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This paper introduces a sustainability assessment method for the rapidly urbanizing Yangtze River Delta in China addressing the role of land use pattern. We first calculated the sustainability component scores of 16 cities in the area in 2000 and 2005. The results showed that socioeconomic and environmental conditions improved while the performance...
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Since 1990s, many building sustainability assessment tools were developed and implemented in different parts of the world. Encouraged by the considerable success of these tools in promoting sustainability principles and practices, a movement to upscale building-centered assessment methods by focusing on the neighborhood scale was born in the subseq...
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... Ecological space is losing the ability to mitigate heat islands. Other service performances are also weakened, including environmental purge, noise reduction, water conservation, soil activation, nutrient cycling, maintaining biodiversity, improving health, disaster prevention and providing recreational spaces [37][38][39][40]. ...
The urban agglomeration at the Yangtze River Delta is one of the six most developed and populated urban agglomerations in the world. In recent years, with accelerating urbanization, the land use has changed significantly. Excessive construction aggravates ecological fragility. In this context, this paper first investigates the evolutionary processes and layout of the ecological space in the Yangtze River Delta. The root causes of various problems are then analyzed. Finally, suggestions for further improvement in both detailed tasks and governance aspects are proposed. The applied methods included use of remote sensing (RS), geographic information system (GIS) and statistical analysis. Main results indicate that from 1990 to 2018, the ecological space of the Yangtze River Delta shrank, especially in the city of Shanghai. Ecological space is insufficient in the area, unevenly distributed and fragmented. The major root causes include rapid urbanization without overall planning, regional population surge and improper industrial structure. Suggestions for improvement include overall planning and integrated management, control of population size, active industry structure upgrade, land-use efficiency balanced with ecological indicators, and multiple integrated strategies encouraging application of new energy technologies.
... The urban expansion pattern of the Zhengzhou metropolitan area shares characteristics with the early development of Chinese cities. From 2000 onwards, government departments began to work on planning for larger urban agglomerations; urban agglomerations near ports and rivers, such as those in the Yangtze River Delta [74][75][76] and Pearl River Delta [77], all showed a tendency to expand along rivers and near ports in the early years of urban expansion. The Zhengzhou metropolitan area is in the central region and has flat topography, which makes it cheaper to transform unused land and farmlands into urban areas, which can effectively reduce construction costs and facilitate urban expansion. ...
Metropolitan areas are the main spatial units sustaining development. Investigating internal factor changes in metropolitan areas are of great significance for improving the quality of development in these areas. As an emerging national central city of China, Zhengzhou has experienced rapid urban expansion and urbanization. In this study, principal component analysis and the model and Geodetector model were used to comprehensively analyze the influencing factors of land use change in Zhengzhou from 1980 to 2015. Based on the CA–Markov model, we improved the accuracy of multi-criteria evaluation of suitability factors and simulated land use change in 2015. The results show that land use conversions in the study area between 1980 and 2015 were frequent, with the areas of farmland, woodland, grassland, water, and unused land decreasing by 5.00%, 17.12%, 21.59%, 18.31%, and 94.48%, respectively, while construction land increased by 53.61%. The key influences on land use change are the urbanization and growth of residential or non-agricultural populations. In 2035, the area of farmland in the study area will decrease by 11.09% compared with that in 2015 and construction land will increase by 38.94%, while the area of other land use types will not significantly change. Zhengzhou, as the center city, forms a diamond-shaped core development area of Zhengzhou–Kaifeng–Xinxiang–Jiaozuo, while Xuchang is considered an independent sub-center uniting the surrounding cities for expansion. With its radiation power of unipolar core development for many years and the developmental momentum of Zhengzhou–Kaifeng integration, Zhengzhou city jointly drives the economic development of the surrounding cities. The protection of farmland and control of the expansion of construction land are the major challenges for the Zhengzhou metropolitan area to achieve sustainable development.
... Tang et al. [11] established an evaluation index system that includes 39 economic, social, and environmental indicators to evaluate and rank the sustainable development level of 16 cities in Anhui Province in 2017. Zhang et al. [42] selected 11 variables to calculate the sustainability score of each factor based on society, economy, environment, and resource utilization for 16 cities in the Yangtze River Delta region in 2000 and 2005. ...
