian 1966) making leaf shape a questionable character for distinguishing these subspecies. Recent work examining morphological variation in populations through the entire distribution range of S. purpurea showed no support for the use of historic subspecies classifications in explaining morphological variation (Ellison et al. 2004). ...
... S. purpurea is predominantly a clonal species and tends to show moderate to low levels of genetic diversity with fairly low genetic differentiation between populations (G ST ranging from 0.072-0.038) even across great distances (Karberg and Gale 2006;Parisod et al. 2005;Schwaegerle and Schaal 1979) although Schwaegerle and Schaal (1979) found increased levels of genetic differentiation between populations when sampling across the species range, not considering subspecies differentiation. ...
... Genetic diversity measures of all populations showed moderate levels of genetic diversity within most populations (Table 4), consistent with results seen in previous studies of S. purpurea (Godt and Hamrick 1999;Karberg and Gale 2006;Parisod et al. 2005). Nei's measure of genetic diversity (H = 1 -Rp i 2 ) ranged from 0.236 -0.3301, with Midwest Sphagnum populations having the most diversity. ...
The carnivorous wetland plant, Sarracenia purpurea (the northern pitcher plant) is native to eastern and Midwestern North America. This species is abundant within its habitat
but suitable habitat is increasingly scarce, raising interest in S. purpurea restoration and conservation. Complicating conservation planning, two controversial subspecies of S. purpurea are historically defined primarily on morphologic traits: S. purpurea subsp. purpurea distributed north of Maryland and S. purpurea subsp. venosa distributed south of Maryland. S. purpurea is also found in three distinct habitat types defined by substrate: acidic Sphagnum peatlands, acidic sandy savannahs, and alkaline marl wetlands. In species level studies, S. purpurea leaves have exhibited morphological plasticity in response to environmental variability, bringing into question the validity
of subspecies definitions based on morphology alone. This study examined morphologic and genetic variation throughout S. purpurea’s natural distribution, encompassing both the traditional subspecies and three unique habitat types testing the validity
of traditional subspecies definitions. Genetic analysis indicated possible ecological significance of considering a new grouping
of S. purpurea populations into Midwest, N. East Coast and S. East Coast populations (AMOVA % variation=13.34, P=0.0078) based on genetic differentiation. Morphological variation in leaf shape measurements supported this division as
well as indicating plasticity associated with environmental variables. This study conservatively suggests that new, geographical
area conservation units may be a more important conservation unit for preserving S. purpurea genetic variation and morphological plasticity than traditional subspecies definitions.
KeywordsWetlands-Conservation genetics-
Sarracenia purpurea
-Subspecies definition-Carnivorous plants
... We wished to assess whether some of these populations could serve as potential seed sources for restoration of this plant species within Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore. The northern pitcher plant has continuously exhibited low genetic diversity within and among populations throughout the eastern United States (Godt and Hamrick 1996;Schnell 2002;Karberg and Gale 2006). This means that throughout its range the plant has consistently displayed low genetic diff erences between individuals and between populations regardless of distance between populations. ...
Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore protects one of the few remaining populations of northern pitcher plant (Sarracenia purpurea) in the state. This population, located at the Indiana Dunes Pinhook Bog property, is isolated within an extensively developed landscape along the southern rim of Lake Michigan east of Gary, Indiana. Consequently, the national lakeshore has experienced declining populations of the northern pitcher plant. Scientifically informed management to restore this species is crucial to its survival in this and other fragmented ecosystems. Planning and implementing successful restoration of plant populations requires knowledge about how the plant functions ecologically. Molecular methods were applied to determine the genetic diversity of the population.
... We wished to assess whether some of these populations could serve as potential seed sources for restoration of this plant species within Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore. The northern pitcher plant has continuously exhibited low genetic diversity within and among populations throughout the eastern United States (Godt and Hamrick 1996; Schnell 2002; Karberg and Gale 2006). This means that throughout its range the plant has consistently displayed low genetic diff erences between individuals and between populations regardless of distance between populations. ...
