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LDH activity of S. mutans with nicotine. S. mutans was treated with 0-4 mg/ml nicotine for 24 h in TSBS. Biofilm was washed and processed for LDH assay. The manufacturer's protocol was followed. Panel A demonstrates the overall biofilm LDH activity. Since nicotine stimulates S. mutans biofilm formation (Huang et al. 11 ), crystal violet assay was used to estimate the amount of biofilm in each treatment (data not shown). Panel B demonstrates the ratio of LDH assay over the crystal violet assay data. This represents unit cell LDH activity. Asterisks indicate significant difference between nicotine treated and non-treated. * P < 0.05, and ** P < 0.01.
Source publication
Several epidemiology studies have reported a positive relationship between smoking and dental caries. Nicotine, an alkaloid component of tobacco, has been demonstrated to stimulate biofilm formation and metabolic activity of Streptococcus mutans, one of the most important pathogens of dental caries. The first aim of the present study was to explore...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... mutans biofilm overall LDH activity was significantly increased at 1, 2 and 4 mg/ml nicotine (Fig. 4). However, after adjustment by the biofilm volume, which was determined by crystal violet assay (data not shown), there was no difference among those groups. This indicates nicotine does not directly affect LDH activity of S. mutans, but with the increased bacterial cell number by nicotine treatment, the overall biofilm LDH activity was ...
Context 2
... in a pH range of 5 to 6.2. 36 LDH deficiency is lethal to S. mutans due to accumulated toxic intermediate products such as pyruvate. 38,39 Since LDH activity is directly related to S. mutans lactic acid production, LDH is considered one of S. mutans major virulence factors. Although nicotine does not directly regulate S. mutans LDH activity (Fig. 4, panel B), nicotine increases total bacterial cells in the biofilm, the overall LDH activity is increased (Fig. 4, panel A). S. mutans biofilm lactate generation was significantly increased with 1 mg/ml nicotine treatment (unpublished ...
Context 3
... such as pyruvate. 38,39 Since LDH activity is directly related to S. mutans lactic acid production, LDH is considered one of S. mutans major virulence factors. Although nicotine does not directly regulate S. mutans LDH activity (Fig. 4, panel B), nicotine increases total bacterial cells in the biofilm, the overall LDH activity is increased (Fig. 4, panel A). S. mutans biofilm lactate generation was significantly increased with 1 mg/ml nicotine treatment (unpublished ...
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Streptococcus mutans primary thrives on the biofilm formation on the tooth surface in sticky biofilms and under certain conditions can lead to carious lesions on the tooth surface. To search for a new preventive material for oral biofilm-associated diseases, including dental caries, we investigated the effects of polypyrrole, which contains an elec...
Streptococcus mutans is a representative biofilm-forming bacterium that causes dental caries through glucosyltransferase (GTF) activity. Glucans are synthesized from sucrose by GTFs and provide binding sites for S. mutans to adhere tightly to the tooth enamel. Therefore, if a novel compound that interferes with GTF function is developed, biofilm fo...
Background. Biofilm formation by Streptococcus mutans bacteria on teeth leads to dental caries, which still remains one of the most prevalent human diseases strongly related to increase of dietary sucrose consumption in modern society. In the biofilm, sucrose is metabolized by S. mutans to acids causing tooth decay. S. mutans also produces glucosyl...
Citations
... These findings are further supported by the results of a meta-analysis conducted by Jiang et al. in which 10 of the 11 studies included in survey have found a positive correlation between smoking and dental caries [7]. The most probable cause for this should be the effect of cigarette smoke components, especially nicotine, on the proliferation, dental biofilm accumulation and metabolism of cariogenic bacteria, which was confirmed by several studies [8][9][10][11]). Results from an in vitro research by Huang et al. suggest that nicotine, depending on its concentration level, can have an inhibitory or stimulating effect on the proliferation and metabolic activity of Streptococcus mutans [8] The same study group conducted further research on the effect of nicotine on S. mutans in which they found that nicotine stimulates higher production rates of extracellular polysaccharides, promotes the activity of the bacterial enzyme lactate dehydrogenase in vitro. ...
... Results from an in vitro research by Huang et al. suggest that nicotine, depending on its concentration level, can have an inhibitory or stimulating effect on the proliferation and metabolic activity of Streptococcus mutans [8] The same study group conducted further research on the effect of nicotine on S. mutans in which they found that nicotine stimulates higher production rates of extracellular polysaccharides, promotes the activity of the bacterial enzyme lactate dehydrogenase in vitro. Furthermore, the exposure to nicotine stimulated bacterial cell aggregation and formation of a thicker biofilm [9]. A similar study was conducted on electric cigarettes (vaping), which compared their effect on S. mutans growth, adhesion, and biofilm formation with the effect that cigarette smoke has on the same factors. ...