Sustainable urban development is a dynamic, continuous, and long-term process. However, only a few studies have considered the continuous changes in urban development levels over time. From a novel perspective of multivariate functional data, this study aims to analyze the sustainable development capability of cities through dynamic evaluation, and to explore the differences in the level of sustainable development of cities. Firstly, a sustainable urban development evaluation system with 18 indicators across the economic, social, and environmental indices is established. Secondly, based on the index system, an entropy weight method for functional data is developed to assign weights to the indicators. The time weight is used to consider the effects of missing values. Then, a new method of urban development level clustering is proposed. Thirdly, the differences in sustainable urban development levels among the 33 cities in China from 2005 to 2019 are analyzed, and the cities are separated into 5 categories. The results show that the coordinated development of the economy, society, and environment can promote the sustainable development of cities. The overall level of sustainable development in Chinese cities is not high, and significant differences are observed in sustainable urban development. Notable differences and significant imbalances are observed between the sustainable development level of the cities in the central and western regions of China and the cities in the eastern coastal areas. Finally, relevant conclusions and suggestions are proposed to improve sustainable urban development.
... In 2006, the China Urban Sustainable Development High-level Forum released the Empirical Analysis of the Sustainable Development of Cities in the Yangtze River Delta, which comprehensively evaluated the sustainable development level of the 16 cities in the YRD and encouraged governments at all levels to consciously adhere to the environmental as well as the economic and social aspects of the practical approach to coordinated development. The incorporation of green quality into the index system of comprehensive and fundamental modernization as well as the holding of joint meetings, among others, have prompted environmental protection cooperation in the YRD to enter a substantive start-up stage [29]. In June 2020, the ecological environment departments of the three provinces and one city jointly signed the Work Memorandum on Coordinating and Promoting the Integration of Ecological and Environmental Administrative Penalty and Discretionary Benchmarks in the Yangtze River Delta Region, which emphasized the deepening of cross-regional cooperation in ecological and environmental protection, therefore resolutely winning the battle against pollution in the YRD in order to jointly protect the lifeline of sustainable development and to ensure that natural resources can be enjoyed equally between generations. ...
The experience of environmental governance in the Yangtze River Delta has formed the practical paths of cross-administrative cooperation and eco-civilization adaptation to economic development. As a result of a scientific analysis of policy texts on collaborative environmental governance in this region, this paper explores differences and core concerns, uncovering the development vein and mapping out the internal logic in order to provide a reference example for multi-regional governance. The policy has shifted from decentralization to authority, from universality to precision, from sustainable development to a community of common ecological destiny, from authoritarianism to co-governance, and from institutional norms to propaganda and guidance. Since the beginning of the new century, the internal logic of environmental governance policy in the Yangtze River Delta has been in line with the trend of coordinated development. In the future, efforts should be made to deepen the trinity mechanism of decision making, implementation, and supervision. When making decisions, we should further emphasize the unified standard of centralized environmental management and adhere to precise pollution control. Implementation will gradually establish the three-dimensional coordination mechanism of region, function, and role; supervision will involve the platform “internet + environment”, and the assessment will involve “pressure mechanism + environment”.
... Since the 1990s, global-resource and environmental problems have progressively worsened. At present, land use change is a matter of concern to researchers [1,2] who have studied it from the perspectives of spatiotemporal patterns [3][4][5][6][7][8], driving factors [3,7,[9][10][11], and specific land types, including urban [12][13][14][15][16], industrial [17][18][19], agricultural [20][21][22][23], ecological [24][25][26], and transport land [27]. Overall, scholars have tended to focus on analyzing the expansion of urban and industrial land or changes in agricultural and ecological land while paying relatively little attention to the expansion of transport land. ...
The literature about changes in land use includes many studies of global sustainable development goals, while studies of transport land expansion have been relatively scarce. In this paper, we present an analysis of the spatiotemporal characteristics of transport land expansion in China’s 31 provinces from 2009 to 2017, applying the spatial Dubin model to identify the factors that influenced changes in per capita transport land area (PCTLA). The eastern and western regions have continued to lead the nation in terms of the total area dedicated to transport land. The expansion speed of transport land in the central and western regions, however, has been faster than in the eastern and northeast regions. As for PCTLA, the western region had the greatest amount and the central region the least. Further, PCTLA showed significant spatial autocorrelation. Economic development, government regulations, industrial structure, and the extent of opening up and urbanization had significant positive impacts on PCTLA, while the development of railway freight had a negative impact. This paper concludes with some policy suggestions for optimizing transport investment, accelerating the adjustment of industrial structure and transport structure, and implementing high-quality urbanization. The results should be of interest to those involved in the sustainable development of transport systems.
... Although this area accounts for only 2.2% of China's total land area, it has 16.67% of China's total population in 2020 (National Bureau of Statistics of China, 2021). The study area covers a total area of 180,935 km 2 (Zhang et al., 2011) and is located in the subtropical monsoon climate zone, with hot and humid summers, cool and dry winters, and warm spring and fall. The weather is moderately warm, with a mean annual rainfall of more than 1000 mm and abundant water resources. ...
