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Background:
Football players with groin injury refrain from maximal kicking. Previous groin injury is related to decreased hip range of motion (ROM). Information on ROM differences between maximal and submaximal kicking within players is lacking. The first aim of this study is to quantify ROM of body segments during the maximal (MaxK) and submaxim...
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... The transfer of angular momentum from proximal to distal body segments is presented based on the kinetic link principle. Nine studies of the instep soccer kick [10,13,23,25,24,32,33,41,48] indicated that thoracolumbar rotation due to muscle moments about the longitudinal [13,25,28,32,33,41] or transverse [10,13,23,24,28,33,48] axes resulted in a transfer of angular motion to the thigh and shank segments, with their respective segmental velocity magnitudes positively correlated. Langhout et al. [24] reported that during the leg-cocking phase, increasing the maximal range of thoracolumbar extension combined with non-kick side shoulder overhead extension motion produces a powerful tension arc which assists in the acceleration of hip flexion by the transference of angular momentum. ...
... The transfer of angular momentum from proximal to distal body segments is presented based on the kinetic link principle. Nine studies of the instep soccer kick [10,13,23,25,24,32,33,41,48] indicated that thoracolumbar rotation due to muscle moments about the longitudinal [13,25,28,32,33,41] or transverse [10,13,23,24,28,33,48] axes resulted in a transfer of angular motion to the thigh and shank segments, with their respective segmental velocity magnitudes positively correlated. Langhout et al. [24] reported that during the leg-cocking phase, increasing the maximal range of thoracolumbar extension combined with non-kick side shoulder overhead extension motion produces a powerful tension arc which assists in the acceleration of hip flexion by the transference of angular momentum. ...
... Langhout et al. [24] reported that during the leg-cocking phase, increasing the maximal range of thoracolumbar extension combined with non-kick side shoulder overhead extension motion produces a powerful tension arc which assists in the acceleration of hip flexion by the transference of angular momentum. This finding is supported by Langhout et al. [25], Smith et al. [48] and Carvalho et al. [13] that as the magnitude of the thoracolumbar rotation on the transverse axis increased, an increase in the range of motion of leg back swing accelerates hip flexion, which produces a maximum "whip-like effect". This, in turn, resulted in an increased acceleration in knee extension [24,32] in the legacceleration phase. ...
A ball-kicking motion requires a coordinated sequencing of all body segments for maximum ball release speed. Evidence of the role of upper body rotations and motor coordination during a ball-kicking motion is inconsistent among existing evidence. This study aimed to systematically review the role of upper body rotations on all modes of ball kicking and performance metrics. A comprehensive search of seven electronic databases from the inception was conducted. Studies reporting on the relationships between upper body rotation, and ball-kicking performance were included. From 1486 potentially relevant studies, we analysed 27 studies involving 457 participants. These studies encompassed instep soccer kicks ( n = 21), inside-of-the-foot soccer kicks ( n = 1), rugby place kicks ( n = 4) with a stationary ball, and a volley kick ( n = 1). Methodological quality assessment was performed using Standard Quality Assessment Criteria. Our results provide moderate evidence that increasing thoracolumbar rotations along the longitudinal axis and the transverse plane can enhance ball-releasing velocity through a "whip-like effect" based on the kinetic link principle. However, to gain a comprehensive understanding, further research is needed to explore the effects of timing and the ranges of motion of all relevant upper and lower body segments on ball release velocity and its potential influence on ball release accuracy. The current coaching manuals do not emphasise the significance of upper body rotation, indicating a pressing requirement for revisions in training guidelines to enhance ball-kicking performance.
... Kontraksi aktif yang lebih besar dan ekstensi otot-otot kaki penopang selama langkah menendang dapat memfasilitasi aliran daya melintasi panggul dan akselerasi pasif kaki bagian bawah untuk memaksimalkan kecepatan linier dan sudut kaki pada tumbukan bola (Augustus et al., 2017). Studi Langhout et al. (2017) menunjukkan bahwa ROM segmental meningkat selama tendangan punggung kaki maksimal jika dibandingkan dengan tendangan submaksimal. Pembesaran busur tegangan terkait dengan pra-peregangan yang lebih tinggi dan lintasan gerakan yang meningkat berpengaruh meningkatnya potensi untuk mencapai kecepatan segmental yang tinggi. ...
Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah menambah literatur terkait analisis gerak tendangan shooting menggunakan punggung kaki pada atlet sepakbola dengan pembahasan ringkas, jelas dan terperinci. Lalu dibentuk dalam sebuah ringkasan singkat mencakup tentang informasi topik artikel beserta aspek-aspek yang berpengaruh dalam topik tersebut. Buku dan jurnal dalam penelitian ini menjadi sumber data dengan dibantu jurnal dan buku yang relevan lainnya. Sumber data dirujuk dari Google Scholar, ResearchGate, Academia.edu, Pubmed dan beberapa sumber artikel jurnal yang relevan dijadikan sebagai referensi. Sumber data diperoleh dari publikasi nasional maupun internasional dengan kriteria tahun 2007 hingga 2021 terkait materi analisis gerak, biomekanika, hubungan-perbandingan, dan mekanisme tendangan dalam olahraga Sepakbola. Teknik instep kick dipengaruhi power dan akurasi yang berkesinambungan dengan beberapa faktor seperti tumpuan kaki, core stability, kekuatan otot tungkai, fleksibilitas, daya tahan otot, koordinasi neuromuscular, keseimbangan, serta konsentrasi dan fokus pada sasaran. Begitu juga dengan memperhatikan terkait sikap tubuh keseluruhan (posisi kaki tumpu, gerakan kaki), ayunan, posisi togok, sikap tangan, Kontak antara bagian kaki dengan bagian bola, pandangan mata, dan Follow through. Pada teknik ini pun terdapat keterkaitan dengan tulang, otot dan sendi yang mampu mempengaruhi hasil teknik instep kick. Penelitian selanjutnya diharapkan dapat mempelajari bentuk program latihan atau mengkaji lebih rinci terkait variabel yang mempengaruhinya. Instep kick motion analysis at football athletes in performance improvement Abstract. The purpose of this study is to add to the literature related to the analysis of the motion of shooting kicks using the instep of football athletes with a concise, clear and detailed discussion. Then it is formed in a brief summary covering information on the topic of the article along with aspects that influence the topic. Books and journals in this study become data sources with the help of other relevant journals and books. The data sources are referenced from Google Scholar, ResearchGate, Academia.edu, Pubmed and several sources of relevant journal articles as references. Data sources are obtained from national and international publications with criteria for 2007 to 2021 related to motion analysis, biomechanics, relationship-comparison, and kick mechanisms in soccer. The instep kick technique is influenced by continuous power and accuracy with several factors such as foot support, core stability, leg muscle strength, flexibility, muscle endurance, neuromuscular coordination, balance, and concentration and focus on the target. Likewise, by paying attention to the overall body posture (pedal position, foot movement), swing, togok position, hand attitude, contact between the foot and the ball, eye gaze, and follow through. In this technique there are also links with bones, muscles and joints that can affect the results of the instep kick technique. Further research can study the form of the exercise program or examine in more detail the variables that influence it.
... This is achieved through kicking-side hip extension, knee flexion, and trunk rotation to the non-kicking side, and compounded by extension and abduction of the nonkicking side arm (Shan & Westerhoff, 2005). The tension arc acts to increase the potential energy in the muscles, facilitating greater acceleration of the limb segments, and is released in a segmental pattern towards the ball (Langhout et al., 2017). Among skilled players, males achieved greater muscular pre-stretch which allowed them to create tighter, better quality tension arcs than females (Shan, 2009). ...
Kicking is fundamental in many field-based sports. Most studies investigating kicking performance have been conducted with male athletes, resulting in a dearth of specific data to inform coaching of this skill in female players. This systematic review aimed to compare kicking biomechanics in male and female athletes in field-based sports. As per PRISMA guidelines, articles were retrieved from searches across five online databases. Studies investigating kicking biomechanics in field-based athletes of both sexes were eligible for inclusion. Articles were screened using Covidence and data extracted based on STROBE recommendations. The review included 23 studies, featuring 455 soccer players. Male athletes produced significantly greater ball velocities and linear velocities of the ankle, foot, and toe than females. Males had greater ankle plantarflexion angles than females at ball strike, while females used larger trunk flexion ranges than males. Hip and knee torques and ball-to-foot velocity ratios were greater in men than women. Skilled players generated power using tension arcs; a technique not seen in novices. Skill level within sex may have a greater influence on kicking performance than differences between the sexes. This review highlights the need for further research investigating kicking performance in both sexes across the spectrum of sports.
