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Liquefied natural gas (LNG) leaks often lead to cascading accident disasters, including vapor cloud release, explosion, fire, and toxic gas release. The origin and evolution of each accidental disaster must be considered when assessing safety. This paper discusses the safety assessment project of an LNG gas storage station in Xuzhou, China. Multipl...
Citations
... A number of publications address safety issues during the LNG storage, including the finite-element simulation of LNG leakage in a cryogenic tank [5], studies of the causes and consequences of accidents, caused by LNG leakages [6], as well as the studies of the flame formation by a horizontal LNG jet due to leakage [7]. ...
Ensuring safe and long-term storage of liquefied natural gas (LNG) is essential for improving the environmental and cost effectiveness of LNG-based power plants. A method for calculating heat fluxes from the environment to the working fluid in a cryogenic tank is proposed, taking into account the heat inputs through thermal bridges, including pipelines and supports of the internal vessel. In accordance with the calculations, performed for a tank with a volume of 6.8 m3, the average time of the LNG drainless storage in various modes of operation and refueling equals 6–8 days at an average heat flux of 396 W.
... Flaring is also an environmental and economic concern, accounting for approximately 0. Accidents at LNG facilities can also pose a threat to workers and bystanders. Cryogenic leaks expose workers to risk of frostbite or damage to the lungs from inhaling fumes (Yue et al., 2020;Zwęgliński, 2022). Safety incidents are rare in the U.S. due to extensive safety precautions and careful equipment engineering. ...
Due to concerns about its methane emissions, the viability of LNG as a low-GHG fuel has been called into question. The LNG landscape—from fuel production and bunkering to vessel operations and environmental considerations—is rapidly evolving. This report provides a detailed review of the existing literature on LNG as a marine fuel, including discussion of policies and regulations; LNG engine technologies and emissions; the global and U.S. LNG vessel fleets; production, import and export of LNG; and the health and equity implications of LNG. The main chapters are supported by additional detail in the Supplemental Information sections found at the end of the report.
... Therefore, it can affect the company, the environment, and humans. The danger from LNG storage tank leakage can be explosions and fires such as boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion (BLEVE), pool fire, flash fire, and jet fire [3]. Pool fires occur due to the diffusion of fire that is above the ground due to the evaporation of fuel. ...
The increasing demand for Liquified Natural Gas (LNG) is directly proportional to the risk of LNG Facilities. One of the risks is fire due to leakage of the LNG storage tank at the LNG terminal. This study aims to predict the impact of jet fire on humans due to leaks of LNG storage tanks using Fire Dynamic Simulator and predict the probability of injury or death due to the accident. This simulation uses LNG storage tank capacity as variations including primary data obtained from field surveys. The first results are Hazard and Operability (HAZOP) analysis which found that the cause of the leak was caused by 3 aspects: overpressure, temperature, and corrosion. In addition, the simulation results show 21 deaths due to thermal radiation that occurred in the 20000 m ³ storage tank, with a radius of 250 m from the LNG storage tank and a radiation dose of 9,787,223 W 4/3 sm −8/ 3 . Finally, it is recommended that the LNG storage tank be 1200 m ³ . have a minimum radius of 80 m from the office or housing while the LNG storage tanks of 7500 m ³ and 20000 m ³ must be 185 m and 250 m apart from the residence.
... Typically, a leak accident of liquefied petroleum gas at a restaurant in Xi'an, China, left 11 people dead and 31 injured in 2011. Physically, the explosion affected 12 shops in the area and 53 vehicles, with total direct economic damage of 9.9 million yuan (Yue et al., 2020). Therefore, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health recommends a maximum exposure level of 1000 ppm (Husain et al., 2020). ...
