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Semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) spiked with the performance reference compound PCB29 were deployed 6.1 m above the sediments of Lake Chelan, Washington, for a period of 27 d, to estimate the dissolved concentrations of 4,4'-DDT, 4,4'-DDE, and 4,4'-DDD. Water concentrations were estimated using methods proposed in 2002 and newer equations pub...
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... Chelan is an ultra-oligotrophic lake located in north-central Washington State (Fig. 1). It is the largest natural lake in Washington and the third deepest lake in the United States (Congdon, 1996). Ninety percent of the lake watershed is forested or undeveloped open land with agriculture and orchard lands comprising approximately 3% of the watershed area ( Kendra and Singleton, 1987). The organochlorine insecticide DDT ...
Context 2
... Water to be processed through the Infiltrex was collected during 23-24 May 2006 and19-20 June 2006 from three locations. Station Wapato Point D is at the same location and depth (60 m) as the SPMD deployments; Wapato Point S is also at this location, but at a depth of 3 m; and Riverwalk Park S is located near the lake outlet at a depth of 3 m (Fig. 1). The water from these locations was collected using a submersible pump that pumped the water from the desired depth into an insulated, Teflon-lined, 208 l sealed drum located on the sampling vessel. A minimum of 15 volumes of water from the sampling depth were pumped through the tubing prior to filling the drum. Once the drum was ...
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Citations
... Time-integrated uptake-release rates of SPMDs (Rantalainen et al., 2000) in relation to the hydrodynamic regime of the Gulf, physical parameters and potential pollution load amounts were determined by measurements during the first sampling period; two SPMDs were deployed at each seven station in the second sampling period autumn 2021 for 15 and 30 days. SPMDs enable the comparability of results obtained through their included Performance Reference Compounds (PRCs) and the time-weighted average sampling method (Ellis et al., 2008;Gustavson & Harkin, 2000). We transformed the membranes in the laboratory at + 4 Celsius degrees and closed the lids with parafilm to 415 Page 6 of 22 ...
In this study, we used a comprehensive array of sampling techniques to examine the pollution caused by organic micropollutants in İzmit Bay for the first time. Our methodology contains spot seawater sampling, semi-permeable membrane devices (SPMDs) passive samplers for time-weighted average (TWA), and sediment sampling for long-term pollution detection in İzmit Bay, together. Additionally, the analysis results obtained with these three sampling methods were compared in this study. Over the course of two seasons in 2020 and 2021, we deployed SPMDs for 21 days in the first season and for 30 days in the second season. This innovative approach allowed us to gather sea water samples and analyze them for the presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (Σ15 PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (Σ7 PCBs), and organochlorine pesticides (Σ11 OCPs). Using SPMD-based passive sampling, we measured micropollutant concentrations: PAHs ranged from 1963 to 10342 pg/L in 2020 and 1338 to 6373 pg/L in 2021; PCBs from 17.46 to 61.90 pg/L in 2020 and 8.37 to 78.10 pg/L in 2021; and OCPs from 269.2 to 8868 pg/L in 2020 and 141.7 to 1662 pg/L in 2021. Our findings revealed parallels between the concentrations of PAHs, PCBs, and OCPs in both SPMDs and sediment samples, providing insights into the distribution patterns of these pollutants in the marine ecosystem. However, it is worth noting that due to limited data acquisition, the suitability of spot sampling in comparison to instantaneous sampling remains inconclusive, highlighting the need for further investigation and data collection.
... The neutral and semipolar, acidic, and basic compounds were captured and enriched using three types of cartridges containing neutral, anionic exchanger, and cationic exchanger sorbents, respectively [77]. Although LVSPE eliminates the subsequential enrichment steps, the lack of toxic blanks and the cumbersome devices may reduce its feasibility for universal implementations [82,83]. ...
Complex chemicals have been imposing adverse effects on the environment and organisms. Conventional chemical-based quantitative analysis may not comprehensively reveal the major contributors responsible for the adverse effects, such as nonregulated analysis of unknown chemicals. Effect-directed analysis (EDA) is a powerful approach to identify the contributors. Recent advancement in integration of various sampling and sample preparation strategies with EDA has improved identification of causative components in a sample. Various workflows of sampling, enrichment and fractionation in an integrated format or sequential and parallel steps are developed to shorten analysis time and increase resolution, sensitivity, throughput and coverage of analytes. Herein, we review recent advances in combination of sampling and sample preparation techniques with EDA to study toxic chemicals in sediment, water, biota, and other environmental compartments. The current status and experience lead to discussion on the existing challenges, perspectives for future research development and applications in this field.
