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LM micrographs of pollen grains in the Salvia taxa examined. A & B-Salvia smyrnaea, C & D-S. syriaca, E & F-S. tobeyii, G & H-S. xanthocheila, I & J-S. yosgadensis. Polar view = A, C, E, G, I; equatorial view = B, D, F, H, J. Scale bar = 20 µm.
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Palynological characteristics of 30 Salvia taxa in sections Hymenosphace and Aethiopis from Turkey were investigated by light and scanning electron microscopy. S. aethiopis (sect. Aethiopis) has the smallest pollen while S. blepharochlaena (sect. Hymenosphace) has the largest pollen. The basic shape of the pollen grains in most taxa is suboblate, o...
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... Salvia is the genus including the highest number of species in Lamiaceae family and known with the name "Sage" (Kocabas et al., 2007). In the world, Salvia genus includes approximately 1000 species and Turkey hosts 96 species and 4 subspecies (Dogan et al., 2008;Ozler et al., 2013). Sage species have an important place among the plants used for medical purposes (Ozer, 2016). ...
This study was conducted to determine the contents of some macro and micronutrients of Salvia spp. (Salvia aethiopis L., S. virgata Jacq., S. syriaca L., S. absconditiflora Montbret & Aucher ex Bentham, S. ceratophylla L., S. bracteata Banks et Sol., S. cyanenses Boiss et Bal.) species growing in 17 locations of Kırşehir city. Based on the findings, it was found that phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn) and zinc (Zn) contents of the samples obtained from the soil were 3.6-43.2 mg kg-1, 120-398 mg kg-1, 5344-8778 mg kg-1, 134-763 mg kg-1, 0.01-2.43 mg kg-1, 0.03-1.27 mg kg-1, 1.29-8.60 mg kg-1 and 0.17-1.22 mg kg-1, respectively. The K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Mn, and Zn contents of the plant samples were 0.002-0.17%, 1.67-5.54%, 0.26-0.90%, 243-3479 mg kg-1, 4.78-7.77 mg kg-1, 4.75-97.00 mg kg-1 and 21.50-45.05 mg kg-1, respectively. The Ca and Mg were the available macronutrients with the highest concentration, Fe was the available micronutrient with the highest concentration, which was followed by Mn, Zn and Cu elements, respectively. When the elements in the plant are evaluated, Ca, K and Zn in S. virgata are the most; Ca and Fe in S. absconditiflora is at least; in S. cyanescens, Mg and Mn are the most, K and Zn the least; in S. syriaca, Mg is at least; in S. ceratophylla Cu the most, Mn least; S. aethiopis Cu at least; Fe was found in excess in S. bracteata. As a result of the soil and plant analyses, it was determined that Salvia plants received the required plant nutrient elements sufficiently although Fe, Mn and Zn nutrient elements were deficient in soil.
... Pollen morphologies for the family Lamiaceae have been investigated by several workers, such as Erdtman (1945), Cantino et al. (1992), Harley et al. (1992), Abu-Asab and Cantino (1993Cantino ( , 1994, Perveen and Qaiser (2003), Celenk et al. (2008), Moon et al. (2008a,b), Salmaki et al. (2008), Hassan et al. (2009) and Doaigey et al. (2018). Although studies on pollen morphology in Salvia have been conducted by many researchers worldwide (Henderson et al., 1968;Hassan et al., 2009;Kahraman et al., 2009Kahraman et al., ,2010Özler et al., 2011,2013, there are still shortcomings and unstudied taxa in Turkey. Henderson et al. (1968) described the pollen morphologies of 59 Salvia taxa. ...
... The pollen grain of S. viridis has both hexacolpate and octacolpate ( Figure 6A-D). These results agree with some previous studies (Perveen and Qaiser, 2003;Özler et al., 2011, 2013. Figure 1). ...
