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LM micrographs showing pericarp structure of Salvia hedgeana (A-B), S. huberi (C-E) and S. rosifolia (F-G). bs – Brachysclerids, cr – crystals, ex – exocarp, en – endocarp, me – mesocarp, mc – mucilaginous cells, nc – non-mucilaginous cells, s – sclerenhymatic cells, sc – sclerenchymatous region, t – tannins.
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Mericarp micromorphology and anatomy of Salvia hedgeana Dönmez, S. huberi Hedge and S. rosifolia Sm. (section Salvia Hedge, Lamiaceae)
Mericarp (nutlet) micromorphology and pericarp structure of three morphologically similar endemic Salvia species; Salvia hedgeana, S. huberi and S. rosifolia were investigated using LM, SEM and TEM. Salvia hedgeana...
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Context 1
... LM and TEM investigation revealed a pericarp differentiated into four main re- gions: the exocarp (outer epidermis), mesocarp, sclerenchyma region and endocarp (inner epidermis) (Figs. 4A, C, F). The outermost region was the exocarp, consisting of a single layer of parenchymatous cells. These cells were differentiated into two types: large oblong or oval mucilaginous cells in groups of one or more and narrow non-mucilaginous cells BÜYÜKKARTAL H. N., KAHRAMAN A., ÇÖLGEÇEN H., DOÐAN M., KARABACAK E. (Figs. 5C, ...
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... the exocarp, there is the mesocarp region (31.18-75.91 µm thick) composed of a dark amorphous mass of several strongly compressed and almost indistinguishable cells. This region contained several groups of sclerenchymatic cells with the luminar cavity en- larged (Figs. 4B, D). Brachysclereids (=stone cells) were characterized by thick walls (Figs. 4B, 5A, C, E). These cells accumulated tannins. The innermost layer of the mesocarp contained prismatic crystals (Figs. 4A, C, E, F). They were 6.67-13.22 long µm and 15.14-32.52 µm wide. They varied in length to width ratio between 0.30 and ...
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... the exocarp, there is the mesocarp region (31.18-75.91 µm thick) composed of a dark amorphous mass of several strongly compressed and almost indistinguishable cells. This region contained several groups of sclerenchymatic cells with the luminar cavity en- larged (Figs. 4B, D). Brachysclereids (=stone cells) were characterized by thick walls (Figs. 4B, 5A, C, E). These cells accumulated tannins. The innermost layer of the mesocarp contained prismatic crystals (Figs. 4A, C, E, F). They were 6.67-13.22 long µm and 15.14-32.52 µm wide. They varied in length to width ratio between 0.30 and ...
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... compressed and almost indistinguishable cells. This region contained several groups of sclerenchymatic cells with the luminar cavity en- larged (Figs. 4B, D). Brachysclereids (=stone cells) were characterized by thick walls (Figs. 4B, 5A, C, E). These cells accumulated tannins. The innermost layer of the mesocarp contained prismatic crystals (Figs. 4A, C, E, F). They were 6.67-13.22 long µm and 15.14-32.52 µm wide. They varied in length to width ratio between 0.30 and ...
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... mesocarp was followed by the sclerenchymatous region consisting of a layer of thick-walled macrosclereids, i.e. Malpighian cells (Figs. 4E, 5B, D) in which tannins accu- mulated (Fig. 5B). The sclerenchymatous region thickness varied between 26.50 µm in S. rosifolia and 98.90 µm thick in S. hedgeana, with small and rounded luminar cavities at or near the centre (Fig. 5) The endocarp, consisting of a single layer of transversely arranged cells, was 4.08- 10.98 µm thick ...
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... (Figs. 4E, 5B, D) in which tannins accu- mulated (Fig. 5B). The sclerenchymatous region thickness varied between 26.50 µm in S. rosifolia and 98.90 µm thick in S. hedgeana, with small and rounded luminar cavities at or near the centre (Fig. 5) The endocarp, consisting of a single layer of transversely arranged cells, was 4.08- 10.98 µm thick (Figs. 4A, C, ...
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Mericarp (nutlet) micromorphology and pericarp structure of three morphologically similar endemic Salvia species; Salvia hedgeana, S. huberi and S. rosifolia were investigated using LM, SEM and TEM. Salvia hedgeana has larger mericarps and abscission scars than S. huberi and S. rosifolia. Mericarp length to width ratio ranges from 1.11 in S. hedgea...