... and amount of supragingival dental biofilm accumulation (FMPS). Previous in vitro studies have confirmed that components of cigarette smoke, which are the same as those in the aerosol formed from THS [12,13], have an effect on bacterial proliferation, metabolism, cell aggregation and biofilm formation, which are also dependent on the concentration of certain components, especially nicotine [8][9][10][11]. The two smoker groups have had elevated values in all said parameters, if not significant, they at least showed a tendency of increased values. The only exception to this was the amount of salivary Lactobacillus spp., which was most elevated in the non-smoker group. ...
Objectives
The study compared clinical characteristics and caries risk assessments between tobacco heating system (THS) smokers, cigarette smokers and non-smokers.
Materials and methods
General data, data regarding fluoridation, smoking and dietary habits was obtained through a questionnaire. Caries experience was assessed by the DMFT index; the amount of biofilm by the Full mouth plaque score index; the amount of salivation by the quantum of stimulated salivation test; salivary pH with pH indicator strips and salivary number of S.mutans and Lactobacilli by cultivation on agar plates. The Cariogram method was used to assess caries risk.
Results
No differences between the groups was detected regarding education level, average daily number of meals, fluoridation programs, systemic diseases, and caries experience. The groups significantly differed in the amount of salivary S.mutans and Lactobacilli (p < 0.001), accumulated biofilm (p = 0.034), salivation quantum (p < 0.001), and saliva pH (p = 0.009). Exposure to tobacco smoke and heated tobacco aerosol increased the accumulation of biofilm and decreased salivary pH. Smoking increased S. mutans, while THS consumption decreased salivation and Lactobacilli the most. The Cariogram analysis found no differences in chances of avoiding new caries lesions between the groups, but a significant difference in developing caries lesions due to dietary habits was detected (p < 0.001) with non-smokers having higher risk than smokers, but not than THS consumers.
Conclusions
THS and cigarette smoking were related to clinical characteristics that affect caries activity even though the caries risk assessment revealed no significant difference in the chances of avoiding new caries lesions between the groups.
Clinical relevance
THS and cigarette smokers could have higher caries activity than non-smokers. The clinical study protocol has been registered on ClinicalTrials.gov under the ID number: NCT06314100.
... 89,90 The influence of nicotine on the activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was also assessed. 91 Lactate dehydrogenase is an enzyme that catalyzes the last step in the bacterial glycolytic pathway, converting pyruvate to lactate. 92 Although nicotine does not directly affect LDH, it indirectly enhances its activity by increasing the total amount of bacteria. ...
The available literature indicates that smoking causes quantitative and qualitative changes in saliva. However, there is a lack of studies summarizing the knowledge in this area, and there are no clear guidelines on the use of salivary biomarkers for assessing exposure to cigarette smoke (CS). The present work aimed to provide a systematic review of the literature regarding the influence of smoking traditional and electronic cigarettes, as well as heat-not-burn products, on salivary homeostasis. An electronic search of the literature from 1982 to 2023 was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Based on the inclusion criteria, 65 studies were used for the final review. Smoking traditional as well as electronic cigarettes negatively affects salivary biomarkers, including the salivary flow rate, pH, antibody titer, electrolyte concentration, microflora composition, redox balance, and inflammation, in terms of both quantity and quality. However, to date, only single salivary biomarkers have been compared in traditional and electronic cigarette smokers. It can be concluded that the salivary production rate, pH, microbiome, and cytokines can be used to assess exposure to CS smoke. There is a lack of convincing evidence to compare the toxic influence of traditional and electronic cigarettes on salivary homeostasis. Future experiments should include long-term randomized clinical trials on larger populations of smokers.
... SrtA catalyzed the surface-associated protein P1 (SpaP) of S. mutans, which is involved in the initial adhesion process and biofilm formation (4,34). In addition, glucan-binding proteins (GbpCs), another surface-associated protein, mediate the bacterial attachment to glucans and biofilm formation of S. mutans (35,36). In our study, we found the gene expression of srtA, spaP, and gbpC were significantly lower in the BH-treated group compared to that of control group, which might explain its inhibitory effect on biofilm formation. ...
