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Lactarius hatsudake : A. spores; B. basidia; C. pseudocystidia; D. pleuromacrocystidia; E. cheilomacrocystidia; F. cheiloleptocystidia; G. lamella edge; H. section through the pileipellis; I. section through the stipitipellis. From HKAS 31714, HKAS 38746, HKAS 39032, HKAS 39047, HKAS 39354, TMI 22646 and TMI 24414. Bars = 10 μm, small bars indicate the height of the hymenium.
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171 reported species and the proportion of endemic species does not yet exist for the Asian continent. One of the major problems to be overcome is the lack of modern and illustrated descriptions and revisions from this continent (Verbeken, 2001)., A. (2006). Descriptions and taxonomy of the Asian representatives of Lactarius sect. Deliciosi. Fungal...
Citations
... Also reported for the first time in Korea, in 2011 (Ban and Cho, 2011) although the use as an edible mushroom here is unknown. Although widely distributed and considered an edible in Japan, there are questions over speciation and these records may not truly reflect L. indigo (Nuytinck et al., 2006a). This issue may be the same for most Indomalaya records and this is discussed in Section 3. ...
... Within Asia, the GBIF data only displays records for Japan. In contrast, within the literature records also exist from China (Wang, 2000), India (Kalita et al., 2016;Kumar et al., 2015) and Korea (Ban and Cho, L. subindigo has a superficial resemblance to L. indigo but differs by having smaller spores with different ornamentation presentation (Verbeken and Horak, 2000;Nuytinck et al., 2006a). Further, in a reanalysis of Asiatic herbarium material of L. indigo, many samples were actually found to be L. subindigo rather than L. indigo and this has led to the suggestion that many previous reports of L. indigo from Asia should be critically re-checked (Nuytinck et al., 2006a). ...
... In contrast, within the literature records also exist from China (Wang, 2000), India (Kalita et al., 2016;Kumar et al., 2015) and Korea (Ban and Cho, L. subindigo has a superficial resemblance to L. indigo but differs by having smaller spores with different ornamentation presentation (Verbeken and Horak, 2000;Nuytinck et al., 2006a). Further, in a reanalysis of Asiatic herbarium material of L. indigo, many samples were actually found to be L. subindigo rather than L. indigo and this has led to the suggestion that many previous reports of L. indigo from Asia should be critically re-checked (Nuytinck et al., 2006a). Although L. subindigo may be a suitable cultivation candidate in its own right, here we are focusing on L. indigo and due to possible taxonomic confusion in the records, Asiatic recordings are omitted from this study. ...
Land use conflict is a major contributor to unsustainable deforestation rates, with agriculture being the primary driver. Demand for agricultural output is forecast to increase for years to come and the associated deforestation is a key driver in global declines of biodiversity. Moreover, deforestation is contributing to instability of agricultural production systems and reduces our ability to mitigate anthropogenically driven climate change. There is urgency in reducing this land use conflict and the cultivation of ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) may provide a partial solution.
As an example, here we focus on Lactarius indigo, an edible and historically appreciated species with distribution in the Neotropics and Nearctic. Exploring the geographic spread and associated climate preferences, we describe how cultivation of this species can be combined with forest-based biodiversity and conservation goals. Detailing a full methodology, including mycelium production and how to create trees that may produce the fungus, we explore potential benefits. Combing data from the emerging field of EMF cultivation with nutritional studies, we show that a protein production of 7.31 kg per hectare should be possible, exceeding that of extensive pastoral beef production. In contrast to commercial agriculture, L. indigo cultivation may enhance biodiversity, contribute to conservational goals and create a net sink of greenhouse gases whilst at the same time producing a similar or higher level of protein per unit area than the most common agriculture use of deforested land. With such startling and clear benefits, we call for urgent action to further the development of such novel food production systems.
... commun.). On the other hand, conspecificity has been proved between European and Asian samples (see [33]). In FrRL, also Lactarius deliciosus f. rubescens J.Aug. ...