Identifying the underlying ecological drivers of macroinvertebrate community assembly is fundamental to metacommunity ecology. Comparably, determining the influence of different drivers on beta diversity patterns can provide insight into processes governing community organization. Exploring the ecological drivers of metacommunity and beta diversity are major avenues to improve bioassessment, restoration, and river management, which are still poorly explored in China, especially in subtropical highly developed river networks. To address this gap, we use a dataset (macroinvertebrate communities and environmental variables) collected from the Yangtze River Delta, China to test the above ideas. We used the K-means clustering method to divide 405 river sites into three anthropogenic impacted groups, nearly pristine sites, moderately impacted sites, and heavily impacted sites, and subsequently used partial Mantel tests to investigate how species sorting and dispersal shaped the metacommunity that varied with the levels of anthropogenic impacts and to explore the responses of different components of beta diversity to environmental and spatial distances among sites for each group. Our results revealed that both species sorting and dispersal shape communities, but the importance of species sorting and dispersal varied with the levels of anthropogenic impacts. Nearly pristine sites were mostly shaped only by species sorting, while heavily impacted sites were shaped by dispersal. We also found that turnover was by far the dominant component of beta diversity across all levels of impact. Therefore, we encourage that environmental variables and spatial processes should be considered in bioassessment approaches. In addition, it is essential to focus on maintaining habitat heterogeneity and identifying and protecting regional species pools that could improve local biodiversity through dispersal for ecosystem management of the Yangtze River Delta of China.
... On the one hand, it improves the regional industrial structure (Peng et al. 2005), promotes scientific and technological progress (Li et al. 2017), and facilitates urban-rural exchange, thereby narrowing the gap between urban and rural development (Chen et al. 2018). On the other hand, it has disadvantages such as environmental pollution (Wang et al. 2017), resource shortage (Zhang et al. 2011, Wang et al. 2015a, Xie et al. 2016, traffic congestion (Du and Huang 2017), and urban sprawl (Wang et al. 2016). As a result, governments worldwide have been striving to balance the conflicts between social interest and urban sustainable development (Crossman et al. 2007). ...
Studies on urban–rural fringes, which represent regions facing various urbanization problems caused by rapid expansion, have steadily increased in recent years. However, problems persist in the quantitative delimitation of such regions. Based on the characteristics of abrupt urbanization-level changes in urban–rural fringe areas, we propose a constraint-based method in this study to detect the urban–rural fringes of cities with a spatial polycentric structure of ‘Main center–Subcenter’ based on data from multiple sources. We used the proposed approach to delimitate the fringe areas of Jiangyin and Zhangjiagang and identify their urban main center and subcenter pre-defined by their city master plans, towns, and rural hinterlands. Comparison of the identified results of different single urbanization indices, a single detection center, kernel density estimation, and a single constraint revealed that the patch density and Shannon’s diversity index of the proposed method were higher in urban–rural fringes and smaller in city centers and rural hinterlands. This suggests that the landscape of urban–rural fringes delimitated by the proposed method is more fragmented, diverse, and complicated, thereby performing better. This study is significant for future urban spatial analysis, planning, and management.
... Likewise, the YRD is an ambiguous appellation that generally refers to the vast economic megacity region spanning across the four provinces of Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Anhui. Its geographical boundaries vary according to different studies and reports (Xu et al. 2010;Zhang et al. 2011;Zhu et al. 2016;YRD 2018). In this comparative study, the research area focuses on TB, a clearly defined drainage basin that corresponds to the most intensively urbanized part of the YRD. ...
This paper aims to compare the Rhine-Meuse-Scheldt Delta in Europe and the Taihu Basin part of the Yangtze River Delta in China from a long-term historical perspective. Urbanized deltas are among the most prosperous and populated regions in the world, but also the most vulnerable. To cope with growing uncertainty, their systematic comparison has become instrumental in building mutual learning on the theory and practice of spatial planning and water resource management in such vulnerable contexts. Based on a systematic comparative mapping approach of Delta Urbanism with critical review of policies, this research highlights important similarities between these two deltas in terms of physical characteristics, dense occupation, and management history evolving from a decentralized polder-based system to a centralized control model, and a recent adoption of integrated and adaptive water management strategies. On the other hand, the comparison reveals distinct management focuses in current delta plans, as well as contrasting approaches to public participation and historical hydraulic landscapes. It is found from this comparative study that, beyond the socio-cultural specificities that can explain the distinct management practice of each region, the systematic use of mapping as a visualization and communication tool would facilitate integrative and adaptive delta management.
