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Lactarius barrowsii. Top collection EB008-15 (left and right) and bottom collection EB015-15 under Pinus flexilis, Story Hill, Bozeman, Montana, USA. Scale bars: 2 cm. Photos by E. Barge.
Source publication
The Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE), located in the Central Rocky Mountains of western North America, is one of the largest nearly intact temperate-zone ecosystems on Earth. Here, Lactarius is an important component of ectomycorrhizal communities in many habitat types, from low elevation riparian areas to high elevation conifer forests and alpi...
Similar publications
A growing number of studies provides evidence that mixed-species forests often have higher stand productivity than monospecific forests, which is referred to as overyielding. In this study, we explored how the combination of species and soil conditions affect overyielding in terms of periodic annual volume increment (PAIV) in Dutch forests. We stud...
Citations
... Lamellae edge sterile; Cheilomacrocystidia scattered to abundant, 38-45 × 5-9 μm, cylindric, conical; acute to subacute or mucronate apex. Subhymenium up to 45 μm Distribution: This species was previously described from Kazakhstan (Fedorenko, 2019), Europe (Norway, Kuo, 2011), Estonia (Kalamees, 2008) France (Heilmann-Clausen et al., 1998), Central and northern Europe, Russia (Shubin, 1988), USA (Barge & Cripps, 2016), Canada, China (Zhishu et al., 1993), and Pakistan (Sultana et al., 2011). ...
The genus Lactarius is cosmopolitan in distribution and forms an ectomycorrhizal association with varied host plants. In the present study, samples of Lactarius badiosanguineus were collected during a fungal survey from different regions of Jammu province, Jammu and Kashmir, India. Identification was carried out through combined morpho-anatomical and nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence analysis that confirmed its position as Lactarius badiosanguineus. This taxon is reported here for the first record from India. Detailed morphological descriptions, color photographs, line drawings, and molecular phylogeny are provided.
... (Nuytinck and Verbeken, 2003). On the other hand, Lactarius rufus can be distinguished from other similar species by having a brick red color, strong acrid taste and its white latex that remains unchanged even after a long time (Barge and Cripps, 2016). Moreover, the frequent presence of L. rufus in the coniferous forests especially pineas observed in the present study is evidenced by already published data on the species (Cabo et al. 2013 (Kumar and Sharma, 2012). ...
The northern regions of Kashmir Himalaya are covered by dense forests with mainly conifers like fir,
pine, deodar etc., which support a number of ectomycorrhizal fungal species including mushrooms
belonging to family Russulaceae. However, due to remoteness, security reasons and being covered by
actual line of control (L.O.C.), most of these areas are either least or fully unexplored. In the present
study, an endeavour towards the exploration of ectomycorrhizal Russulaceous mushrooms was taken
with regular field surveys from 2018-2020 in northern district areas of Kashmir Himalaya. A total of ten
ectomycorrhizal mushrooms (Russula atropurpurea, R. aurea, R. cyanoxantha, R. turci, R. emetica,
R. sanguinaria, R. brevipes, Lactarius deterrimus, L. rufus and L. sanguifluus) were collected, and
identified based on macro and micro-morphological attributes and host specificity, as well as by using
field guides and available literature. Russula turci, Lactarius rufus and L. sanguifluus are hitherto
unreported, and hence reported for the first time from Jammu and Kashmir, India. The taxonomic
description of all the collected Russula spp. and Lactarius spp. is given in the present study.
... Sequence data from the top BLAST hits of the NCBI nt, ITS RefSeq, and UNITE databases were also added to the data set. Because this data set represented Rocky Mountain species of Lactarius, we included at least one representative ITS sequence from each species identified by Barge and Cripps (2016). The initial auto-alignment was performed using the MUSCLE version 3.8.31 ...
Premise:
Fungaria are an underutilized resource for understanding fungal biodiversity. The effort and cost of producing DNA barcode sequence data for large numbers of fungal specimens can be prohibitive. This study applies a modified metabarcoding approach that provides a labor-efficient and cost-effective solution for sequencing the fungal DNA barcodes of hundreds of specimens at once.
Methods:
We applied a two-step PCR approach using nested, barcoded primers to sequence the fungal nrITS2 region of 766 macrofungal specimens using the Illumina platform. The specimens represent a broad taxonomic sampling of the Dikarya. Of these, 382 Lactarius specimens were analyzed to identify molecular operational taxonomic units (MOTUs) using a phylogenetic approach. The raw sequences were trimmed, filtered, assessed, and analyzed using the DADA2 amplicon de-noising toolkit and Biopython. The sequences were compared to the NCBI and UNITE databases and Sanger nrITS sequences from the same specimens.
Results:
The taxonomic identities derived from the nrITS2 sequence data were >90% accurate across all specimens sampled. A phylogenetic analysis of the Lactarius sequences identified 20 MOTUs.
Discussion:
The results demonstrate the capacity of these methods to produce nrITS2 sequences from large numbers of fungarium specimens. This provides an opportunity to more effectively use fungarium collections to advance fungal diversity identification and documentation.
