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Lactarius porninsis: A. spores; B. basidia; C. pseudocystidia; D. pleuromacrocysitidia; E. part of the lamella edge; F. section through the pileipellis; G. section through the stipitipellis. From R. Walleyn 1233 and J. Nuytinck 2001-082, 2002-019, 2002-025. Scale bars = 10 μm, small bars indicate the height of the hymenium. calcareous soil, 4.10.2002, J. Nuytinck 2002-025 (GENT)-Slovakia, Nizke Tatry mountains, Demanovska dolina valley, 7 km S of Demanova village, Demanovska dolina nature reserve, N49°00.027ʼ E019°35.058ʼ, 809 m a.s.l., mixed forest with Picea abies and Larix decidua on steep slope, 9.10.2001, J. Nuytinck 2001-082 (GENT)-ibid., 9.10.2001, J. Nuytinck 2001-083 (GENT).
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Elaborate macro- and micromorphological descriptions are presented for the representatives of Lactarius sect. Deliciosi, together with taxonomical and nomenclatural remarks, partly based on previous molecular phylogenetic analyses (Nuytinck & Verbeken 2003 & 2005). Ten accepted European species are treated and an identification key is provided. Lec...
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... It is widespread in Europe, where it lives in forests and forms mycorrhizae with spruce (Giollant et al., 1993). Its fruiting bodies are characterized by orangish caps with green spots and they normally secrete light-orange latex after injury (Nuytinck, 2005). Previous research showed that L. deterrimus extracts are rich in sesquiterpenes (Bergendorff & Sterner, 1988), lectins (Giollant et al., 1993) and indole compounds (Muszyńska, 2007). ...
Stomach cancer is the 4th most common cancer diagnosed worldwide. Despite intensive research on its etiopathology, its treatment strategies have not changed in the last 50 years. Mushrooms have recently attracted much attention as the source of bioactive compounds that can potentially complement cancer therapies. Here, we extracted a phenolic fraction from Lactarius deterrimus and analyzed its composition and bioactivity against the gastric cancer (AGS) cells. The complexity of L. deterrimus compounds was revealed by an HPLC assay, and was accompanied by cytostatic, cytotoxic and anti-invasive effects of the L. deterrimus extract (LDE). These are illustrated by inhibition of the AGS cells’ proliferation, metabolic activity and motility, and by induction of the cytoskeleton rearrangements. Apparently, these effects are exerted via activation of intracellular oxidative stress and decreased ATP production in AGS cells that could not be compensated by induction of autophagy. Less severe LDE effects were seen on physiology of normal gastric fibroblasts; however, inhibition of their motility indicates that LDE can interfere with gastric cancer development via an effect on stromal cells. Along with the observed synergy of LDE and cisplatin/5-fluorouracil effects on AGS cells, our data show the potential of LDE for supplementation of the gastric cancer therapy.
... Verbeken, depending on the various interpretations of this taxon by authors in the past [41]; 44 generally considered a synonym of Lactarius quieticolor Romagn. (e.g., [22,23]); 45 49 an edible species, linked to Quercus spp.; 50 the species occurring in Guatemala and commonly reported as Lactarius salmonicolor is actually a distinct, new taxon, whose description is currently underway (Roberto Flores-Arzú, pers. commun.). ...
... pallidus Bres. (DD);69 in FrRL, also Lactarius vietus f. constans J.E. Lange (DD); 70 considered a synonym or variety of Lactarius sanguifluus (Paulet) Fr. by some authors (e.g.,[23]) Basso 1999), but molecular data have confirmed the differentiation of the two species[45]; 71 a synonym of Lactifluus volemus (Fr.) Kuntze (see[37]); 72 possibly conspecific with Lactarius aurantioochraceous Lar.N. ...