... It is an advantage of SPE to capture and stabilize the compounds on the sorbents when sampled (Hillebrand et al., 2013). Different approaches and devices for the sampling of large volumes of water have been developed since the 1970s (CIAgent, 2012;Coes et al., 2014;Dawson et al., 1976;de Lappe et al., 1983;Dean et al., 2009;Ehrhardt and Bums, 1990;Ellis et al., 2008;Gomez-Belinchon et al., 1988;Green et al., 1986;Hanke et al., 2012;Lakshmanan et al., 2010;McKenzie-Smith et al., 1994;Petrick et al., 1996;Reineke et al., 2002;Sarkar and Sen, 1989;SEASTAR INSTRUMENTS, 1984;Sturm et al., 1998;Suarez et al., 2006;Supowit et al., 2016;Thomas et al., 2001;Weigel et al., 2001;Yunker et al., 1989). Briefly, many of the devices were best suited for low water volumes (for analytical purposes), are not (anymore) commercially available or do not operate in a fully automated mode (see Supporting material for detailed information). ...
The implementation of targeted and nontargeted chemical screening analysis in combination with in vitro and organism-level bioassays is a prerequisite for a more holistic monitoring of water quality in the future. For chemical analysis, little or no sample enrichment is often sufficient, while bioanalysis often requires larger sample volumes at a certain enrichment factor for conducting comprehensive bioassays on different endpoints or further effect-directed analysis (EDA). To avoid logistic and technical issues related to the storage and transport of large volumes of water, sampling would benefit greatly from onsite extraction. This study presents a novel onsite large volume solid phase extraction (LVSPE) device tailored to fulfill the requirements for the successful effect-based and chemical screening of water resources and complies with available international standards for automated sampling devices. Laboratory recovery experiments using 251 organic compounds in the log D range from − 3.6 to 9.4 (at pH 7.0) spiked into pristine water resulted in acceptable recoveries and from 60 to 123% for 159 out of 251 substances. Within a European-wide demonstration program, the LVSPE was able to enrich compounds in concentration ranges over three orders of magnitude (1 ng L− 1 to 2400 ng L− 1). It was possible to discriminate responsive samples from samples with no or only low effects in a set of six different bioassays (i.e. acetylcholinesterase and algal growth inhibition, androgenicity, estrogenicity, fish embryo toxicity, glucocorticoid activity). The LVSPE thus proved applicable for onsite extraction of sufficient amounts of water to investigate water quality thoroughly by means of chemical analysis and effect-based tools without the common limitations due to small sample volumes.
... Ellis et al. [2] found SPMD-derived water concentrations of 4,4'-DDD, 4,4'-DDE, and 4,4'-DDT were 1.1 to 2.3 times lower than direct measurements of samples collected using large-volume solid-phase extraction. Jacquet et al. [3] found SPMD-derived water concentrations of PCBs to be 0.8 to 2.1 (average 1.5) times greater than the nominal water concentrations in laboratory studies. ...
Discussion of comparisons between passive and discrete sample data.
(PDF)
... However, results from these studies are difficult to interpret, because of the differences of the targeted concentrations (freely dissolved versus total dissolved), the time-integrative nature of passive sampling data, and because filtration/extraction methods have their own difficulties, such as contaminant adsorption to equipment surfaces, and filtration efficiencies that vary with the extent of filter clogging. 118,119 Results from passive sampling with SPMDs, POM, and silicones generally agree within a factor of 3 with results from batch sampling 119−125 although differences by a factor of ∼10 have also been observed. 111,126 In some cases, differences increased with hydrophobicity, which could be attributed to the contribution of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) bound compounds to batch sampling based results. ...
We reviewed compliance monitoring requirements in the European Union (EU), the United States (USA), and the Oslo-Paris Convention for the protection of the marine environment of the North-East Atlantic (OSPAR), and evaluated if these are met by passive sampling methods for nonpolar compounds. The strengths and shortcomings of passive sampling are assessed for water, sediments, and biota. Passive water sampling is a suitable technique for measuring concentrations of freely dissolved compounds. This method yields results that are incompatible with the EU's quality standard definition in terms of total concentrations in water, but this definition has little scientific basis. Insufficient quality control is a present weakness of passive sampling in water. Laboratory performance studies and the development of standardized methods are needed to improve data quality and to encourage the use of passive sampling by commercial laboratories and monitoring agencies. Successful prediction of bioaccumulation based on passive sampling are well documented for organisms at the lower trophic levels, but requires more research for higher levels. Despite the existence of several knowledge gaps, passive sampling presently is the best available technology for chemical monitoring of nonpolar organic compounds. Key issues to be addressed by scientists and environmental managers are outlined.
... There have recently been a number of trials of passive sampling methods, with the aim of substituting conventional sampling methods and to overcome the limitations imposed by spot observations and the small sampling volumes that are possible. Semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) are widely used passive samplers that can be used to measure the freely dissolved (i.e., chemicals that are not bound to suspended particles) concentrations at a sampling site as a time-weighted average (Ellis et al., 2008;Gourlay-Francé et al., 2008). ...