In this presented work, the pollen morphologies of twenty-one taxa, nine of them endemic from Turkey, belonging to the genus Salvia (Lamiaceae: sub-family Nepetoideae: tribe Mentheae: sub-tribe Salviinae), S. aethiopis L., S. argentea L., S. aytachii Vural & Adigüzel, S. blepharochlaena Hedge & Hub.-Mor., S. cadmica Boiss., S. ceratophylla L., S. cryptantha Montbret & Aucher, S. frigida Boiss., S. fructicosa Miller, S. halophile Hedge, S. napifolia Jacq., S. microstegia Boiss. & Bal., S. recognita Fisch. & Mey. S. sclarea L., S. smyrnaea Boiss. S. suffruticosa Montbret & Aucher, S. tchihatcheffii (Fisch. & Mey.) Boiss., S. tometosa Bertol, S. verbenaca L., S. viridis L., and S. wiedemanni Boiss. and collected throughout the Turkey, have been intensively studied by using light (LM) and a scanning electron (SEM) microscopy. The objectives of this study are to investigate the pollen morphologies of twenty-one taxa of Turkish Salvia (nine of which are endemic) and to present similar and different characteristics of the taxa. The investigated whole pollen grains had a structure of both isopolar and radial symmetry. Overall, types of aperture were mostly hexacolpate, but it was also determined that the aperture type of S. viridis was both hexacolpate and octacolpate. The pollen grains had characteristic shapes of spheroidal, suboblate, prolate and subprolate. The exine ornamentation was bireticulate and reticulate-perforate. It was determined by the results of palynological studies that pollen morphology changed amongst these studied taxa. As a conclusion, the results of the present study show that palynological characters such as pollen shape, polar axis length (P), equatorial axis length (E), aperture numbers and types and exine ornamentation, exhibit remarkable differences amongst the studied taxa.
... In several Salvia species, hexacolpate pollen is always dominant but mixed together with tetra-, penta-, hepta-or octacolpate pollen. This aperture heteromorphism has been reported in S. coccinea by Trudel & Morton (1992), S. barrelieri, S. eremostachya, S. leucantha, S. splendens and S. uliginosa by Moon et al. (2008c), S. recognita by Özler et al. (2011), S. palaestina by Moon et al. (2008c) andÖzler et al. (2013), and S. candidissima subsp. candidissima by Özler et al. (2013). ...
The pollen grains of 19 Turkish Salvia species in Aethiopis, Drymosphace, Hemisphace, Hymenosphace and Salvia sections, 13 of which are endemic to Turkey, were investigated, documented and illustrated through Light Microscopy (LM) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). This study provides pollen data of 14 species for the first time. The pollen grains of the species examined are monads, isopolar, radially symmetrical and hexacolpate, mostly medium in size, slightly elliptic to more or less circular in polar view and mainly oblate-spheroidal in equatorial view. Two different ornamentation types are recognized on exine sculpturing; reticulate-perforate and bireticulate. The present results do not generally support the traditional infrageneric classification of Salvia, but provide useful pollen characters for species delimitation.
... Morphology of the pollen grain is often a pertinent taxonomic marker in the identification of higher plants [11] and is not influenced by environmental conditions. Palynology is unique to provide a tremendous amount of information and the variation of pollen morphological characters have importance for phylogenetic structuring [12] and having phylogenetic significance [13] it was applied to evaluate intergeneric relationships [14] and classify the eudicots [15]. ...
... Palynological characters provide very important information for the phylogenetic reconstructions [12]. Moreover, from a phylogenetic as well as evolutionary point of views, the polarity, symmetry, aperture types and exine sculpturing are the most important pollen characters [13]. ...
... In the previous studies, there are many studies on the fungicidal, herbicidal, and insecticidal effects of the compounds and essential oils in plants and their biological activities [2][3][4][5] Lamiaceae family with its 250 genera and 7133 species has a wide spreading area [6][7]. Salvia L., one of the largest genera of the Lamiaceae family includes approximately 1000 species [8]. Salvia virgata Jacq., included in the Salvia genus, is a perennial species and its length reaches to 160 cm. ...