Streptococcus mutans ( S. mutans ) is one of the major cariogenic bacteria of dental caries owing to its ability to adhere to tooth surfaces and biofilm formation. Berberine chloride hydrate (BH), a quaternary ammonium salt alkaloid, has diverse pharmacological efforts against microorganisms. However, the effect of BH on S. mutans biofilm has not been reported. Considering that berberine is a quaternary ammonium salt alkaloid, which needs to adapt to a large variation in pH values and the acid resistance of S. mutans , we employed three groups including pH 5 (acidic), pH 8 (alkaline), and unprocessed group (neutral) to examine the antibiofilm activities of BH against S. mutans during different pH values. In this study, we found BH effectively suppresses S. mutans biofilm formation as well as its cariogenic virulence including acid production and EPS synthesis significantly, and the inhibitory effort was reduced under acidic condition whereas elevated under alkaline condition. In addition, we preliminarily explored the influence of pH values on the structural stability and biosafety of BHas well as the underlying mechanism of inhibition of S. mutans biofilm formation with BH. Our study showed BH could maintain a good structural stability and low toxicity to erythrocytes at different pH values. And BH could downregulate the expression of srtA, spaP, and gbpC, which play critical roles in the adhesion process, promoting bacterial colonization and biofilm formation. Furthermore, comX and ldh expression levels were downregulated in BH-treated group, which might explain its inhibitory effect on acid production.
IMPORTANCE
Dental caries is a common chronic detrimental disease, which could cause a series of oral problem including oral pain, difficulties in eating, and so on. Recently, many natural products have been considered as fundamental sources of therapeutic drugs to prevent caries. Berberine as a plant extract showed good antibiofilm abilities against microorganism. Our study focuses on its antibiofilm abilities against S. mutans, which was defined as major cariogenic bacterium and explored the role of pH values and possible underlying mechanisms in the inhibitory effect of BH on S. mutans biofilm formation. This study demonstrated a promising prospect for BH as an adjuvant drug in the prevention and management of dental caries.
... Biofilm formation is a pathogenicity mechanism employed by S. mutans. On the other hand, excessive use of antibiotics, in addition to side effects, leads to the development of this type of resistance and limitation of treatment options (7)(8)(9)(10). Therefore, seeking novel antimicrobial compounds with low side effects and lack of (or rare) induction of bacterial resistance mechanisms seems essential. ...
Background & Objectives: Due to the increasing trend of extensive antibiotic resistance among bacterial strains and side effects, seeking novel methods such as nanoparticles (NPs) is promising for infection eradication. Materials & Methods: Eighteen Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) clinical isolates were collected from dental plaques. Moreover, S. mutans ATCC25175 standard strain was obtained from Pasteur institute of Iran. Following preparation of nanoparticles, their antibacterial effects were assessed compared to chlorhexidine. The nickel NPs (Ni-NPs) was prepared and its antibacterial effect was compared to the 12% chlorhexidine. The minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations (MIC and MBC, respectively) of Ni-NP (dilution range: 0.125- 64µg/mL) were measured using broth microdilution method. Results: The nickel NPs (Ni-NPs) was prepared and its antibacterial effect was compared to the 12% chlorhexidine. The minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations (MIC and MBC, respectively) of Ni-NP (dilution range: 0.125-64µg/mL) were measured using broth microdilution method. The MIC and MBC levels of Ni-NP against the clinical isolates ranged 2-16µg/mL and 4-16µg/mL, respectively. These values against the S. mutans ATCC27175 standard strain included 4 and 8µg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, the MIC and MBC of chlorhexidine against clinical isolates ranged 8-64 and 32-64µg/mL, respectively, while both included 64µg/mL against standard strain (p<0.001). Conclusions: The results of this study outlined that Ni-NPs exert efficient antibacterial effect at nontoxic concentrations compared to 12% chlorhexidine.
... Green tea contains four major flavonoids which are: catechins epicatechin (EC), epigallocatechin (EGC), epicatechin gallate (ECG) and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) (25). Targeting the glucosyltransferase enzymes that convert sucrose in the diet into glucan, the building-block of the exopolysaccharide matrix, EGCG plays a crucial role in limiting the establishment and spread of biofilms (26). The results are line with the other studies indicated low concentrations of nicotine (1, 2, and 4 mg/ml) , Enhanced and increased the growth and metabolic activity of M.S (22). ...