... considering that the popularity and professionalism of females soccer has increased markedly, few authors have examined the kinematics gender differences in instep soccer kicking in recent years. 3,13,[23][24][25][26][27][28][29] What has emerged is that when women kick the ball, at some phases, they have a kinematics that differs from that of men, i.e. a wider maximum extension of the hip and a greater abduction of the hip at the time of impact with the ball, and a greater adduction in the hip of the supporting limb during the phases of back swing, leg cocking and acceleration. Some authors 13,30 found gender differences between soccer players, referring to the technical abilities and the anthropometrics features. ...
Background:
This study aims at describing and comparing each other male and female soccer players kicking instep a stationary ball. The different measures we collected by the 3D motion capture system Movit G1 and the High-Speed Camera (240 fps) were considered as dependent variables, whereas the gender was considered as the independent one.
Methods:
Twenty soccer well trained non-professional players: 10 men (age: 25.3±6.5 yrs; height 1.80±0.07 m; body mass 76.9±13.2 kg) and 10 women (age: 19±3.34 yrs; height 1.64±0.07 m; body mass 58.2±7.2 kg) volunteered to participate in the study.
Results:
Gender differences were found, with a statistical significance (P<0.05) or interesting magnitude (Cohen d>0.5). The most relevant ones were the differences in hip extension of the kicking leg when the foot of the supporting one touches the ground, just before the impact on the ball (independent sample t-Test; P=0.03; Cohen d=1.64) and the speed of the ball, reached immediately after kicking (P<0.001;d=1.23).
Conclusions:
These results, together with the greater pelvic acceleration shown by men compared to women, highlight the need to develop a gender-differentiated training model, in order to customize the kicking technique in women and to reduce the likelihood, currently higher than for men, of kicking related injuries.
... The two studies measured torso motion relative to the pelvis, and mutually found greater torso transverse rotation range of motions and peak velocities during arc release were indicative of faster kicks. Langhout et al. (2016) also reported that torso flexion and transverse rotation range of motion were greater when ...
... Given the benefit of WTFF filtering over CF methods, it is surprising that few studies have since implemented the technique. To date, only one study (Morris et al., 2016) has applied WTFF filtering to ball kicking motions, and many studies continue to apply questionable filter 'through' impact methods or do not specify filtering procedures at all (Alcock et al., 2012;Clagg, Warnock & Thomas, 2009;De Witt & Hinrichs, 2012;Egan et al., 2007;Katis & Kellis, 2011;Kawamoto et al., 2007;Langhout et al., 2016;Lees et al., 2009;Lees & Rahnama, 2013;Sinclair et al., 2014aSinclair et al., , 2014bSinclair & Hobbs, 2016). ...
... Second, greater approach velocities might be indicative of a longer final kicking stride (Anderson & Dorge, 2011). A longer final stride affords greater retraction of the pelvis (hip on kick side) relative to the ball, and subsequent lengthening of the tension arc between the torso and thigh (Langhout et al., 2016;Morris et al., 2016;Shan & Westerhoff, 2005). A larger tension arc would in turn increase the potential for work to be performed on the kicking thigh during the downswing (Anderson & Dorge, 2011). ...