Nowadays, the latest advancements in nanotechnology have efficiently solved many global problems, such as environmental pollution, climate change, and infectious diseases. Nano-scaled materials have played a central role in this evolution. Chemical synthesis of nanomaterials, however, required hazardous chemicals, unsafe, eco-unfriendly, and cost-ineffective, calling for green synthesis methods. Here, we review the green synthesis of MgO nanoparticles and their applications in biochemical, environmental remediation, catalysis, and energy production. Green MgO nanoparticles can be safely produced using biomolecules extracted from plants, fungus, bacteria, algae, and lichens. They exhibit fascinating and unique properties in morphology, surface area, particle size, and stabilization. Green MgO nanoparticles serve as excellent antimicrobial agents, adsorbents, and colorimetric sensors. We extend their potential in biomedical therapies against cancers, oxidants, diseases, and the sensing detection of dopamine. In addition, green MgO nanoparticles are of great interests in plant pathogens, phytoremediation, plant cell and organ culture, and seed germination in the agricultural sector. This review also highlighted recent advances in using green MgO nanoparticles as nanocatalysts, nano-fertilizers, and nano-pesticides. Thanks to many emerging applications, green MgO nanoparticles can become an effective platform for future studies.
... However, in the FPSO accident scenario. There may be a cascading effect of oil and gas dispersion, fire, or explosion, and this accident result can often be more severe than their individual impacts [18,19]. Meanwhile, risk analysis targeting FPSO has mostly focused on the traditional ship-type FPSO, and the risk investigation on circular FPSO is very limited [20,21]. ...
The LH11-1 FPSO is an 80,000 t cylindrical structure that is responsible for the processing, storage, and offloading of process oil from existing and newly developed oilfields. In this paper, a full probabilistic analysis was developed based on very detailed CFD simulation results to evaluate ventilation, gas dispersion, explosion, and fire scenarios. A detailed fire and explosion risk analysis of LH11-1 FPSO was performed based on NORSOK Z-013 and FABIG Technical Note 11. The risk-based calculations were performed applying FLACS, KFX, and DNV GLEXPRESS Fire. Finally, the oil and gas dispersion, fire, and explosion consequence risks were calculated under the credible combination of leak frequency and leak location. By this probabilistic risk analysis, it was found that the west wind could generate optimal ventilation conditions for the topside process area of FPSO compared to other wind directions, while the hull region was poorly ventilated for all wind directions. The explosion risk analysis showed that the FPSO system would take no action in terms of explosion risk according to the acceptance criteria of 10-4occ/year. Meanwhile, the fire risk analysis demonstrated that the PR1 first and second deck, PR2 first and second deck, process deck, offloading on starboard, and the base of the flare tower would have different impacts from the fire, and the PR1 first deck and PR2 first deck at the topside deck would be severely impacted regions.
... Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is an efficient, clean, and relatively inexpensive energy source and widely used in every daily life, industrial production, and other fields. It has become one of the three pillars of the world's energy with the volatile international oil price and the rapid growth of the demand for clean energy [1]. In recent years, LNG pipeline leakage within the tunnel has attracted more and more concerns. ...
... The diffusion and explosion models and the combustion fireball from LNG leakage are studied by many researchers. Yue et al. [1] simulated and analyzed the multiple conceivable disasters due to the leakage of LNG storage tanks by using the computational fluid dynamics software FLACS. Lv et al. [6] established a reduced model of 160,000 m 3 LNG storage tank according to the ratio of 1: 100, carried out LNG explosion tests, and simulated the explosion process with FLACS. ...
Taking a practical project as an example, based on the computational fluid dynamics (CFD), standard k-ϵ model and finite element method, a mathematical model for the diffusion due to liquefied natural gas (LNG) pipeline leakage in a tunnel was established, and the diffusion process was numerically simulated for three LNG leakage cases. From the simulation results, the variation of CH4 concentration field and explosive gas cloud with time within the tunnel, and the influence of leakage location on the diffusion was analyzed for the three cases. It was shown that the variation of CH4 concentration field had a similar trend for the three cases, but the CH4 explosive gas cloud length increased rapidly with the LNG leakage intensity so that dangerous situations would occur for the medium and large leakages, and a leak location closer to air inlet would lead to a more dangerous situation. When the amount of LNG leakage in the tunnel is large, the effect of mechanical ventilation is obviously weakened. Furthermore, a nitrogen seal precaution was proposed for the situations.
... Typically, a leak accident of liquefied petroleum gas at a restaurant in Xi'an, China, left 11 people dead and 31 injured in 2011. Physically, the explosion affected 12 shops in the area and 53 vehicles, with total direct economic damage of 9.9 million yuan (Yue et al., 2020). Therefore, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health recommends a maximum exposure level of 1000 ppm (Husain et al., 2020). ...