... Salvia virgata Jacq., included in the Salvia genus, is a perennial species and its length reaches to 160 cm. The plant can spread in various areas like the empty fields and roadsides and in all regions of Turkey [8]. S. virgata is an important plant with high-quality used in the medical practices and it is used as wound-healing and against the skin disorders among people [9][10]. ...
This study was conducted in order to investigate the phytotoxic and antifungal activity of the methanol and n-hexane extracts obtained from the surface parts of the Salvia virgata Jacq. plant collected in Kırşehir province. In the experiments, S. virgata extracts were prepared and used in 125, 250, 500, 1000 ppm doses. The seeds of Lactuca sativa L., Lepidium sativum L., and Triticum vul-gare L., plants were placed as 25 seeds for each of Petri dishes with a 9-cm diameter, which two layers of filter paper were placed, and it was humidified thoroughly for control purpose with distilled water and plant extracts (125, 250, 500, 1000 ppm) and then they were left for incubation for 3 weeks at 24 o C±1 conditions. At the end of the period, the germination percentages, root-shoot developments and wet and dry weights of the seeds were determined. In the antifungal studies, the plant methanol and hexane extracts were added to the PDA environments prepared in the way for their final concentration to be 125, 250, 500, 1000 ppm doses. In the study, Thiram (80%) fungicide was used as the negative control (only PDA) and positive control. The extract and Thiram-added PDA were transferred to the petri dishes with 60-mm diameter. The mycelium of the pathogens was transferred to these petri dishes and left to incubation for 7 days. According to the trial results, the seed germinations of the S. virgata methanol and n-hexane extracts inhibited garden cress, wheat, and lettuce at the rate of 79.45%, 18.67%, 88.57%, and 78.08%, 82.86%, 100%, respectively. The mycelium developments of Rhizoctonia solani Kühn, Alternaria solani (Ell. And G. Martin) Fusarium oxysporum f sp radicis lycopersici, and Verticillium dahliae pathogens were inhibited by 1000 ppm dose of methanol and n-hexane extracts; 0%, 28.17%, 38.77%, 0% and 2.43%, 36.04%, 37.0%, and 72.22%.
... & Trab. (endemic to the Central Sahara Mountains, Hoggar and Tibesti) (Ozenda, 2004). The vast majority of species are concentrated in the Northern part of the country. ...
... as a distinct group on the basis of their similar calyx teeth and corolla features. Salvia pseudojaminiana (2n = 40) is distributed all over the Northern Sahara (Reese, 1957;Quézel and Santa, 1963;Ozenda, 2004). Salvia merjamie (2n = 42) is found in the montane forest belts of East Africa and far eastern Yemen (Hedge, 1974;Hedberg and Hedberg, 1977;Will and Claßen-Bockhoff, 2014). ...
... Salvia lanigera (2n = 36, 40) is a more southern species, absent in Europe, occurring in the Southeastern Mediterranean Isles, Mediterranean and Sub-Mediterranean North Africa, Middle East, and in the Hoggar Moutains (Southern Algeria). This species shares a contact zone with S. verbenaca in North Africa and the Middle East (Siddiqi, 1985;Boulos, 2002;Ozenda, 2004;Fennane et al., 2007;Will and Claßen-Bockhoff, 2014;Ranjbar et al., 2015). The group Verbenaca has recently been enriched by a new species S. hasankeyfensis Dirmenci, Celep & O. Guner, endemic to Turkey, growing in narrow rocky cracks of Hasankeyf heights and neighborhoods (Batman, South-eastern Turkey) at 650-700 m alt. ...
