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3GPP Long-term Evolution (LTE) systems being deployed are fast gaining market shares. High data rates (approaching 100 Mbit/s in the downlink direction and 50 Mbit/s for uplink connections) and small delays are attractive features of LTE. Spectrum flexibility also makes deployment easy on various frequency bands in different parts of the world. How...
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The paper proposes a metrological analysis for se lecting the test signals to be used with a method for the automatic classification of impairments in VoIP telecommunication systems. The method is able to identify the VoIP network impairm ents which decrease voice quality, by analyzing the power of a test signal during the call. Test si gnals, cons...
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... Most LTE simulators depend on built-in traffic generators, e.g. [5]- [7]. This eliminates the possibility to test the performance using external sources or sinks that are not part of the simulation environment. ...
... Unlike the previous cellular networks, there is a circuit switched architecture in the LTE systems. All network operations are configured in a way to conform to the packet switching system [2]. The LTE communication has a completely IP-based communication infrastructure. ...
In recent years, LTE (Long-Term Evolution) wireless cellular networks has attracted the attention of many researchers. In LTE cellular network, one of the most important issues considered by researchers is to improve QoS (Quality of Service). Performances of protocols depends on network throughput, end to end delay and packet drop. Performance analysis of improved protocols can be tested using simulation tools. In this study, for wireless cellular network, OPNET, OMNeT++ and NS3 network simulators were examined and briefly compared.
... Consider a packet traffic-heterogeneous network where each of the D2D users needs to manage a specific traffic with a related QoS requirement. Traffic can range e.g. from VoIP, characterized by low-speed (e.g., 16 Kbps) and strict latency (< 50 ms), to HTTP service with higher bit-rate, or FTP which is a best-effort service with high bit-rate and low delay requirement [10]. ...
... The proposed scheduling strategy is analyzed for two different network scenarios: 1) homogeneous traffic, where all D2D users manage FTP service; 2) heterogeneous traffic, where 50% of the D2D users are generating FTP traffic, 30% HTTP and the remaining 20% VoIP. Table II gives the average arrival rate (i.e., the required throughput) for each traffic class [10], [13]. ...
... Voice over IP (VoIP) is a popular method for the delivery of voice calls over packet-switched networks. In fact, Voice over LTE (VoLTE), a system based on VoIP, is the most promising alternative studied by 3GPP to provide voice calls over LTE networks [7,8]. Without loosing generality, in this paper, we focus on VoIP solutions based on third-party applications as a popular alternative until VoLTE is widely deployed. ...
Power consumption is a key factor in how final users rate the quality of service in mobile networks; however, its characterization is a challenging issue due to the many parameters involved and the complexity of their dependencies. Traditional battery drain testing in the field does not provide a suitable environment to reach accurate conclusions. In this paper we address this problem providing a controlled environment, more compact and accurate than those currently found in the literature, designed to measure the effects that different factors have on the global energy consumption.
... Since purpose of this work is to analyze only influence of different voice coded on end-to-end performance of VoLTE, Type of Service (ToS) considered is only Best Effort (BE).A. ScenariosFive different VoLTE scenarios are considered. Each of them uses a different voice codec: G.711, GSM EFR, AMR 12.2K, IS 641, G.729A.Table Vlists relationship between scenario and voice codec used during simulation.[13] ...
Long Term Evolution (LTE) is a 3GPP standard for wireless transmission systems. It is also the first 3GPP wireless standard full IP-based. Due to its possibility to reach very high throughput (e.g. 100 Mbps in downlink), an efficient end-to end QoS treatment is needed in order to guarantee a good QoS perceived by end user (QoE). Voice service delivered by LTE systems is Voice over IP (VoIP) service, with no QoS-aware mechanism. LTE provides a unique and native QoS-aware mechanism for end-to-end service delivering based on EPS bearer and QCI. Since efficient end-to-end QoS management of VOLTE should treat different aspects, this paper analyze the influence of voice codecs on end-to-end VoLTE performance. Different voice codecs are considered in different scenarios simulated using OPNET Modeler software tool. Final comparison among them is provided.