The nutlet morphology of 32 taxa of Stachys sect. Eriostomum (Lamiaceae) has been studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and a detailed description of the nutlet morphological features of all examined taxa is provided. We found some groups within Stachys sect. Eriostomum that present nutlet micromorphological characters that appear to be us...
Citations
... 10 Salvia is the most species-rich genus of Lamiaceae (the mint family), with 1000 species, and distributed extensively in tropical and temperate areas of the New and Old Worlds. 11 One of the main diversity centres of Wound healing activity of Salvia huberi ethanolic extract in streptozocininduced diabetic rats Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the in vivo wound healing potential of Salvia huberi Hedge (endemic to Turkey) on excision and incision wound models in diabetic rats. Method: Male Wistar albino rats, 3-4 months old and weighing 180-240g were used. ...
Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the in vivo wound healing potential of Salvia huberi Hedge (endemic to Turkey) on excision and incision wound models in diabetic rats.
Method: Male Wistar albino rats, 3-4 months old and weighing 180-240g were used. The animals were randomly divided into five groups including Control, Vehicle and Fito reference, and two different concentrations (0.5% and 1% weight/weight (w/w)) of ethanol extract of Salvia huberi were investigated in both wound models on streptozocin-induced diabetic rats using macroscopic, biomechanical, biochemical, histopathological, genotoxic and gene expression methods over both seven and 14 days. Fito cream (Tripharma Drug Industry and Trade Inc., Turkey) was used as the reference drug.
Results: A total of 60 rats were used in this study. Salvia huberi ointments at 0.5% and 1% (w/w) concentrations and Fito cream showed 99.3%, 99.4% and 99.1% contraction for excision wounds, and 99.9%, 97.0% and 99% contraction for incision wounds, respectively. In Salvia huberi ointments and Fito cream groups, re-epithelialisation increased dramatically by both day 7 and day 14 (p<0.05). By day 14, low hydroxyproline and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and high glutathione (GSH) levels were observed in the Salvia huberi ointment groups. After two application periods, damaged cell percent and genetic damage index values and micronucleus frequency of Salvia huberi ointment treatment groups were lower than Control and Vehicle groups (p<0.001). A growth factor expression reached a high level by day 7 in the Control group; in Salvia huberi-treated groups it was decreased.
Conclusion: The study showed that application of Salvia huberi ointments ameliorated the healing process in diabetic rats with excisional and incisional wounds and may serve as a potent healing agent.
... Ultrastructural studies on the pericarp have been carried out in various genera of the family Lamiceae and have proved the usefulness of pericarp characters for species and generic level in the family (Wagner, 1914;Bilimovitsch, 1935;Wojciechowska, 1958Wojciechowska, , 1961aWojciechowska, , b, 1966Wojciechowska, , 1972Makarova, 1967, Hedge & Lamond, 1968Hedge, 1970;Witztum, 1978;Ryding, 1992aRyding, , b, 1993aRyding, , b, 1995Ryding, , 2001Ryding, , 2010Budantsev, 1993a, b;Budantsev & Lobova, 1997;Duletić-Lauševic & Marin, 1999;Mosquero, Juan, & Pastor, 2002;Moon & Hong, 2006). However, there have been only a few studies on the pericarp ultrastructure of the genus Salvia (Wojciechowska, 1958(Wojciechowska, , 1966Hedge, 1970;Oran, 1997;Ryding, 2010;Büyükkartal, Kahraman, Çölgeçen, Doğan, & Karabacak, 2011;Hassan & Al. Thobaiti, 2014). ...
... In spite of the above-mentioned information on the pericarp structure of the family Lamiaceae and its taxonomic significance, the data on that of the genus Salvia are still incomplete. To date, the pericarp ultrastructure of Salvia has been rarely studied (Wojciechowska, 1958(Wojciechowska, , 1966Hedge, 1970;Oran, 1997;Ryding, 2010;Büyükkartal et al., 2011;Hassan & Al. Thobaiti, 2014). ...