... Ozler et al. (2011) studied the pollen grains of 30 taxa of Salvia, belonging to sections Salvia, Horminum, Drymosphace, Plethiosphace, and Hemisphace, using light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Ozler et al. (2013), in their study on Hymenosphace and Aethiopis sections of the genus Salvia, found that the pollen features of closely related species indicate some differences that can be used for their identification. In a study by Salimpour et al. (2014), the nutlet morphology of 12 Salvia L. (Lamiaceae, Mentheae) species was examined using SEM. ...
... As morphologically distant species have similar pollen structures, close species, and even the subspecies and variations of the same species, have different pollen structures. Moreover, some species break away from their close relatives and have unique pollen characteristics (Ozler et al., 2013). We think that S. macrochlamys is a species close to S. kurdica. ...
Salvia kurdica Boss & Hohen. ex. Benth. is known from only 2 localities in the territory of southeastern Turkey and northern Iraq. As a part of the fieldwork, this species was collected from Şırnak Province. In this study, the micromorphological characteristics of its pollen grains and nutlets have been investigated using scanning electron microscopy and a light microscope. The pollen grains are hexacolpate, radially symmetrical, isopolar, and suboblate. Its exine sculpturing is bireticulate-perforate. The nutlets are rounded-trigonous in transverse sections, orbicular ovate-oblong in shape, glabrous and slightly tuberculate. This is an invasive species in Turkey.
... The pollen morphological characters of 6 species are illustrated in Figure 1: 1 to 6 and summarized in Table 1. (Table 1) which is quite different among the individual species, the genera, but not among the species of Salvia, and may confirm their position in different genera, this result agree with those reported by Harley et al. (1992), Jafari and Nikian (2008), Kahraman et al. (2009) andÖzler et al. (2013). The shapes of pollen were described by using their polar and equatorial axis ratio which exhibit spheroidal, subspheroidal and prolate (Table 1). ...
... agree with several investigations on pollen morphology of Salvia species (Hamzaoglu et al., 2005;Jafari and Nikian, 2008;Kahraman et al., 2009aKahraman et al., , b, 2010aKahraman and Doghan, 2010;Dereboylu et al., 2010;Özler et al., 2013). The colpi of the pollen in the species investigated ( Figure 1: 1-6) are two types: 1) Hexazonocolpate type in the pollen of M. microphylla Koch. ...
... The colpi of the pollen in the species investigated ( Figure 1: 1-6) are two types: 1) Hexazonocolpate type in the pollen of M. microphylla Koch. (Figure 1: 1) and this is in accordance with those described in the genus Mentha L. (Celenk et al., 2008 a) and in the three Salvia species (Figure 1: 4, 5 and 6) which agree with those reported in the pollen grains of different Salvia species (Hamzaoglu et al., 2005;Jafari and Nikian, 2008;Kahraman et al., 2009aKahraman et al., , 2010aDereboylu et al., 2010;Özler et al., 2013). 2) Trizonocolpate in the pollen of N. deflersiana (Figure 1: 2) which is confirmed by Celenk et al. (2008 b) and O. fruticosa subsp. ...
The pollen morphological characters of 6 species belonging to 4 genera of the subfamily Stachyoideae
(Lamiaceae) growing naturally in Saudi Arabia were investigated with the aid of light microscope (LM)
and scanning electron microscope (SEM), to find new features that might increase knowledge of pollen
morphology of the species, and also to help the taxonomic characterization of the Stachyoideae genera.
The morphological characters studied were size, shape, tectum surface ornamentation, number and
type of the colpi. The study indicated that the average size of the pollen was different among the species
since the smallest size was that of Nepeta deflersiana (P = 25.2 ± 2 and E = 15 ± 3) while the largest size
was that of Salvia aegyptiaca (P =36.5 ± 2 and E = 30.3 ± 2). Pollen shape is spheroidal to sub-spheroidal
or prolate. The fine structure of the exine of pollen was slightly different among investigated species.