Enhancing instep kicking performance represents an advantage for a footballer. However, research has tended to consider the kicking limb independent from the rest of the body, despite evidence the support leg, pelvis and torso function to enable a successful (i.e. fast yet accurate) kick. The aim of this thesis was therefore to identify whole-body mechanical strategies used by experienced players to perform fast and accurate instep kicks. A laboratory-based three-dimensional motion analysis (Vicon Motion Systems, Oxford, UK; 1000Hz) was undertaken to answer a series of research questions. First, since kick leg kinematics and joint kinetics near the time of foot-to-ball impact have been difficult to accurately represent, Chapter 4 showed an advanced time-frequency, low-pass filter performed better than conventional filter methods for deriving common parameters used to define kicking performance, and the method was used for subsequent experimental chapters. Next, Chapter 5 showed experienced players used the support leg to regulate whole-body deceleration and create ideal conditions for sequencing of the pelvis and kick leg during the downswing phase. Interestingly, two distinct pelvic transverse rotation strategies were observed. Some players 'reversed' forward transverse rotation of the kick side hip before ball contact, and some 'maintained' this velocity. Chapter 6 then noted successful kicking was reliant on efficient formation and release of a 'tension arc' between the torso, pelvis and kick leg thigh. The first phase of arc release (thigh rotation towards the ball) was characterised by a trade-off between concentric kicking hip flexion and lumbo-pelvic (L-P) transverse rotations, whereas the latter phase (shank rotation towards the ball) was dominated by L-P flexion (and peak power generation) and passive angular extension of the knee towards the ball. Finally, Chapter 7 affirmed it is important to passively redistribute energy gained during the approach to the pelvis during the kicking stride and these mechanisms must complement the muscular work which governs proximal to distal sequencing of the kick leg. Skilled instep kicking is ultimately the consequence of coordinated whole-body action, and failure to account for contributions from the torso, pelvis and support leg will confound attempts to quantify and explain kicking performance. By summarising the key features which contribute to performance of fast yet accurate kicks, this thesis can help inform strategies for developing effective kicking motions. Generally, eccentric pre-stretching the anterior kick side hip and L-P muscles should precede explosive concentric work of these muscle groups during the downswing phase, and the support leg should optimise whole-body deceleration and provide a stable base for these rotations to occur. Fast and precise kicking knee extension and foot trajectories at the instance of ball contact are achieved through a complex combination of concentric quadriceps work, and passive (motion-dependent) forces owing to pelvis and kicking thigh deceleration, concentric support knee extension and torso flexion. However, since distinctly different (but equally functional) strategies were evident, practitioners should be aware of an individual's preferred and compensatory movement strategies. Some players favour a more planar hip flexor or knee extensor dominant pattern, whereas others prefer using a combination of active (i.e. from muscular sources) and passive (i.e. from non-muscular sources) L-P transverse rotations to ensure a successful kick. Strategy dependent training should therefore: a) be tailored to the individual's preferred strategy, and b) ensure players can develop movement patterns that are robust to common perturbations experienced during match play situations.
... Experienced soccer players demonstrate greater segmental range of motion (ROM) during the backswing phase, 5 and there is further evidence that maximal kicking is characterized by large segmental changes in ROM, particularly in spinal flexion and posterior pelvic tilt. 6 Posterior pelvic tilt also initiates the downswing phase, triggering a co-ordinated and sequential transference of energy to the hip, thigh, shank, and foot. This summation of force maximizes limb speed, while reducing the total work required by the muscles. ...
... This summation of force maximizes limb speed, while reducing the total work required by the muscles. 6 There is no evidence to determine the relationship between pelvic movement in sport specific tasks and groin injury in athletes. The evidence from biomechanical research seems to suggest that limited pelvic movement is likely to attenuate energy transfer, increasing muscle load 7 with eventual pain, and decreased performance. ...
Purpose
Examine the effect of groin pain status on active posterior pelvic tilt range of motion in soccer players.
Methods
Case control study. 66 semi‐professional male soccer players sub grouped by: chronic groin pain (GP, n=16), history chronic groin pain (HxGP, n=16), no history of chronic groin pain (NoGP, n=32). Blinded outcomes measures were: active posterior pelvic tilt range of motion (PPT ROM) undertaken in dominant and non‐dominant weight bearing, and hip flexor length. A one‐way ANOVA (p <= 0.05) examined the main effects of injury group (3 levels: GP, HxGP, NoGP), followed by post hoc tests with bonferroni correction.
Results
PPT ROM in the GP group was significantly lower compared to the HxGP (MD 2.8º; 95% CIs 0.2‐5.5º, p=0.03) and NoGP groups (MD 4.9º; 95% CIs 2.7‐7.3º, p<0.0001). The differences between HxGP and NoGP groups were not significant (MD 2.1º; 95% Cis ‐.19 to 4.4, p=.08) and the relationship between hip flexor length and PPT ROM was weak.
Conclusion
Active PPT ROM was decreased in athletes with chronic groin pain compared to injury free controls. Although we cannot conclude a causal relationship, restoration of active PPT should play a role in the management of athletes with groin pain.