... Legitimizing this new approach has prompted researchers to further work on sustainable development issues. This potential approach is one of the key pillars of the research on the concept of sustainable land use, especially in the area of applied models and the evaluation of indicators (Ogu, 1999;Zhang et al, 2011;Chang and Chiu, 2012;Kashefidust and Hajinejad, 2015;Qian et al, 2015). Undoubtedly, the issue of how to use land for various urban activities has become one of the main economic, social, political and environmental issues of today's society, and how to balance the use of the environment and preventing disturbances in the social environment of cities has always been a matter for policy makers and decision-makers for urban affairs. ...
... These values express the weight that people bring to the natural systems of the earth and express land use as a potential environmental threat that must be reduced (Chapin, 1995: 43-51). In recent years, land use planning has been widely considered as an appropriate tool for implementing sustainable development (Roy, 2009;UN-Habitat, 2009;Zhang et al, 2011;Baffour Awuah et al., 2014;Kashefidust and Hajinejad, 2015;Sang et al, 2016). Most of these studies show that land use plays a vital and crucial role. ...
Determining the manner of land-use and the spatial structure of cities on the one hand, and the economic value of each piece of land on the other hand, land-use planning is always considered as the main part of urban planning. In this regard, emphasizing the efficient use of land, the sustainable development approach has presented a new perspective on urban planning and consequently on its most important pillar, i.e. land-use planning. In order to evaluate urban land-use, it has been attempted in this paper to select the most significant indicators affecting urban land-use and matching sustainable development indicators. Due to the significance of preserving ancient monuments and the surroundings as one of the main pillars of achieving sustainability, in this research, sustainability indicators have been selected emphasizing the preservation of ancient monuments and historical observance of the city of Susa as one of the historical cities of Iran. It has also been attempted to integrate these criteria with other land-use sustainability indicators. For this purpose, Kernel Density Estimation (KDE) and the AHP model have been used for providing maps displaying spatial density and combining layers as well as providing final maps respectively. Moreover, the rating of sustainability will be studied in different districts of the city of Shush so as to evaluate the status of land sustainability in different parts of the city. The results of the study show that different neighborhoods of Shush do not have the same sustainability in land-use such that neighborhoods located in the eastern half of the city, i.e. the new neighborhoods, have a higher sustainability than those of the western half. It seems that the allocation of a high percentage of these areas to arid lands and historical areas is one of the main reasons for their sustainability.
... 自 然 资 源 学 报 结构和形态上 [6][7] ，近几年开始逐渐关注城市群高密度集聚诱发的资源与生态环境问题的 研究 [8][9][10] ，探讨城市群土地利用变化与资源环境之间相互作用关系的理论研究 [11][12] [17] A 为面积 (m 2 ) ；Te为年平均地表温度 (℃)； Ts 为 地 表 1000 m 以 下 温 度 (℃) ；Engeo为热流单位面积 (J/m 2 ) ρ为空气密度 (1.3 kg/m 3 ) ；CD为阻力 系数；V 为风速；t 为刮风时间；TR为 风能能值转化率 (1578 seJ/J) [21] ET 为土壤水分蒸发量 (m/a -1 ) ；P 为降 [16] ρ为水密度 (1000 kg/m − 3 )；R 为径流 量；g 为重力加速度；h 为海拔；TR为 降 水 重 力 势 能 能 值 转 换 率 (10909 seJ/J) [16] A 为大陆架及海面 100 m 内面积；ρ为 海水密度 (1.025E+06 g/m 3 )；Ft 为每 年发生潮汐次数 (730 次) ；h 为平均 潮汐高差；g 为重力加速度 (9.8 m/ s 2 ) ；Tr 为潮汐能能值转化率 (1.68E+ 04 seJ/J) [22] Es为太阳辐射能量；Egeo为地热能能值； Ew 为风能能值；Erc 为降雨化学能能 值；Erg为降雨位势能能值；Et为潮汐 能能值 部分，是人类生活所需食物、原料及燃料的重要来源 [27] 。植被作为初级生产者对人类社 会至关重要，同时也是生态系统 4 种服务 (供给、调节、支持和文化) 的根源 [28] 。NPP 作 为地表碳循环的重要组成部分，不仅直接反映了植被群落在自然环境条件下的生产能 力，而且表征了陆地生态系统的质量状况和服务功能 [29] 。因此，NPP 已经成为衡量生态 系统生产力与服务能力的关键性指标。 本研究采用朱文泉等 [30] [35] 表 3 表 5 IPCC [35] Odum [21] 表 5 IPCC [35] Jiang [36] 表 5 IPCC [35] Odum [21] ...