The number and type of colpi of the pollen in species studied were 6-zonocolpate type except those of
N. deflersiana and Otostegia fruticosa ssp. schimperi having 3-zonocolpate.
... Pollen of five species in the present study share some common morphological features with the other Lamiaceae pollen (Perveen and Qaiser, 2003;Moon et al., 2008b;Özler et al., 2013) being generally isopolar and radially symmetrical, and mostly hexacolpate. Besides uniform general morphological characteristics including type and number of apertures, fine details of exine sculpturing and colpal features are characteristic to differentiate the taxa from each other (Özler et al., 2013). ...
To search for factors governing butterfly diversity patterns, we studied adult butterfly communities and their diet resources in and around the Aokigahara primeval woodland of Mount Fuji, central Japan. In case study 1, we established two study sites in the woodland interior, one at the edge of the woodland, and two in the adjacent semi-natural grassland. We monitored adult butterflies and their food items from May to October in 2005 using a transect method. The total number of butterfly species recorded was greatest in the woodland edge site (41 spp.), followed by those in semi-natural grassland sites (39 and 38 spp.). Fewer species were recorded in the woodland interior sites (28 and 20 spp.). This finding supports the commonly held view that butterfly diversity is highest in intermediate successional stages. We also recorded the 38 food items used by adult butterflies. Most were Spermatophyte plants with nectar bearing flowers. Adult butterflies particularly favored the flowers of perennial herbaceous plants. The total number of butterfly species in each site was significantly positively correlated with the number of herbaceous plant species present. Therefore, the high butterfly species richness in the mid-successional woodland edge and semi-natural grassland habitats appears to be due to the variety of favored food plants in these sites. Seven species mentioned in the Ministry of the Environment Red List were observed during this study. Their populations were predominantly concentrated in the semi-natural grassland sites, suggesting that the preservation of these habitats is important for conserving these endangered butterfly species. In case study 2, we analyzed the relationships between the diversities of vegetation, adult nectar plants, and butterflies in sites in and around the woodland different from those of the case study 1. As well as the results of the case study 1, the nectar resource utilization by adult butterflies deviated extremely to herbaceous plants, especially to perennials, compared to woody species, although most of the study area was in and near the woodland. There were more nectar plant species in sites with more plant species richness. Among the butterfly community indices analyzed, the strongest correlation was detected between butterfly species richness and nectar plant species richness in each site. Another close correlation was detected between the species richness of nectar plants and herbaceous plants in each site. In conclusion, nectar plant species richness is a highly important factor supporting adult butterfly species richness in and around woodland areas. Additionally, the maintenance of herbaceous plant species richness in a butterfly habitat, which leads to the maintenance of nectar plant species richness, is very important for conservation of butterfly diversity even in and around woodland landscape of temperate region.
... Pollen of five species in the present study share some common morphological features with the other Lamiaceae pollen (Perveen and Qaiser, 2003;Moon et al., 2008b;Özler et al., 2013) being generally isopolar and radially symmetrical, and mostly hexacolpate. Besides uniform general morphological characteristics including type and number of apertures, fine details of exine sculpturing and colpal features are characteristic to differentiate the taxa from each other (Özler et al., 2013). ...
In plant-ant mutualism, plants often provide foods, such as extrafloral nectar and food bodies, to ants. In return, the visiting ants protect the plants against herbivores. However, these plants also possess various direct defenses, including physical defense via trichomes and tough leaves, chemical defense using secondary metabolites. Why have plants evolved defensive mutualisms with ants even when possessing these direct defenses? To answer this question, we must clarify the costs and benefits of each defense trait, as well as its role in the overall defense strategy of the plant. Previous studies, however, have mostly dealt with the costs and benefits of particular defenses. Here, we review recent advances in the study of plant defense strategies involving the indirect defense provided by extrafloral nectar production and other defenses. First, we explain the benefits of each defense trait, with special reference to its efficacy against herbivores. Second, we review the costs of each defense trait. Next, we focus on differences in the use of each defense trait in response to habitat conditions and the value of plant tissue. Finally, we highlight the major gaps in our current knowledge and outline future research directions.