... The groups of two-staminate genera, as in Salvia, and fourstaminate genera of Salviinae, as in Lepechinia and Chaunostoma, can be separated from each other and from other Lamiaceae genera by differences in pericarp structure (Ryding, 2010). Variations in the pericarp structure have been pointed out to be helpful in the identification of morphologically similar Salvia species (Büyükkartal et al., 2011). In this study, the pericarp of S. napifolia is observed to be significantly thicker than that of S. russellii. ...
Lamiaceae familyası içindeki Nepetoideae alt
familyasının Mentheae oymağına ait olan Salvia
L. (adaçayı) cinsi tıbbi, süs bitkisi, gıda ve halüsinojenik kullanımları nedeniyle ile iyi bilinmektedir. Bu
cinsin Hemisphace Benth. seksiyonu
Türkiye’de üç tür ile temsil edilir. Bu güncel çalışma, ilgili seksiyona ait
morfolojik olarak birbirine benzeyen iki Salvia
türü üzerine yürütülmüştür: Salvia napifolia Jacq. ve S. russellii Benth. (S. verticillata L.
hariç). Bu amaç için, söz konusu türlerin perikap ince yapısı ışık ve geçirimli
elektron mikroskobu (TEM) yardımıyla detaylı olarak araştırılmıştır.
Morfometrik karakterler çoklu karşılaştırmalar için tek yönlü Varyans Analizi
(ANOVA) ile Tukey’in tam olarak önemli fark (HSD) post-hoc testi kullanılarak
analiz edilmiştir. Perikarp özelliklerinin taksonomik önemi tartışılmıştır.
Çalışılan türlerin ayrımına izin veren en önemli özellikler; perikarp, mesokarp
ve sklerenkima bölgesinin kalınlığıdır. Her iki türün ıslatılmış
merikarplarının yüzeyinde miksokarpi (müsilaj oluşumu) görülmüştür. Müsilajlı
hücreler orta düzeyde bir reaksiyon göstermiştir, fakat S. napifolia’daki müsilajlı tabaka biraz daha kalındır (yaklaşık 0.20-0.34 mm). Bu çalışma incelenen
türlerin perikarp ince yapısı üzerine ilk detaylı bulguları sunmaktadır.
... has been raised to subspecies rank (Celep et al., 2011b). Th e authors have also examined morphology, anatomy, palynology, and trichome and nutlet micromorphology of some species of Turkish Salvia (Kahraman et al., 2009b, 2009c; Kahraman & Doğan, 2010; Kahraman et al., 2010a, 2010b, 2010d; Büyükkartal et al., 2011; Kahraman et al., 2011; Özler et al., 2011). ...
... has been raised to subspecies rank (Celep et al., 2011b). Th e authors have also examined morphology, anatomy, palynology, and trichome and nutlet micromorphology of some species of Turkish Salvia (Kahraman et al., 2009bKahraman et al., , 2009c Kahraman et al., 2010a Kahraman et al., , 2010b Kahraman et al., , 2010d Büyükkartal et al., 2011; Kahraman et al., 2011; Özler et al., 2011). Referring to the IUCN Red List, the threatened categories of endemic and rare nonendemic plants in Turkey were fi rst assessed by Ekim et al. (1989). ...
The current conservation status of the Salvia L. (sage) taxa of the family Lamiaceae distributed in the East, South-East, Central, North Anatolian, and Marmara geographic regions of Turkey was reassessed at regional, national, and global levels using IUCN Red List categories and criteria. In accordance with the present taxonomic revision of the genus since 2005, the study area seems to cover 79 taxa, 36 of which are endemic and 4 of which are rare nonendemic; the remaining 39 taxa are widely distributed. The rate of endemism is 46% in the area. Based on new fi eld observations of populations and distribution data, taxa were classified into the following threat categories at the global scale: Critically Endangered (CR) (5 taxa), Endangered (EN) (8 taxa), Vulnerable (VU) (11 taxa), Near Th reatened (NT) (12 taxa), and Least Concern (LC) (43 taxa). The most threatened species at the global scale are S. anatolica, S. ballsiana, S. freyniana, S. odontochlamys, and S. pseudeuphratica. The threatened taxa are under pressure from intensive human activities such as overgrazing, construction (e.g., road construction), land clearing (e.g., agricultural activities), and urbanisation. The threatened endemic taxa are concentrated in 3 main areas. The first area includes Sivas, Divriği, Gürün, Pınarbaşı, and Kemaliye. The second area includes Ankara, Beypazarı, Polatlı, and Sivrihisar. The third area includes Yozgat, Akdağmadeni, Nevşehir, and Kayseri. Some significant measures are recommended here for the conservation and management of the high number of endemic taxa under threat in the research area.
Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the in vivo wound healing potential of Salvia huberi Hedge (endemic to Turkey) on excision and incision wound models in diabetic rats.
Method: Male Wistar albino rats, 3-4 months old and weighing 180-240g were used. The animals were randomly divided into five groups including Control, Vehicle and Fito reference, and two different concentrations (0.5% and 1% weight/weight (w/w)) of ethanol extract of Salvia huberi were investigated in both wound models on streptozocin-induced diabetic rats using macroscopic, biomechanical, biochemical, histopathological, genotoxic and gene expression methods over both seven and 14 days. Fito cream (Tripharma Drug Industry and Trade Inc., Turkey) was used as the reference drug.
Results: A total of 60 rats were used in this study. Salvia huberi ointments at 0.5% and 1% (w/w) concentrations and Fito cream showed 99.3%, 99.4% and 99.1% contraction for excision wounds, and 99.9%, 97.0% and 99% contraction for incision wounds, respectively. In Salvia huberi ointments and Fito cream groups, re-epithelialisation increased dramatically by both day 7 and day 14 (p<0.05). By day 14, low hydroxyproline and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and high glutathione (GSH) levels were observed in the Salvia huberi ointment groups. After two application periods, damaged cell percent and genetic damage index values and micronucleus frequency of Salvia huberi ointment treatment groups were lower than Control and Vehicle groups (p<0.001). A growth factor expression reached a high level by day 7 in the Control group; in Salvia huberi-treated groups it was decreased.
Conclusion: The study showed that application of Salvia huberi ointments ameliorated the healing process in diabetic rats with excisional and incisional wounds and may serve as a potent healing agent.
Salvia rosmarinus Spenn (synonym: Rosmarinus officinalis L.) is economically and medically important and grows naturally in Al-Marj (Libya). Macro, micro morphological and chemical characteristics were studied. Leaf venation, leaf anatomy and chemical compounds of essential oils were carried out according to traditional methods. The objective of the present study is to provide detailed description of the characteristics of this species. Morphological charactersistics of leaves, calyx, corolla, stamens are useful for sectional and specific delimitations in Salvia. The leaf architecture characters of primary, secondary, tertiary and quater-nary veins are good diagnostic markers for the identification and classification of species. Anatomical characters such as glandular and non-glandular trichomes , mesophyll structure, presence of hypodermis and structure of vascular bundles have been found to have taxonomic value. Cineol (32.38%) is main component of essential oil, followed by Camphor, β-pinene, borneol, Caryophyllene, α-terpineol and α-pinene. Chemical data in essential oils carried taxonomic value of Salvia species.
The taxonomic importance of macromorphological and micromorphological seed characteristics was investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of 10 species of the Salvia genus from Pakistan. The aim of this study is to identify diagnostic seed ultrastructural features that could aid in species delimitation, proper identification, and phylogenetic position. The ultrastructure of Salvia species varies greatly, and a wide range of unique micromorphological features have been observed. Seed micromorphological features were explored by SEM, including seed shape, color, texture, cell outline, surface sculpturing, epidermal cell arrangement, anticlinal, and periclinal wall pattern. In most of the taxa analyzed, seed form, size, and surface sculpturing can be used further to differentiate species. The shapes of the seeds were categorized as obovate, spherical, spheroid, broadly elliptic, elliptic, and oblong, mostly with terminal hilum. Observed seed colors were black, light brown, dark brown, brown, and yellow. Exo morphological characters, i.e. epidermal cell arrangement such as irregular, wavy pentagonal ‐hexagonal, regular pentagonal ‐hexagonal were observed. Cluster analysis was used to mention the similarity and distinct species within the genus Salvia with a feasible explanation. Taxonomic keys have been made based on micromorphological qualitative features that help to delimit species and identify them quickly within the Salvia genus. The seed morphology of 10 Salvia species was described and investigated, and the diagnostic significance of this feature was evaluated using SEM. This study analyzed seed features, especially at the species level, which might provide a lot of taxonomic information. The results revealed that in seed morphology, using SEM could help with taxon identification, especially at the genus and species levels.