Background: The aim in vitro study was to isolate and identify salivary mutans Streptococci and determine the ability of Green Tea Extracts and Nicotine to inhibit Growth, Biofilm Formation by salivary mutans streptococci. Materials and methods: This study included a convenient sample of 40 Iraqi volunteers aged 18–23 years old from College of Dentistry \University of Baghdad. Commercial green tea and nicotine were prepared in different concentration to use in agar diffusion method for detect the activity of extract, and ELISA reader in MTP was used to determine the ability of salivary mutans Streptococci to form biofilm in the presence / and absent of extracts.to measure the biofilm inhibition rate. Results: Mutans Streptococci were sensitive to green tea and nicotine in different concentrations the diameters of the inhibition zone were increase when the concentrations of the extracts increased. There was a significant difference between the concentrations of each concentration extracts, in their antibacterial activity, the MBC of green tea was (280 mg\ml). the MBC of nicotine was (45mg\ml). A recent study found that biofilm formation by mutans Streptococci was markedly decreased in the presence of 1\2 MBC of both green tea and nicotine with mean of O.D 590 nm = 0.54 in comparison with green tea extracts and nicotine alone O.D 590 nm = 0.15, 0.68 respectively. Conclusions: green tea and nicotine extracts in different concentration effectively reduced the biofilm formation of salivary M.S. While the presence of nicotine has negatively impacted on the ability of green tea extracts in the inhibition of biofilm formation by MS in vitro.
... In the present study, EPS results were not statistically significant in the presence of different concentrations of nicotine. Huang et al. 53) found similar results when using the same concentrations. Although the composition and quantity of the extracellular polymeric materials that form the matrix of the biofilm will change with the type of microorganism, environmental circumstances, and nutrition, this study demonstrated that the presence of nicotine did not significantly increase EPS production 54) . ...
Because nicotine upregulates the growth of most oral bacteria, this in vitro study investigated the antimicrobial effect of chlorhexidine-doped thin film on commercially pure titanium against Fusobacterium nucleatum (F. nucleatum) biofilm supplemented with different concentrations of nicotine (0, 1, and 2 mg/mL). Biofilms were formed on a chlorhexidine-doped thin film on commercially-pure-titanium discs and compared to the control groups. Biofilm viability, total biofilm growth using a spectrophotometer, extracellular polysaccharide content, and pH variations were assessed as dependent variables. Data were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey honest significant difference tests (α=0.05). F. nucleatum biofilm growth was inhibited when exposed to chlorhexidine-doped thin film (p<0.05). Biofilm supplemented with nicotine did not impact the synthesis of EPS on the same type of treatment (p>0.05). The pH values were significantly increased with the increase of nicotine concentration (p<0.05). Chlorhexidine-doped thin film was effective in reducing F. nucleatum biofilm supplemented with nicotine.
... Nicotine, an alkaloid component in cigarette smoking, stimulates biofilm formation and metabolic activity of Streptococcus mutans, one of the most important pathogens of [5] dental caries. ...
... Nicotine stimulates Streptococcus mutans planktonic cell glucosyltransferase (Gtf) synthesis and glucan-binding protein (Gbp) expression as a mechanism to increase planktonic cell attachment to biofilm matrix leading to an increased number of cells in the biofilm which causes the [5] development of more carious lesions in smoker. ...
Background: Cigarette smoking is a major public health challenge globally. It not only affects the general health but also impacts the oral health. It causes an array of oral health lesions including dental caries which causes pain and infection and can result in the requirement of the tooth to be extracted. Aim: The aim of the study is to investigate the relationship of cigarette smoking and dental caries in the adult population in the city of Hyderabad. Materials and Methods:This study was conducted by OroGlee Solutions Private Limited,Hyderabad.A total of 1019 subjects aged 18 to 60 years were examined. Oral examination was done using intraoral camera, mouth mirror and torch. Results: Percentage of smokers having dental caries was 89.4% and percentage of non smokers having dental caries was 81.8%. Chi square test was used to determine the significance of difference between the prevalence of caries in smokers and prevalence of caries in non smokers.It showed a statistically significant correlation between dental caries and smoking cigarette.Conclusion: Smoking leads to multiple oral health problems including high incidence of dental caries.The incidence of dental caries further increases in presence of coexisting factors such as poor oral hygiene, food habits, limited preventive dental visits and old age
... In the presence of sucrose, acidogenic S.mutans can produce extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) and fructose homopolysaccharides. The ability of S.mutans to produce vast amounts of EPS from sucrose is a key factor in its cariogenicity (6,7). S.mutans DNA has been found in a greater percentage of cardiovascular specimens than in other periodontal bacteria, suggesting involvement in a variety of cardiovascular disorders other than bacteremia and infective endocarditis (8,9). ...