... SPMD trials for measuring individual compounds have been relatively thorough, both in the field and the laboratory, but POPs that have multiple homologs have not yet been tested sufficiently. There have also been several attempts to compare water concentrations determined from grab samples and passive samples and to assess the efficiency of passive sampling methods for monitoring HOCs such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), dichlorodiphenyl-trichloroethanes (DDTs), and other POPs (e.g., Aldrin, HCHs) and seven marker PCB congeners (PCBs 28,52,101,118,138,153,and 180) (Ellis et al., 2008;Gourlay-Francé et al., 2008;Katsoyiannis and Samara, 2007). ...
... Thus when PRC-derived sampling rates are available, Eq. (7) can be used to calculate sampling rates of other analytes. This formula is not very suitable for higher log K ow compounds, Eq. (8) indicates that the compound-specific effects on R s decrease by a factor of 6 over the range 5.2 < log K ow < 8.5, which is much larger than expected from theory (Huckins et al., 2002(Huckins et al., , 2006Ellis et al., 2008). ...
Triolein embedded cellulose acetate membrane (TECAM) passive samplers provide potentially powerful tool for monitoring time weighted average concentrations (C(TWA)) of trace hydrophobic organic contaminants in water. To study the field performance of TECAM, exchange kinetics of chemicals between water and TECAM were studied at different temperature and water flow rates. Results showed that the uptake rate constant (k(u)) in TECAM was less sensitive to temperature variation than the SPMD and Chemcatcher. The k(u) in TECAM was sensitive to even a slight change of the flow rate, which required the field calibration using performance reference compounds (PRCs). To estimate C(TWA) by TECAM, both empirical model and WBL model were compared in laboratory conditions, and only small differences were observed between the predicted and measured k(u). Field validation was conducted to test the sampler performance alongside spot sampling. A good agreement of water concentration was obtained by the two sampling techniques.
During wastewater treatment, micropollutants are only partly eliminated and may present a risk for human health and aquatic ecosystems. The potential impacts these substances may have are currently underestimated due to the lack in available concentrations that lie below the limit of quantification (LOQ) for an important set of micropollutants. Here, the potential impacts due to 261 organic micropollutants on human health and aquatic environments were investigated at the scale of France. Even with concentrations below the LOQ, certain micropollutants were found to have a significant potential impact. For unmeasured concentrations, a global concentration distribution built from several datasets with different LOQ was used. By disregarding the unmeasured micropollutants, the potential impacts have been underestimated by >300 % on both human health and aquatic environments. Certain substances, such as hydrazine, endrin, or 2,3,7,8-TetraCDD, could lead to very strong potential impacts, even with unmeasured concentration levels. Moreover, the usual convention of LOQ/2 to replace unmeasured concentrations also appeared to overestimate the potential impact. The present work can be adapted to any other compartment or geographical context.
To assess the risk of pesticide mixtures in lagoon waters, this study adopted a multi-step approach using integrative passive samplers (POCIS) and concentration addition (CA) toxicological models. Two French Mediterranean lagoons (Thau and Or) were monitored for a range of 68 pesticides continuously over a period of a year (2015-16). The findings revealed mixtures of dissolved pesticides with varying composition and levels over the year. The Or site contained more pesticides than Thau site (37 vs 28 different substances), at higher concentrations (0.1-58.6 ng.L-1 at Or vs <0.1-9.9 at Thau) and with overall higher detection frequencies. All samples showed a potential chronic toxicity risk, depending on the composition and concentrations of co-occurring pesticides. In 74 % of the samples, this pesticide risk was driven by a few single substances (ametryn, atrazine, azoxystrobin, carbendazim, chlorotoluron, irgarol, diuron and metolachlor) and certain transformation products (e.g. DPMU and metolachlor OA/ESA). Individually, these were a threat for the three taxa studied (phytoplankton, crustaceans and fish). Yet even a drastic reduction of these drivers alone (up to 5 % of their current concentration) would not eliminate the toxicity risks in 56 % of the Or Lagoon samples, due to pesticide mixtures. The two CA-based approaches used to assess the combined effect of these mixtures, determined chronic potential negative impacts for both lagoons, while no acute risk was highlighted. This risk was seasonal, indicating the importance of monitoring in key periods (summer, winter and spring) to get a more realistic picture of the pesticide threat in lagoon waters. These findings suggest that it is crucial to review the current EU Water Framework Directive's risk-assessment method, as it may incorrectly determine pesticide risk in lagoons.
Environmental monitoring of pesticide exposure is a key element of the holistic study of pesticides’ effects in human and animal health and the environment. The purpose of the current chapter is to present the existing methods for pesticide environmental monitoring, to give basic information on them, and to support the reader with a number of selected references for a more in-depth study of each one. Under the frame of the current chapter refers to exposure through open air, soil, water, and in-house environments meaning residences. In terms of environmental exposure and water, we refer to sea and freshwater, considering the potable water as part of the area of dietary exposure.