... commun.). Similarly, reports of Lactarius salmonicolor from North America and other areas of Central America have not been confirmed molecularly, so intercontinental conspecificity is unclear (see [35]); 51 conspecificity has been proved between European and Asian samples, with the possible synonymy of Lactarius thakalorum Bills and Cotter described from Nepal with Lactarius sanguifluus, while the status of North American records is uncertain (see [33,35]); 52 invalid name. A poorly known species: in GBIF just two old records, one from Austria and one from USA; 53 the presence of Lactarius scrobiculatus in North America has been questioned (see [43]); 54 [23]; 63 a poorly known species, whose position within the subgenus Plinthogalus remains uncertain (see [36]); 64 often spelled 'thejogalus'. ...
Mycological conservation has finally come of age. The increasingly recognized crucial role played by fungi in ecosystem functioning has spurred a wave of attention toward the status of fungal populations across the world. Milkcaps (Lactarius and Lactifluus) are a large and widespread group of ectomycorrhizal basidiomycetes; besides their ecological relevance, many species of milkcaps are of socio-economic significance because of their edibility. We analysed the presence of milkcaps in fungal Red Lists worldwide, ending up with an impressive list of 265 species assessed in various threat categories. Lactarius species are disproportionally red-listed with respect to Lactifluus (241 versus 24 species). Two species of Lactarius (L. maruiaensis and L.ogasawarashimensis) are currently considered extinct, and four more are regionally extinct; furthermore, 37 species are critically endangered at least in part of their distribution range. Several problems with the red-listing of milkcaps have been identified in this study, which overall originate from a poor understanding of the assessed species. Wrong or outdated nomenclature has been applied in many instances, and European names have been largely used to indicate taxa occurring in North America and Asia, sometimes without any supporting evidence. Moreover, several rarely recorded and poorly known species, for which virtually no data exist, have been included in Red Lists in some instances. We stress the importance of a detailed study of the species of milkcaps earmarked for insertion in Red Lists, either at national or international level, in order to avoid diminishing the value of this important conservation tool.
... sect. Dapetes Fr. ex Burl.) includes various gastronomically important species (Guerin-Laguette et al., 2014;Nuytinck, 2005;Nuytinck & Verbeken, 2005Nuytinck, Wang, & Verbeken, 2006;Wang, Cummings, & Guerin-Laguette, 2012). A representative species, Lactarius deliciosus (L.) Gray, the type species of sect. ...
... Other ECM root tips with the same external morphotype were selected for further isolation of cultures. Fungal species were identified based on the macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of fresh basidiomata (Imazeki & Hongo, 1989;Nuytinck, 2005;Nuytinck et al., 2006;Nuytinck & Verbeken, 2005. The sampled basidiomata were dried at 45 C for 3 d and deposited in the mushroom herbarium (TUMH) of the Fungus/Mushroom Resource and Research Center (FMRC), Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Japan, as vouchers. ...
We described the ectomycorrhizae (ECM) of the Japanese Lactarius section Deliciosi species L. akahatsu, L. hatsudake, L. laeticolor, and L. subindigo with the aim of promoting the use of mycorrhizae for taxonomy and expansion of available cultures. Lactarius tottoriensis (sect. Lactarius) was also included as a comparator. The ECM of the four species of sect. Deliciosi showed orange laticifers and plectenchymatous mantles, whereas those of L. tottoriensis showed white laticifers and pseudoparenchymatous mantles. The ECM of L. hatsudake and L. subindigo showed complex rhizomorphs with thicker walls and more developed vessel-like hyphae compared to the other three species. Cystidium-like cells were rarely found on the mantles of L. laeticolor and L. subindigo. Fungal cultures of the five Lactarius species from their ECM were morphologically characterized. Cultures produced laticifers on agar medium, but the five species showed different growth rates. Rhizomorphs of L. hatsudake and L. subindigo in cultures showed a similar morphology to their ECM. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of cultures from the ECM demonstrated that they were of the targeted Lactarius species and suggested the need for taxonomic studies of L. hatsudake, L. subindigo, and L. tottoriensis at the species and section levels.