To establish a model of sustainable integration of local agriculture and biomass industries in rural areas in South-East Asia, e.g., Vietnam, we are developing the biomass utilization technologies which meet with the satiation of actual communities. This presentation deals with a pilot-scale work of lingocellulosic bioethanol production, focusing on small-scale local biorefinery systems. We built a pilot plant which consists of bioethanol production process (with an 800 L fermentation tank) and biomass boiler. In this pilot plant, we developed the design of small-scale bioethanol production processes which utilized locally available biomass feedstock, including pretreatment system, small fermentor operation and use of biomass boiler, through the operation of the pilot process. For example, rice straw was converted into ethanol and rice husk was used for biomass boiler. Also, some byproducts from local industries were tested as nitrogen source for yeast. As wall as the technological development, the material and energy balances in the total system were analyzed to evaluate its features and benefit as a core facility in a small-scale biorefinery, focusing on the community-level availability biomass feedstock and demands of bioenergy/biofules.
ABSTRAK. Tingginya permintaan Liquified Natural Gas (LNG) di Indonesia membuat pembangunan fasilitas LNG dari skala kecil dan besar juga meningkat. Meningkatnya pembangunan tersebut sebanding dengan risiko yang harus dihadapi pada fasilitas LNG yang juga semakin signifikan. Salah satunya adalah resiko kebakaran akibat kebocoran storage tank LNG pada terminal LNG. Riset ini bertujuan untuk memprediksi dampak kebakaran terhadap manusia akibat kebocoran storage tank LNG dengan menggunakan Fire Dynamic Simulator dan memprediksi jumlah probabilitas cedera atau kematian akibat kebakaran karena aksiden tersebut menggunakan fire impact assesment dan probit model. Simulasi menggunakan variasi ukuran storage tank LNG, dengan salah satu ukuran merupakan data primer yang diperoleh dari survei lapangan. Hasil analisis HAZOP didapatkan penyebab kebocoran storage tank LNG karena 3 aspek yakni tekanan berlebih, temperatur berlebih dan korosi. Selain itu, hasil simulasi menunjukkan 21 kematian akibat radiasi termal dari kebocoran storage tank LNG 20000 m 3 dengan radius bahaya sejauh 250 m dari storage tank LNG dengan radiation dose sebesar 9.787.223 W 4/3 sm-8/3. Oleh karena itu, storage tank LNG 1200 m 3 direkomendasikan memiliki radius minimal 80 m dari kantor atau pemukiman sementara storage tank LNG berukuran 7500 m 3 dan 20000 m 3 sejauh 185 m dan 250 m dari pemukiman.
ABSTRACT. The increasing demand for Liquified Natural Gas (LNG) is commensurate with the construction of LNG facilities starting on a small or large scale. However, the risks that must be faced because of increasing LNG Facility construction are also getting more significant. One of them is the risk of fire due to leakage of the LNG storage tank at the LNG terminal. This study aims to predict the impact of fires on humans due to leaks of LNG Storage tanks using a Fire Dynamic Simulator and predict the probabilities of injury or death due to these accidents using fire impact assessment and probity models. The simulation uses variations in the size of the LNG storage tank, with one of the sizes being primary data obtained from field surveys. The results of the HAZOP analysis found that the cause of the leaking was due to 3 aspects i.e., overpressure, temperature, and corrosion. In addition, the simulation of the results shows 21 deaths due to thermal radiation occurring in a 20000 m 3 storage tank, with a 250 m radius from an LNG storage tank and a radiation dose of 9.787.223 W 4/3 sm-8/ 3. Finally, it is recommended that 1200 m 3 LNG storage tanks have a minimum radius of 80 m from the office or residential meanwhile 7500 m 3 and 20000 m 3 LNG storage tanks should be 185 m and 250 m apart from habitation.
This literature review looks at the various types of approaches to industrial storage tank fires and evaluates how quantitative consequence analysis with thermal modeling may aid in the development of industrial site fire preplans and emergency response planning guidelines. Emergency response planners may employ the use of thermal contours on plot plans generated by available consequence modeling software. Such performance‐based approaches can effectively take into account the associated sociotechnical factors and site‐specific hazards. With these approaches, the planners can identify appropriate preventative actions and responses, such as the activation of cooling on adjacent equipment, as well as establishing safe approach/muster point distances from hazardous sources of thermal heat stress.