Mycological conservation has finally come of age. The increasingly recognized crucial role played by fungi in ecosystem functioning has spurred a wave of attention toward the status of fungal populations across the world. Milkcaps (Lactarius and Lactifluus) are a large and widespread group of ectomycorrhizal basidiomycetes; besides their ecological relevance, many species of milkcaps are of socio-economic significance because of their edibility. We analysed the presence of milkcaps in fungal Red Lists worldwide, ending up with an impressive list of 265 species assessed in various threat categories. Lactarius species are disproportionally red-listed with respect to Lactifluus (241 versus 24 species). Two species of Lactarius (L. maruiaensis and L.ogasawarashimensis) are currently considered extinct, and four more are regionally extinct; furthermore, 37 species are critically endangered at least in part of their distribution range. Several problems with the red-listing of milkcaps have been identified in this study, which overall originate from a poor understanding of the assessed species. Wrong or outdated nomenclature has been applied in many instances, and European names have been largely used to indicate taxa occurring in North America and Asia, sometimes without any supporting evidence. Moreover, several rarely recorded and poorly known species, for which virtually no data exist, have been included in Red Lists in some instances. We stress the importance of a detailed study of the species of milkcaps earmarked for insertion in Red Lists, either at national or international level, in order to avoid diminishing the value of this important conservation tool.
... Generally, they form ectomycorrhizae with Pines (Pinus spp) [40]. In China it is associated with P. yunnanensis or P. radiata [7], in Turqui with P. pistachio, Cantharellus cibarius and Picoa lefebvrei [41], in Spain [14 ; 39] with P. halepensis and P. pinaster, In Italy to Pinus nigra and Pinus sylvestris [3] in Belgium to P. sylvestris [42], in Tunisia to P. pinea [43], in Morocco to P. maritima [44 ; 40] and even in Algeria [19] to P. halepensis. However, L. sanguifluus is declared a potentially threatened species in Switzerland because of its decline in these numbers [23]. ...
Description of the subject: The Lactarius genus has always attracted the interest of mycological researchers and has therefore occupied an important position in the world of mycology, from which comes the importance of exploring our little-known macrofungal diversity. This study was done in Tlemcen’s National Park.
The goal of the study is to explore the national park of Tlemcen in order to discover the biodiversity of Lactarius genus, particularly those of socioeconomic and scientific interests.
Methods: Samples collected during the rainy season were identified based on their macroscopic and microscopic characteristics, then the results were confirmed by a molecular phylogenetic analysis based on the sequences of the ITS region.
Results: The use of molecular identification in this study allowed us to identify three species of Lactarius, which form ectomycorrhizal associations with pine trees (Pinus halepensis) or Quercus (Q. ilex and Q. fagenia). Among these, L. sanguifluus has already been reported previously in the central part of the country, but L. mairie and L. mediterraneensis are a new record.
Conclusion: This current study carried out in Tlemcen’s National Park (HOT SPOT of Biodiversity), reports the presence of three species; of which two of them are rare. The rare species includes: L. mairei and L. mediterraneensis recorded for the first time; and L. sanguifluus, a common excellent edible mushroom, and widely appreciated for its high market value in Europe especially in Spain.
Keywords: Lactarius, Tlemcen’s National Park, Algeria, molecular phylogenetic analysis, ITS.
... Globally, Lactarius sect. Deliciosi (Fr.) Redeuilh, Verbeken & Walleyn comprises roughly 40 species (Tab. 1) that are easily recognizable in the field by their conspicuous orange, pink, vinaceous red, brownish grayish, lilac or blue basidiomata (nuyTinck, 2004, which produce orange, red or blue latex, several of them changing to greenish when bruised or touched (nuyTinck and VeRBeken, 2005). The natural distribution of this monophyletic group is in the northern hemisphere , associating with Pinus L., Picea Link, Abies D. Don., Tsuga Carrière, Alnus Mill., Quercus L., Larix Mill., Lithocarpus Blume & Arctostaphylos Adans. ...
The natural distribution of species of Lactarius sect. Deliciosi is mainly in the northern hemisphere, where they grow in ectomycor-rhizal symbiosis mainly with conifers. Several species in this section are regionally well known and appreciated due to their culinary use. In South America, there is limited knowledge of their presence and harvesting, while their culinary value remains underexploited. Recently, field campaigns in pine plantations in southern Brazil revealed wide presence of Lactarius sect. Deliciosi species. Morphological and molecular identification approaches confirmed that all Brazilian collections correspond to one European species, Lactarius quieticolor. Fruiting bodies occurred in plantations of Pinus taeda and/or P. elliottii, on acidic soils, and under humid climate with mild to hot summers. A review of edibility and organoleptic properties confirmed both L. quieticolor and its commonly misapplied name, L. deliciosus, in South America as edible and of high quality. Several other L. sect. Deliciosi species are less appreciated or with unknown palatability. Due to low potential for long-distance dispersal, an ecto-mycorrhizal partner switch from European to North American pine species is proposed, which may have happened in South America for both allochthonous symbiotic partners. There is still a possibility that other combinations were established, including combinations with less valuable species from L. sect. Deliciosi.