The nutlet (mericarp) morphology of nine species of Salvia sect. Salvia (Salvia bracteata Banks & Sol., Salvia macrochlamys Boiss. & Kotschy, Salvia suffruticosa Montbret & Aucher ex Benth., Salvia trichoclada Benth.), Hymenosphace (Salvia multicaulis Vahl), Aethiopis (Salvia montbretii Benth., Salvia palaestina Benth., Salvia syriaca L.) and Hemisphace (Salvia russellii Benth.) (Lamiaceae) has been studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and a detailed description of the nutlet morphological features of all examined taxa is provided. The basic shape of nutlets in most species is subprolate or prolate and the size ranged between 3.02 and 6.47 mm in length and between 1.78 and 5.10 mm in width. Three basic types of sculpturing can be distinguished: colliculate, reticulate and verrucate. The colliculate type is the most common among the studied species. The colliculate type is characteristic for sect. Salvia. Subsection Salvia with colliculate/slightly furrowed sculpturing is easily distinguished from the other subsections. The systematic and biological implications of the nutlet characteristics are shortly discussed.
Salvia (sage) is a species rich and medicinally important genus. Species-level identification is usually very difficult, particularly in closely related species. Here, we investigated nutlet micromorphological characteristics of 51 taxa belonging to S. subg. Salvia, S. subg. Sclarea and Salvia verticillata clade (S. subg. Heterosphace) by stereo binocular microscopy and scanning electron microscopy to show their taxonomic and phylogenetic value. The present study is the most comprehensive nutlet micromorpho-logical study based on the number of taxa studied in the genus so far. The size of nutlets varies from 1.61 mm (S. verticillata subsp. verticillata) to 8.44 mm (S. albimaculata) in length, 1.02 mm (S. verticillata subsp. verticillata) to 4.20 mm (S. macrochlamys) in width. Nutlet length/width ratio ranges from 1.02 (S. bracteata and S. indica) to 3.06 (S. albimaculata). The basic shape of nutlets is elliptic, widely elliptic, circular, ovate or obovate. Five nutlet sculpturing patterns are present namely colliculate, reticulate, verrucate, rugose and foveate. The variation of surface sculpturing, nutlet shape, size, and exocarp cell shape provide useful diagnostic properties at species and subgenus level. However, nutlet micromor-phological characters are of low phylogenetic value in studied Salvia species.
In this study, we examined Salvia amplexicaulis Lam., S. jurisicii Košanin and S. ringens Sibth. & Sm.collected in the Republic of North Macedonia, which are for the first time subjected to detailed micromorphological and structural analysis using light and scanning electron microscopy. The nutlets and mucilage were additionally subjected to spectroscopic analysis using Raman and Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR FT-IR) spectroscopy. The anatomical structure of stems and leaves is described and compared. The stems, leaves and calyces bear numerous one- and multi-cellular nonglandular trichomes, and various peltate, capitate and digitiform glandular trichomes. The nutlets differ in size and shape, as well as in myxocarpy. The nutlets predominantly contained α-linolenic and linoleic acid, while the mucilages are primarily formed of polysaccharides. The results obtained in this study confirmed the importance of micromorphological and anatomical analysis of Salvia L. spp. plant parts, particularly trichomes and nutlets, thereby contributing to the knowledge about the variety of micromorphological characteristics within the genus Salvia L.
Four groups of novel sulfonamide derivatives: (i) acetoxybenzamide, (ii) triacetoxybenzamide, (iii) hydroxybenzamide and (iv) trihydroxybenzamide, all having thiazole, pyrimidine, pyridine, isoxazole and thiadiazole moieties were prepared and their inhibitory effects were studied on two metalloenzymes, i.e. carbonic anhydrase isozymes (hCA I and II), purified from human erythrocyte cells by Sepharose-4B-l-tyrosine-sulfanilamide affinity chromatography. These enzymes are present in almost all living organisms to catalyse the synthesis of bicarbonate ion (HCO3−) from carbon dioxide and water. The sulfonamide derivatives were found to be active against hCA I and II in the range of 2.62–136.54 and 5.74–210.58 nM, respectively.