... This important clinical finding adds to the recent insight that a previous injury may relate to a subsequent injury in a different location, 10,43 which is rarely considered. 35 Some epidemiologic studies demonstrated relationships between injuries at different locations in the lower extremities 2,3,24,35 due to changes in running 24,37 and kicking 18,19,26 biomechanics that caused inadequate compensatory movement and motor control strategies. 14 The subsequent injury classification (SIC) model facilitates more accurate documentation of the within-player relationship. ...
Study Design
Cohort study with prospective and retrospective elements.
Background
Groin injury and symptoms are common in soccer players. Their relationship with reduced hip range of motion (ROM) and previous injury is unclear.
Objectives
To conduct a retrospective assessment of associations between previous injury and pre-season hip ROM and pre-season prevalence of severe groin symptoms; and prospective identification of risk factors for within-season groin injury.
Methods
During 2015-2016, 190 players from 9 Dutch professional soccer clubs participated. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression were used to predict pre-season severe groin symptoms, identified using the Copenhagen Hip And Groin Outcome Score, from a history of previous groin injury, general injury (minimum 1 week duration) in previous season, and hip ROM. Cox regression was used to predict within-season groin injury.
Results
Point-prevalence of severe groin symptoms was 24% and within-season incidence of groin injury 11%. Total/training/match groin injury incidence was 0.5/0.2/2.6 injuries/1000 playing hours. A history of more than 1 previous groin injury was associated with current severe groin symptoms (Odds Ratio=3.0; 95% CI=1.0, 8.3; P=.038). General injury sustained in the previous season (ankle, knee, thigh, shoulder; median 9 weeks time-loss) was a risk factor for groin injury (Hazard Ratio=5.1; 95% CI=1.1, 14.6; P=.003).
Conclusion
Severe injuries in the previous season to locations other than the groin increase the risk of groin injury the next season. A history of groin injury is associated with current severe groin symptoms. Pre-season hip ROM does not identify players at risk for groin injury.
Level of Evidence
Prevention, level 2b. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther, Epub 23 May 2018. doi:10.2519/jospt.2018.7990
Keyword: football (soccer), groin pain, hip range of motion, injury prevention
... This tension arc consists of maximal kicking hip extension, a large knee flexion, contralateral trunk rotation and horizontal arm abduction 162 . A kinematic study on differences between submaximal and maximal kicking shows that segmental ROM is larger in maximal kicking than in submaximal kicking 123 . This also applies to the involved central body segments. ...
... We hypothesized that ROM used within subjects is lower during submaximal kicking when compared to maximal kicking. In chapter 8 we studied and confirmed this in a cohort of 15 experienced footballers 123 . We found that maximal kicking was associated with higher movement In chapter 9 we propose a way of assessing hip function in a manner reflecting the joints sporting biomechanical prerequisites 224 . ...
... This tension arc consists of maximal kicking hip extension, a large knee flexion, contralateral trunk rotation and horizontal arm abduction (Naito et al., 2010). A kinematic study on differences between submaximal and maximal kicking shows that segmental ROM is larger in maximal kicking than in submaximal kicking (Langhout, Tak, van der Westen, & Lenssen, 2016). This also applies to the involved central body segments. ...
... Therefore, test positions also consist of abduction-adduction and external-internal rotation ROM. During the tension arc, knee flexion influences hip ROM because of bi-articular muscles and fascia and can reach up to 100° (Langhout et al., 2016). All tests were performed with the knee in 90 degrees of flexion to take this into account and to standardize the test procedure. ...
... This tension arc consists of maximal kicking hip extension, a large knee flexion, contralateral trunk rotation and horizontal arm abduction (Naito et al., 2010). A kinematic study on differences between submaximal and maximal kicking shows that segmental ROM is larger in maximal kicking than in submaximal kicking (Langhout, Tak, van der Westen, & Lenssen, 2016). This also applies to the involved central body segments. ...
... Therefore, test positions also consist of abductionadduction and external-internal rotation ROM. During the tension arc, knee flexion influences hip ROM because of bi-articular muscles and fascia and can reach up to 100 (Langhout et al., 2016). All tests were performed with the knee in 90 degrees of flexion to take this into account and to standardize the test procedure. ...