... sect. Dapetes Fr. ex Burl.) includes various gastronomically important species (Guerin-Laguette et al., 2014;Nuytinck, 2005;Nuytinck & Verbeken, 2005Nuytinck, Wang, & Verbeken, 2006;Wang, Cummings, & Guerin-Laguette, 2012). A representative species, Lactarius deliciosus (L.) Gray, the type species of sect. ...
... Other ECM root tips with the same external morphotype were selected for further isolation of cultures. Fungal species were identified based on the macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of fresh basidiomata (Imazeki & Hongo, 1989;Nuytinck, 2005;Nuytinck et al., 2006;Nuytinck & Verbeken, 2005. The sampled basidiomata were dried at 45 C for 3 d and deposited in the mushroom herbarium (TUMH) of the Fungus/Mushroom Resource and Research Center (FMRC), Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Japan, as vouchers. ...
We described the ectomycorrhizae (ECM) of the Japanese Lactarius section Deliciosi species L. akahatsu, L. hatsudake, L. laeticolor, and L. subindigo with the aim of promoting the use of mycorrhizae for taxonomy and expansion of available cultures. Lactarius tottoriensis (sect. Lactarius) was also included as a comparator. The ECM of the four species of sect. Deliciosi showed orange laticifers and plectenchymatous mantles, whereas those of L. tottoriensis showed white laticifers and pseudoparenchymatous mantles. The ECM of L. hatsudake and L. subindigo showed complex rhizomorphs with thicker walls and more developed vessel-like hyphae compared to the other three species. Cystidium-like cells were rarely found on the mantles of L. laeticolor and L. subindigo. Fungal cultures of the five Lactarius species from their ECM were morphologically characterized. Cultures produced laticifers on agar medium, but the five species showed different growth rates. Rhizomorphs of L. hatsudake and L. subindigo in cultures showed a similar morphology to their ECM. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of cultures from the ECM demonstrated that they were of the targeted Lactarius species and suggested the need for taxonomic studies of L. hatsudake, L. subindigo, and L. tottoriensis at the species and section levels.
... Measurements are given as MIN-MAX, except for basidiospores. Basidiospores were measured in side view in Melzer's reagent, excluding the ornamentation, and measurements are given as described in Nuytinck and Verbeken (2005): (MIN) [Ava −2 × SDa] -Ava -Avb -[Avb + 2 × SDb] (MAX), in which Ava/b = lowest/highest mean value for the measured collections, SDa/b = standard deviation of the lowest/highest mean value. MIN/MAX = lowest/highest value measured and only given when they exceed [Ava −2 × SDa] or [Avb + 2 × SDb] respectively. ...
The milkcap genus Lactifluus is one of the most common ectomycorrhizal genera within Central African rainforests. During a field trip to the Dja Biosphere Reserve in Cameroon, a new Lactifluus species was found. Molecular and morphological analyses indicate that the species belongs to LactifluussectionXerampelini and we formally describe it here as Lactifluusbicapillussp. nov.
... Measurements are given as min-max, except for basidiospores. Basidiospores were measured in side view in Melzer's reagent, excluding the ornamentation, and measurements are given as described in Nuytinck and Verbeken (2005): (MIN)(Ava − 2SDa)-Ava-Avb-(Avb + 2SDb)(MAX), in which Ava/b = lowest/highest mean value for the measured collections, and SDa/b = standard deviation of the lowest/greatest mean value. MIN/MAX = lowest/highest value measured and only given when they exceed [Ava − 2SDa] or [Avb + 2SDb], respectively. ...