... Microscopically, all Lactarius species have basidiospores with an amyloid ornamentation, sphaerocytes (rounded cells) in the trama, and pseudocystidia in the hymenium (Hesler and Smith 1979;Heilmann-Clausen et al. 1998). Lactarius species are distributed in all terrestrial ecosystems (Hesler and Smith 1979;Bandala 1996, 2003;Heilmann-Clausen et al. 1998;Basso 1999;Horak 1999, 2000;Verbeken et al. 2002;Nuytinck et al. 2006;Le et al. 2007a, b;Yamin-Pasternak 2008;Verbeken and Walleyn 2010;Wisitrassameewong et al. 2014aWisitrassameewong et al. , b, 2015Wisitrassameewong et al. , 2016Wang 2016Wang , 2017aWang , b, 2018Das et al. 2017, Herrera et al. 2018 Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-019-00425-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. ...
... akahatsu, L. hatsudake, L. laeticolor, and L. subzonarius) that were originally reported from Japan (Tanaka 1890;Hongo 1957bHongo , 1960 are common in East Asia. L. akahatsu and L. hatsudake have been recorded in pine forests in China (Nuytinck et al. 2006), Japan (Hongo 1977), and Thailand (Le et al. 2007a). L. subzonarius was collected in Abies forests in this study, which is consistent with previous studies (Hongo 1957b;Nuytinck et al. 2006). ...
... L. akahatsu and L. hatsudake have been recorded in pine forests in China (Nuytinck et al. 2006), Japan (Hongo 1977), and Thailand (Le et al. 2007a). L. subzonarius was collected in Abies forests in this study, which is consistent with previous studies (Hongo 1957b;Nuytinck et al. 2006). L. atromarginatus and L. austrotorminosus are associated with the Fagaceae in the tropical rain forests of New Guinea and Thailand (Verbeken and Horak 2000;Le et al. 2007a, b). ...
The genus Lactarius Pers. (Russulales) is a cosmopolitan group of Basidiomycota that forms ectomycorrhizal relationships primarily with both deciduous and coniferous trees. Although the genus has been well-studied in Europe and North America, only fragmentary researches have been carried out on Asian species. In particular, the distribution of Lactarius species in South Korea is poorly understood due to insufficient morphological descriptions and a lack of DNA sequence data. In addition, the misuse of European and North American names has added to confusion regarding the taxonomy of Asian Lactarius species. In this study, the diversity of Lactarius in South Korea was evaluated by employing both morphological and phylogenetic approaches. A multi-locus phylogenetic analysis of 729 Lactarius specimens collected between 1960 and 2017 was performed using the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, partial nuclear ribosomal large subunit (nrLSU), partial second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (rpb2), and minichromosome maintenance complex component 7 (mcm7). 49 Lactarius species were identified in three Lactarius subgenera: L. subg. Russularia (17 spp.), L. subg. Lactarius (22 spp.), and L. subg. Plinthogalus (10 spp.). Among them, 28 Lactarius species were identified as new to science, while just 17 were previously described Lactarius species. Four of the taxa remain un-named due to paucity of materials. A key to Korean Lactarius species, molecular phylogenies, a summary of diversity, and detailed description are provided.
... It is one of the few ectomycorrhizal groups that have high host fidelity with trees of Pinaceae and thus has special importance for studying the plant-fungus specific relationships. Nuytinck et al. (2006b), when reviewing the Asian representatives of L. sect. Deliciosi, concluded that the taxonomic knowledge of this section in Asia was still fragmentary compared with that in Europe and North America. ...
... Deliciosi, concluded that the taxonomic knowledge of this section in Asia was still fragmentary compared with that in Europe and North America. After Nuytinck et al. (2006b, four new species have been described from China (Wang et al. 2015a, Wang 2016). In total nine species are confirmed in China with DNA data: L. abieticola Wang (2016: 497) with Abies, L. akahatsu Tanaka (1890: 394), L. deliciosus (L.: Fr.) Gray (1821: 624), L. hatsudake Tanaka (1890: 393) and L. vividus Wang et al. (2015a: 67) with Pinus subg. ...
... The pure orange color with very faint greenish discoloration strongly suggests Asian L. abieticola, L. laeticolor and L. vividus and American L. thyinos Smith in Hesler & Smith (1960: 135). The subdistant lamellae are similar to those of L. vividus and the southern population of L. akahatsu (Nuytinck et al. 2006b, Wang et al. 2015a. In both ITS and gpd phylogenetic trees, however, L. guangdongensis did not group with any of them. ...