... riparius is also close to Lactarius indoevosmus but the presence of tomentose to cottony-tomentose and glabrous pileus margin, nonforked lamellae, acrid taste and slightly smaller basidiospores 7-9 × 5.5-7.5 μm in Lactarius zonarius var. riparius separates it from Lactarius indoevosmus (Barge and Cripps 2016). Another Indian species of Lactarius reported from the same locality (Lactarius drassinus) could be confused in the field with Lactarius indoevosmus but the presence of a dull white to greyish brown, faintly zonate pileus; pinkish white lamellae; smaller basidiospores (8.0-11.5 × 5.5-8.0 μm) with ornamentation composed of ridges up to 0.8 μm high and warts forming an almost complete reticulum separates Lactarius drassinus from Lactarius indoevosmus (Verma et al. 2021). ...
Two new species of the genus Lactarius from India, Lactarius indoevosmus (L. subg. Lactarius) and L. kanadii (L. subg. Plinthogalus) are presented with detailed descriptions, line drawings, photomicrographs, and comparisons with related species. The novelty and placement of these taxa within the genus Lactarius are confirmed with an ITS-based phylogeny.
... и L. pseudomucidus Hesler et A.H. Sm.) отличаются отсутствием коричнево-рыжеватых тонов в окраске ножки и пластинок. L. caespitosus характеризуется более светлой окраской плодового тела, шляпка желтовато-серая до охристо-коричневой и споры значительно крупнее 9-12 × 7.5-9 мкм (Hesler, Smith, 1979;Barge, Cripps, 2016). У L. glutigriseus плодовые тела мелкие, шляпка до 4.5 см в диаметре и ножка не слизистая, а липкая. ...
... 2). Сходство, вероятно, вызвано погрешностью в видовой идентификации канадского образца по морфологическим признакам, поскольку два других образца L. caespitosus (KX394284 и KX394285) из Северной Америки, морфологически отличающиеся от L. kauffmanii (Barge, Cripps, 2016), сформировали отдельную кладу. ...
Here, we present information about the first find of Lactarius kauffmanii on the territory of Europe. The species was collected in the foothills of the western macroslope of the Northern Urals. The main distribution area of this species is North America. It was recently noted in Western Siberia, in the foothills of the Eastern Sayan. Our data significantly expand the known species range to the west. The article provides a detailed description of the species, discusses the differences between L. kauffmanii and morphologically similar species. The ITS1–5.8S–ITS2 sequences of the collected specimen was obtained. Comparison of the nucleotide sequence of our specimen with
the data deposited in the GenBank database showed 99.9% similarity with the L. kauffmanii specimen from the territory of Western Siberia. A close similarity at the level of 99% was also noted with the specimens of L. kauffmanii from North America.
... lanceolatus, L. nanus, L. salicis-reticulatae) and Betula (L. glyciosmus, L. pubescens), and also for some Picea associates (like L. badiosanguineus, L. repraesentaneus), and for some species linked to a wider range of host plants (e.g., L. controversus with Salicaceae, L. rufus with Pinus and Picea) [80,81]. On the other hand, the worldwide survey of Lactarius section Deliciosi (that includes many edible species) performed by Nuytinck and colleagues has revealed that "intercontinental conspecificity in this section seems much lower than assumed so far" [35]. ...
... Conspecificity was proved to be absent also in the case of Asian and American members of the large Lactarius subgenus Gerardii [44,82]. North American records of L. hepaticus most likely refer to the superficially similar L. badiosanguineus [80]. A number of other reports await clarification, as for example the recent record of the north European L. fennoscandicus in India [83]. ...
Mycological conservation has finally come of age. The increasingly recognized crucial role played by fungi in ecosystem functioning has spurred a wave of attention toward the status of fungal populations across the world. Milkcaps (Lactarius and Lactifluus) are a large and widespread group of ectomycorrhizal basidiomycetes; besides their ecological relevance, many species of milkcaps are of socio-economic significance because of their edibility. We analysed the presence of milkcaps in fungal Red Lists worldwide, ending up with an impressive list of 265 species assessed in various threat categories. Lactarius species are disproportionally red-listed with respect to Lactifluus (241 versus 24 species). Two species of Lactarius (L. maruiaensis and L.ogasawarashimensis) are currently considered extinct, and four more are regionally extinct; furthermore, 37 species are critically endangered at least in part of their distribution range. Several problems with the red-listing of milkcaps have been identified in this study, which overall originate from a poor understanding of the assessed species. Wrong or outdated nomenclature has been applied in many instances, and European names have been largely used to indicate taxa occurring in North America and Asia, sometimes without any supporting evidence. Moreover, several rarely recorded and poorly known species, for which virtually no data exist, have been included in Red Lists in some instances. We stress the importance of a detailed study of the species of milkcaps earmarked for insertion in Red Lists, either at national or international level, in order to avoid diminishing the value of this important conservation tool.