... No contexto do LTE, a maioria dos simuladores encontrados na literatura tendem a contar com processos geradores de tráfego próprios (e.g. [3] e [4]). Esteé o caso do LENA [5], um módulo recentemente introduzido na plataforma ns-3, cujo uso tem crescido na comunidade faceàs funcionalidades, protocolos e interfaces LTE nele implementadas. ...
... The UE node model featured workstation functionality [21]. The global configuration object was used to configure the parameters, such as EPS bearer definitions and PHY profiles, in the LTE attributes node [17,18]. The UEs have a CQI index to provide QoS awareness. ...
... LTE simulation system parameters[17,18]. ...
When machine-type communication (MTC) devices perform the long-term evolution (LTE) attach procedure without bit rate limitations, they may produce congestion in the core network. To prevent this congestion, the LTE standard suggests using group-based policing to regulate the maximum bit rate of all traffic generated by a group of MTC devices. However, previous studies on the access point name-aggregate maximum bit rate based on group-based policing are relatively limited. This study proposes a multistage control (MSC) mechanism to process the operations of maximum bit rate allocation based on resource-use information. For performance evaluation, this study uses a Markov chain with to analyze MTC application in a 3GPP network. Traffic flow simulations in an LTE system indicate that the MSC mechanism is an effective bandwidth allocation method in an LTE system with MTC devices. Experimental results show that the MSC mechanism achieves a throughput 22.5% higher than that of the LTE standard model using the group-based policing, and it achieves a lower delay time and greater long-term fairness as well.
\textit{Human conversation} is characterized by brief pauses and so-called turn-taking behavior between the speakers. In the context of VoIP, this means that there are frequent periods where the microphone captures only background noise – or even silence whenever the microphone is muted. The bits transmitted from such silence periods introduce overhead in terms of data usage, energy consumption, and network infrastructure costs.
In this paper, we contribute by shedding light on these costs for VoIP applications. We systematically measure the performance of six popular mobile VoIP applications with controlled human conversation and acoustic setup. Our analysis demonstrates that significant savings can indeed be achievable -- with the best performing silence suppression technique being effective on 75\% of silent pauses in the conversation in a quiet place. This results in 2-5 times data savings, and 50-90\% lower energy consumption compared to the next better alternative. Even then, the effectiveness of silence suppression can be sensitive to the amount of background noise, underlying speech codec, and the device being used. The codec characteristics and performance do not depend on the network type. However, silence suppression makes VoIP traffic network friendly as much as VoLTE traffic.
Our results provide new insights into VoIP performance and offer a motivation for further enhancements, such as performance-aware codec selection, that can significantly benefit a wide variety of voice assisted applications, as such intelligent home assistants and other speech codec enabled IoT devices.
The LTE “Long Term Evolution” technology was introduced to reduces the DATA network latency, in addition to provide higher data throughput. But the nature of LTE prohibits the transmission of voice related services. VoLTE “Voice over LTE” is a solution to transfer voice packets with special treatment over the LTE network, and get benefits from its low latency and quality of services capabilities to have voice services jointly provided by the EPC “Evolved LTE packet core” and the IMS “IP Multimedia Subsystem”. As VoLTE is a new technology for both network and devices providers, it has some limitations in providing all voice related services over LTE. Network initiated and user initiated USSD “Unstructured Supplementary Service Data” are not supported directly over VoLTE. CSFB “Circuit Switched Fall Back” is a temporary solution used to instruct the VoLTE device to fall back to CS “Circuit Switching” network to receive such USSD, then returning back again to VoLTE after completing the reception of the USSD. If the VoLTE network tried to push a USSD notification to a VoLTE subscriber who is engaged in one or more voice calls “conference call”, the commercial network settings will make that subscriber to release all the LTE bearers to fall back to the CS network which causes the drop of all active calls owned by that VoLTE user, which affects negatively on one of the most important VoLTE QoS “Quality of service” parameters which is service availability. A novel solution will be introduced to overcome such limitations and prevents any active voice call from being dropped when receiving a USSD from the VoLTE network. This will be achieved by using SRVCC “Single Radio Voice Call Continuity” instead of CSFB when receiving USSD while being engaged in a voice call. To verify such novel method, a real pilot VoLTE network is used to get practical traces and measurements to validate that novel solution to achieve such important QoS parameter. The performance of that solution is evaluated by measuring the call drop rate improvements achieved by that novel technique.