Lactarius sect. Deliciosi is a group of ectomycorrhizal mushrooms showing high host specificity with trees of Pinaceae and more rarely Fagales. A new species of this section, L. guangdongensis, is described from South China. This new species has the smallest basidiocarps (pileus 1–3 cm) in the section. The pure orange basidiocarps with faint greenish discoloration are similar to those of Abies-associated L. abieticola and L. laeticolor and Pinus-associated L. vividus. The subdistant lamellae and absence of pleuromacrocystidia can be used as valid characters for this species. It grows with Chinese national protected plant Pinus kwangtungensis and might be one of the very few species that form symbiosis with five-needle pines. Phylogenetic analyses of the ITS region and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene (gpd) show that L. guangdongensis clearly diversified from its relatives and look-alikes and probably represents an early diverging lineage in the section. Molecular and morphological characters provided in this study will be useful for in situ and ex situ conservation of P. kwangtungensis in the future.
... Deliciosi can be readily identified by the orange, red, or bluish basidiocarps with orange, red or bluish latex but species boundaries are extremely difficult to delimit due to high morphological similarity and close affinity between species . In Asia and North America, species that were previousluy identified with european names often turn out to be different species that are endemic to those continents (Nuytinck et al. 2006a(Nuytinck et al. , 2006bNuytinck & Ammirati 2014). ...
Lactarius sect. Deliciosi includes a group of edible mushrooms with a worldwide geographical distribution. Although several species are considered choice edible mushrooms, taxonomic knowledge on this group in Asia is still fragmentary. A new species in L. sect. Deliciosi with orange latex, L. vividus, is described as an important wild edible mushroom that is widely distributed in central and southern China. Morphological analyses demonstrate that L. vividus encompasses high infraspecific morphological variation, which makes it difficult to clearly delimit its taxonomic boundary. Compared with other species having orange latex in L. sect. Deliciosi, L. vividus can be recognized by the vividly colored, subdistant to distant lamellae and heavy basidiospore ornamentation. It has been found to grow with four species of Pinus subg. Pinus including P. latteri, P. massoniana, P. taiwanensis and P. thunbergii. Phylogenetic analyses of the ITS region and glyceraldehyde-3-phophate dehydrogenase gene (gpd) support species delimitation and suggest ITS and gpd are good DNA markers to identify this new species.
... Lactarius subg. Lactarius has numerous representatives in temperate areas, both in Europe and in North America, but is very poorly represented in tropical Africa ( ), and about 20 species have been described from tropical Asia ( Verbeken & Horak 1999, Nuytinck et al. 2006). The third subgenus, L. subg. ...
... Lactarius subg. Piperites has numerous representatives in temperate areas, both in Europe and in North America, but is very poorly represented in tropical Africa , and about 20 species have been described from tropical Asia (Verbeken & Horak 1999, 2000, Verbeken et al. 2001, Nuytinck et al. 2006, Le et al. 2007a. The third subgenus, L. subg. ...
This article introduces four new species of Lactarius subgenus Russularia from Southeast Asia with descriptions and illustrations of macromorphological and microscopic characters. Lactarius laccarioides and L. sublaccarioides were discovered in Northern Thailand, and L. pasohensis and L. stubbei in Malaysia. These four species share some striking macroscopic features that are unique in the subgenus: distant gills and a very thin-fleshed and deeply striate to sulcate pileus, which gives them the aspect of Laccaria species in the field. Molecular analysis of the ITS gene region shows that these four species are not as closely related within Lactarius subgenus Russularia as their similar appearance in the field would suggest.
... Although essentially an agaricoid genus, some gasteroid and pleurotoid species exist. In 2001 Verbeken (2001) estimated that about 400 species were known at the time, but this has increased to nearly 500 in less than a decade, especially due to the discovery of many new tropical species (Buyck et al. 2007; Das and Sharma 2004;Das et al. 2003;Le et al. 2007a, b, c;Montoya and Bandala 2008;Nuytinck et al. 2006;Stubbe et al. 2007Stubbe et al. , 2008; Van de Putte et al. 2010;Van Rooij et al. 2003;Verbeken et al. 2002Verbeken et al. , 2008. Lactarius has always been considered a sister genus of Russula, but a molecular phylogenetic study of the Russulaceae by Buyck et al. (2008) has revealed that both genera are in fact paraphyletic and that the family should be split up into four closely related genera. ...