The northern pitcher plant traps prey in its tubelike pitcher structure where a suite of microorganisms digests prey and extracts nutrients needed for plant growth. CARNIVOROUS PLANTS OBTAIN NUTRIENTS needed for growth through the breakdown of insects, microbes, and small amphibians. The most widely distributed carnivorous plant in North America is the northern pitcher plant (Sarracenia purpurea L.), whose range stretches from northern Canada to the midwestern United States, and along the eastern U.S. coast south to the Gulf of Mexico. This species lives primarily in isolated, low-nutrient sphagnum moss bog and poor fen wetlands. Though individual populations are large, typically containing more than 100 plants, the species is in decline because of the loss of its specialized wetland habitat. The wetlands that host the northern pitcher plant are in a perilous position, often drained for development, mined for Sphag-num for the horticultural trade, or degraded by inputs of road salt and lawn and agricultural fertilizer runoff . Additionally, carnivorous plant enthusiasts prize this species and threaten population survival through overcollection. As habitat and populations of the northern pitcher plant become increasingly rare, state and federal agencies are showing greater interest in conserving habitat and restoring plant populations. Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore protects one of the few remaining populations of northern pitcher plant in the state (NatureServe 2007). This population, located at the Indiana Dunes Pinhook Bog property, is isolated within an extensively developed landscape along the southern rim of Lake Michigan east of Gary, Indiana. Consequently, the national lakeshore has experienced declining populations of the northern pitcher plant. Scientifically informed management to restore this species is crucial to its survival in this and other fragmented ecosystems. Planning and implementing successful restoration of plant populations requires knowledge about how the plant functions ecologically NPS/JOY MARBURGER.
Fragmentation is the process that a large continuous habitat is destructed into a couple of small, spatially isolated habitats. Theoretical and empirical studies have shown that habitat fragmentation is one of the most important threats leading to biodiversity loss. Isolated populations are prone to loss of genetic diversity and to local extinction, through genetic drift, inbreeding and decrease in rescue effect led by reduced gene flow. However, till now most studies concerning the genetic consequences of habitat fragmentation involve fragmentation systems caused by human disturbance. Long-term climatic changes or topography may also lead to habitat fragmentation and result in distinct isolation among populations. Such naturally fragmentation systems have experienced long-term fragmentation, avoiding short history in anthropogenic fragmentation systems. However, genetic structure populations of natural fragmentation has not been well checked. Alpinia japonica (Thunb.) Miq. (Zingiberaceae) is a perennial clonal species of tropical and subtropical areas. It is hermaphroditic, but it has two floral phenotypes and has a mechanism to decrease probability of pollination of the same floral phenotype. This species grows in wet and close forest habitats. In the subtropical area of eastern China, for example in eastern Zhejiang Province, the habitats are naturally patchy and restricted. We studied the genetic structure of naturally fragmented populations in Tiantong Forest Parks using RAPD markers. Seven primers revealed 69 bands, among them 68 were polymorphic. High genetic diversity was found within populations. The percentage of polymorphic loci, expected heterozygosity and Shannon information index were 78.81%-85.51%, 0.3170-0.3430, 0.4560-0.4914, respectively. Relatively high genetic diversity in A. japonica is coincided with its life history characteristics, i.e., outcrossing, long-lived perennial. Within population genetic variation is slightly higher than those of species of Zingiberaceae and means of outcrossers or long-lived perennial, indicating that genetic diversity has not apparently affected by fragmentation. This situation is due to the strong clonality, which prolongs the parental generation and reduces the turnover of generation. However, there is a signal of the consequences of long-term fragmentation on genetic differentiation. Although fine scale in the present study, moderate and significant differentiation has been found among populations (ΦST= 0.297, p<0.01). The differentiation is much higher than those with similar spatial scale. Furthermore, no isolation-by-distance pattern was found using Mantel test, indicating that genetic drift had overcome the impact of gene flow (0.592).