The ectomycorrhizal milkcap genus Lactifluus (Russulaceae) is commonly found in tropical and subtropical forests of Southeast Asia. During several sampling expeditions in Thailand, multiple collections of Lactifluus (Lf.) species with pleurotoid or small agaricoid basidiocarps were found. A molecular study was combined with a morphological study, in which the collections were compared with herbarium material. The molecular study indicated that four Thai collections belonged to undescribed species within Lactifluus section Gerardii, as was also the case for herbarium collections of a pleurotoid species from Nepal. One other collection from Thailand appeared closely related to Lf. uyedae, known only from Japan. Five species are described as new in the genus: Lf. auriculiformis, Lf. gerardiellus, Lf. bhandaryi, Lf. pulchrellus, and Lf. raspei.
... Basidiospores were studied in Melzer's reagent and measured in side view, excluding ornamentation (minimum 20 basidiospores per collection). Basidiospore measurements are given as described in Nuytinck & Verbeken (2005) respectively. Q stands for ʻquotient length/widthʼ and is given as MINQ-Qa-Qb-MAXQ in which Qa and Qb stand for the lowest and the highest mean quotient for the measured specimens respectively. ...
The ectomycorrhizal milkcap genus Lactifluus is commonly found within Central and West African gallery forests. During field expeditions in Cameroon and Togo, several collections of white Lactifluus species were found, resembling Lactifluus foetens. Molecular and morphological research indicates that these collections belong to two unrelated species, i.e. Lactifluus foetens and an undescribed taxon. The latter is here described as Lactifluus albomembranaceus sp. nov. from the gallery forests in Central and Western Africa. In Cameroon, at least, Lactifluus albomembranaceus is a popular edible fungus that is harvested for personal consumption and offered for sale at local markets.
... For each collection, a minimum of 20 spores in side view was measured, excluding the ornamentation. Spore measurements are given as described in Nuytinck & Verbeken (2005). Mean values are given separately. ...
This study provides morphological and molecular evidence (from nuclear ITS, LSU, and rpb2 DNA sequences) for three previously unrecognized species within the morphospecies Lactifluus volemus from Europe. Phylogenetic species are supported by both a multi-locus tree-based method and Bayesian species delimitation. Lactifluus volemus and Lactifluus oedematopus are provided with a new description, and a third species, Lactifluus subvolemus, is described as new to science. Lactifluus oedematopus can be easily recognized by its short pileipellis hairs. Both L. volemus and L. subvolemus have longer pileipellis hairs and can only be distinguished from each other based on cap colour. Intermediary colour forms, however, occur as well, and cannot be identified as either L. volemus or L. subvolemus without molecular data. Revealing that L. volemus - already considered extinct in the Netherlands and the Belgian Flemish region, and declining in other European countries - is actually a complex of three species that are even more vulnerable to extinction, this study emphasizes the fundamental role of taxonomy in species conservation.
... Three species, R. cyanoxantha, R. firmula and R. paludosa, were collected only at the Kalaštov site with a frequency of 2, and one species, R. pectinatoides, was collected with a frequency of 2 only at Krížnica. Some spe-cies seem to be rare, being collected at only one site with a frequency of 1:) Burl.], absence of scrobicules on the cap and stipe, and a rather fine spore ornamentation correspond better to L. semisanguifluus (Nuytinck & Verbeken 2005, 2007). This identification needs to be confirmed by additional field-identified collections, therefore we treat these collections as " L. cf. ...
The species diversity of the family Russulaceae was studied at four representative sites located in
forests dominated by Pinus sylvestris on sandy soils in the Záhorská nížina lowland in the years
2010–2012. The diversity varies from 7 to 10 species per site. There is a high variation in species composition
and frequency rates between the studied sites. At all four sites, members of two Russulaceae
genera were represented: Lactarius with two recorded species in total, while Russula with 19 species.
The species diversity of Russulaceae in the area of Záhorská nížina is estimated based on data from the
representative sites, revision of herbarium material, and published data. Nineteen species were identified
in the studied herbarium material, and together with the data from the representative sites this
amounts to a total of 27 Lactarius and Russula species associated with Pinus and reported from the
area. Published reports on the occurrence of three more species of these two genera, reported to be associated
with pine trees in the area, have not been confirmed.