This paper provides an overview and identification key of the Australasian species of Lactarius subg. Gerardii. A molecular phylogeny based on the nuc DNA markers ITS, LSU and rpb2, combined with detailed morphological observations resulted in the delimitation of 12 strongly supported and morphologically
recognizable species. Five new agaricoid species are described here: Lactarius hora, L. coniculus, L. limbatus, L. leae and L. leonardii. Other agaricoid species belonging to subg. Gerardii are L. atrovelutinus, L. bicolor, L. ochrogalactus and L. reticulatovenosus. Lactarius venosus is also considered as a member but could not be included in the molecular analysis. Two new pleurotoid species are discovered:
L. genevievae and L. conchatulus, both close relatives of L. uyedae, but each with distinct characters. Their position within subg. Gerardii is supported in the phylogeny and by their microscopic characters. This study also confirms the existence of multiple cryptic
species and species complexes for which species recognition or species delimitation remains problematic as is the case for
the Australian species L. wirrabara. In general, detailed macroscopic and microscopic observations are needed to identify species of L. subg. Gerardii.
... Maire (1910), Peck (1872, 1884, 1907), Burlingham (1907a, 1907b, 1908, 1910a, 1910b, 1913, 1915, 1918a, 1918b, 1921, 1924, 1932, 1940) and Beardslee (1918) were among the pioneer workers who initiated studies of the genera Lactarius and Russula. Knauth & Neuhoff (1937), Neuhoff (1956), Pearson (1950), Hesler & Smith (1960a, 1960b), Smith & Hesler (1962), Blum (1962, Singer (1975), Hesler & Smith (1979), Shaffer (1962, 1964, 1970a, 1970b, 1972) Schaeffer (1934), Romagnesi (1936 Romagnesi ( , 1940 Romagnesi ( , 1942 Romagnesi ( , 1943 Romagnesi ( , 1945 Romagnesi ( , 1967 Romagnesi ( , 1972), Singer (1926 Singer ( , 1928a Singer ( , 1928b Singer ( , 1986), Hesler (1960 Hesler ( , 1961), Rayner (1968- 1970), Buyck (1994, 1995, 1997), Kibby & Fatto (1990) and Sarnari (1998) Miller & Buyck (2002), Wang et al. (2006), Wang (2007), Nuytinck et al. (2006) and Buyck et al. (2007 studied the genus Lactarius in Madagascar. Huyen et al. (2007) and Buyck et al. (2008), who carried out molecular phylogenetic analyses of ribosomal genes (ITS–nuclear LSU) and part of a protein-coding gene (RPB2), indicated that four phylogenetically distinct clades could be identified within the family Russulaceae. ...
... Maire (1910), Peck (1872, 1884, 1907), Burlingham (1907a, 1907b, 1908, 1910a, 1910b, 1913, 1915, 1918a, 1918b, 1921, 1924, 1932, 1940) and Beardslee (1918) were among the pioneer workers who initiated studies of the genera Lactarius and Russula. Knauth & Neuhoff (1937), Neuhoff (1956), Pearson (1950), Hesler & Smith (1960a, 1960b), Smith & Hesler (1962), Blum (1962, Singer (1975), Hesler & Smith (1979), Shaffer (1962, 1964, 1970a, 1970b, 1972) Schaeffer (1934), Romagnesi (1936 Romagnesi ( , 1940 Romagnesi ( , 1942 Romagnesi ( , 1943 Romagnesi ( , 1945 Romagnesi ( , 1967 Romagnesi ( , 1972), Singer (1926 Singer ( , 1928a Singer ( , 1928b Singer ( , 1986), Hesler (1960 Hesler ( , 1961), Rayner (1968- 1970), Buyck (1994, 1995, 1997), Kibby & Fatto (1990) and Sarnari (1998) Miller & Buyck (2002), Wang et al. (2006), Wang (2007), Nuytinck et al. (2006) and Buyck et al. (2007 studied the genus Lactarius in Madagascar. Huyen et al. (2007) and Buyck et al. (2008), who carried out molecular phylogenetic analyses of ribosomal genes (ITS–nuclear LSU) and part of a protein-coding gene (RPB2), indicated that four phylogenetically distinct clades could be identified within the family Russulaceae. ...
