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![Lack of nicotine modulation of GAT-1 protein density in the retina a Western Blot of 60 kDa GAT-1 transporters in E12 retina, after 30 min of incubation with basal or nicotine 50 μM. b Densitometry analysis demonstrating no difference in the GAT-1 protein levels (relative to β-tubulin) between the control and nicotine-treated group (control = 0.918 ± 0.139; n = 3; nicotine = 0.950 ± 0.161 a.u.; n = 3). Data are represented as mean arbitrary units (a.u.) ± S.E.M. c [.³H]-GABA release in both control and nicotine treated groups are prevented by NO-711 on E12 chicken retinas (Nic/Basal = 1.76% ± 0.26; n = 4; Nic + NO-711/NO-711 = 0.78% ± 0.13; n = 11; % of [³H]-GABA released (stimulated/basal)). Data are represented as % of stimulated/basal (a.u.) ± S.E.M. **p < 0.01](publication/368540982/figure/fig2/AS:11431281157884506@1683943733956/Lack-of-nicotine-modulation-of-GAT-1-protein-density-in-the-retina-a-Western-Blot-of.png)
Lack of nicotine modulation of GAT-1 protein density in the retina a Western Blot of 60 kDa GAT-1 transporters in E12 retina, after 30 min of incubation with basal or nicotine 50 μM. b Densitometry analysis demonstrating no difference in the GAT-1 protein levels (relative to β-tubulin) between the control and nicotine-treated group (control = 0.918 ± 0.139; n = 3; nicotine = 0.950 ± 0.161 a.u.; n = 3). Data are represented as mean arbitrary units (a.u.) ± S.E.M. c [.³H]-GABA release in both control and nicotine treated groups are prevented by NO-711 on E12 chicken retinas (Nic/Basal = 1.76% ± 0.26; n = 4; Nic + NO-711/NO-711 = 0.78% ± 0.13; n = 11; % of [³H]-GABA released (stimulated/basal)). Data are represented as % of stimulated/basal (a.u.) ± S.E.M. **p < 0.01
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![Concentration and time-dependent modulation of retinal [³H]-GABA...](publication/368540982/figure/fig1/AS:11431281157894450@1683943733834/Concentration-and-time-dependent-modulation-of-retinal-H-GABA-transport-by-nicotine-a_Q320.jpg)
![Nicotine increases [³H]-GABA release via NMDA receptor activation...](publication/368540982/figure/fig3/AS:11431281157884507@1683943734073/Nicotine-increases-H-GABA-release-via-NMDA-receptor-activation-followed-by-PKC_Q320.jpg)
Nicotinic receptors are present in the retina of different vertebrates, and in the chick retina, it is present during early development throughout to post-hatching. These receptors are activated by nicotine, an alkaloid with addictive and neurotransmitter release modulation properties, such as GABA signaling. Here we evaluated the mechanisms of nic...
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... Nicotine and nicotine salts intake by human can bind to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors nAChRs in the brain and promote the release of dopamine from the limbic dopamine neuron system in the midbrain, resulting in a pronounced excitatory effects [3,4] . Chronic exposures of this nature can lead to nicotine addiction. ...
Dopamine release plays an important role in regulating neuronal behaviors behind drug addiction and abuse. Plant alkaloids and nicotine salts administrations have been reported to exert significant effects on dopamine release in human and animal brains. However, in vivo detection of dopamine in the brain is challenging and mostly invasive, which greatly limit its wide application to study drug-induced neurological mechanisms. A novel ¹⁸ F- Fallypride positron emission tomography (PET) imaging method was demonstrated for the detection the dopamine secretion in SD rats. The effects of four alkaloids /nicotine salts (nicotine, nicotine benzoate, caffeine and arecoline hydrobromide) on dopamine secretion in SD rats were systematically investigated based on PET imaging using 18F-Fallypride as a marker. The results showed that the effective dopamine saturation dosage of nicotine, nicotine benzoate, caffeine and arecine hydrobromide were 0.125 mg/kg, 0.150 mg/kg, 0.165 mg/kg and 0.300 mg/kg, respectively. Besides, there were also sex differences in the intensity of dopamine secretion of the four alkaloids and nicotine salts under the same dose. Additionally, animal behavior study has supported these pharmacological differences. This work provided a noninvasive real-time detection method to study dopamine excitability by neuronal stimulants in vivo to better understand addiction and abuse ability.