... This result can be mostly attributed to two species, Cortinarius malicorius and Lactarius rufus. Compared to the majority of their families, C. malicorius and L. rufus are less discriminating against unfavourable environmental conditions (Barge and Cripps, 2016;Falandysz et al., 2004). In our study, they were found in each of the age classes, peaking in the post-thinning sites. ...
Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi are crucial in the functioning of most forest ecosystems. Increased understanding of ECM symbiosis has led to numerous advancements in environment protection and forestry. The ECM fungi are a diverse group, both phylogenetically and functionally. Research covering their community structure on distinct sites shows that the presence of certain taxa depends on particular stand traits, such as tree species and age structure. Disturbances to the local habitat, ranging from forest fires to planned management, have also been shown to impact which fungal species are present. This study focuses on the dynamics of changes within the taxonomic and functional structure of the ECM fungal community as a response to host tree (Scots pines (Pinus sylvestris L.)) aging and how this dynamic is affected by forest management. While no explicit difference in ECM fungal species diversity between stands of different age was observed, the present taxa contributing to this diversity varied. Along the pine age gradient, some ECM fungal taxa were gradually being replaced with others. Additionally, a shift in functionality (i.e. exploration type community structure) was observed. In older forests, ECM fungal species of shorter distance exploration types became more prevalent. While forest management via thinning affected this process, the effect was not persistent.
... Recent molecular studies showed that the majority of Asian milkcap species were not conspecific to mycoflora found in other continents, such as Europe and North America [16,20,46]. Intercontinental conspecificity of milkcaps can occur infrequently in boreal and alpine forests, as some species were found in both North America and Europe [47,48], and some in both in Europe and Asia [49,50]. In this study, we found that some Korean specimens were conspecific with two European species, Lactarius tabidus and L. vietus. ...
Lactarius and Lactifluus are milkcaps that are characterized by the secretion of latex. These two genera are part of a globally distributed cosmopolitan group of ectomycorrhizal fungi that is an important food resource in various ecosystems. Recently, the taxonomy of Lactarius and Lactifluus has been revised based on molecular phylogenetics. Despite the importance of these taxa, Korean species of both genera are poorly understood. In an effort to describe milkcap species that are indigenous to Korea, a long-term study has been initiated. During a recent survey, eight species of milkcaps that were previously unrecorded in Korea were detected based on morphological observation and sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer region: five Lactarius species (Lactarius atromarginatus, L. austro-torminosus, L. kesiyae, L. tabidus, and L. vietus) and three Lactifluus species (Lactifluus acicula-ris, Lf. pilosus, and Lf. pinguis). Detailed morphological descriptions and phylogenetic relationships of these species are provided in this article. ARTICLE HISTORY
Milkcaps (Lactarius, Lactifluus) are terricolous and subterranean fungi distributed worldwide and known for their milk production. All taxa are ectomycorrhizal partners of various plants. In this paper, we present data and notes on Lactarius nanus that has been rediscovered in Slovakia after 24 years. This easily recognizable arcto-alpine milkcap is characterised by relatively small basidiomata, liver-brown to greyish brown pileus, subdecurrent brownish lamellae, brownish hollow and fragile stipe, white and colour unchanging milk and mild taste. This species is probably ectomycorrhizal with arcto-alpine dwarf willows. Macromorphological and micromorphological features of the Slovak collection are described, illustrated and compared with other European collections. We discuss the ecological requirements of L. nanus and complement its worldwide distribution.
Russula (Russulales) is an important ectomycorrhizal fungal genus in Arctic and alpine regions where it occurs with Salix, Betula, Dryas, and Polygonum, yet a complex phylogenetic analysis of the genus in these habitats is lacking. This research compared collections of Russula from the Rocky Mountain alpine (Colorado, Montana, Wyoming) with reference specimens from Arctic and alpine habitats, mostly in Europe, using an in-depth morphological study and a phylogenetic analysis of the nuc rDNA internal transcribed spacer region ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 (ITS barcode) and the second largest subunit of the RNA polymerase II gene (rpb2). One hundred thirty-nine Russula collections were sequenced, including type material. Ten species are reported from alpine or treeline habitats in the Rocky Mountains. This is the first formal report of R. cf. altaica, R. saliceticola, and R. subrubens from the Rocky Mountains and of R. purpureofusca in North America. Russula laevis is reported for the first time under this name with a voucher, and not as an environmental sample. Previous reports of R. nana and R. laccata are molecularly confirmed. Two species are reported from subalpine habitats at treeline: R. montana with conifers and R. cf. altaica with Betula. In this study, R. laccata, R. subrubens, and R. laevis were collected in alpine habitats but have been reported below treeline in Europe; these species may also be present at lower elevations in North America. Most species have an intercontinental distribution and have been reported in other alpine or Arctic habitats. Two unidentified and potentially new species were only found in North America and are discussed. A key to the alpine Russulas of North America is provided.