Background & objective:
The spread and development of drug-resistant bacterial strains has prompted the hunt for novel antibacterial polypeptides undergoing conformational changes to confer rapid bactericidal effects. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of novel BMAP27-Melittin conjugated peptide- nanoparticle (NP) against Streptococcus mutans as the primary pathogen from subgingival plaques.
Methods:
Sixty subgingival plaque samples were collected, and 39 S. mutans isolates were identified. The BMAP27-Melittin conjugated peptide was purchased from GenScript Company, USA. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC), Biofilm Inhibitory Concentration (BIC), and Biofilm Eradication Concentration (BEC) of BMAP27-Melittin-NP were calculated using the microtiter method.
Results:
Thirty-nine infected subjects were reported, including 24 males and 15 females (P=0.299). MIC, MBC, BIC, and BEC of BMAP27-Melittin-NP against S. mutans were 1.8, 2.9, 2.1, and 3.8μg/mL, respectively. The mean MBC, BEC, and BIC values were significantly lower among clinical isolates than S. mutans ATCC 35688 standard strain (P=0.032, 0.001, and 0.001, respectively).
Conclusion:
BMAP27-Melittin-NP demonstrated significant antibacterial and anti-biofilm effects against clinical isolates of S. mutans which can be considered a promising compound to prevent or treat dental caries and eradicate the oral infections.
... In the presence of sucrose, acidogenic S.mutans can produce extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) and fructose homopolysaccharides. The ability of S.mutans to produce vast amounts of EPS from sucrose is a key factor in its cariogenicity (6,7). S.mutans DNA has been found in a greater percentage of cardiovascular specimens than in other periodontal bacteria, suggesting involvement in a variety of cardiovascular disorders other than bacteremia and infective endocarditis (8,9). ...
Background & Objective: The spread and development of drug-resistant bacterial strains has prompted the hunt for novel antibacterial polypeptides undergoing conformational changes to confer rapid bactericidal effects. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of novel BMAP27-Melittin conjugated peptide-nanoparticle (NP) against Streptococcus mutans as the primary pathogen from subgingival plaques. Methods: Sixty subgingival plaque samples were collected, and 39 S. mutans isolates were identified. The BMAP27-Melittin conjugated peptide was purchased from GenScript Company, USA. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC), Biofilm Inhibitory Concentration (BIC), and Biofilm Eradication Concentration (BEC) of BMAP27-Melittin-NP were calculated using the microtiter method. Results: Thirty-nine infected subjects were reported, including 24 males and 15 females (P=0.299). MIC, MBC, BIC, and BEC of BMAP27-Melittin–NP against S. mutans were 1.8, 2.9, 2.1, and 3.8μg/mL, respectively. The mean MBC, BEC, and BIC values were significantly lower among clinical isolates than S. mutans ATCC 35688 standard strain (P=0.032, 0.001, and 0.001, respectively). Conclusion: BMAP27-Melittin-NP demonstrated significant antibacterial and anti-biofilm effects against clinical isolates of S. mutans which can be considered a promising compound to prevent or treat dental caries and eradicate the oral infections.
... The acid production of S. mutans can be regulated by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), which is encoded by ldh. During carbohydrate metabolism, LDH promotes the synthesis of lactic acid, which dissolves the hard tissue of the tooth and cause caries over time [5]. The acid tolerance of S. mutans is mediated through the activity of F1F0-ATPase, which acts as a pump to expel protons from the cell to maintain the internal pH; thus, conferring a survival advantage under conditions of acid stress [6]. ...
Background
SCH-79797 was recently shown to be a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent with a dual-bactericidal mechanism. However, its anti-biofilm effect remains unknown.
Purpose
To investigate the effect of SCH-79797 on the biofilm formation of the cariogenic Streptococcus mutans
Methods and Results
Crystal violet staining, colony forming units count and MTT assays (for cell metabolic activity) revealed that S. mutans biofilm formation was significantly suppressed. In addition, virulence factors, including extracellular polysaccharides (investigated by bacterial/exopolysaccharide staining and the anthrone method) and acid production (investigated by lactic acid and supernatant pH detection) were also inhibited significantly. Moreover, the biofilm inhibitory effect of SCH-79797 was mediated through its repression of bacterial growth and not by a bactericidal effect, which was verified by growth curve and bacterial live/ dead staining, respectively. Quantitative real-time PCR results disclosed that SCH-79797 affected bacterial acid production and tolerance, polysaccharide synthesis and remodeling, biofilm formation and quorum sensing-related gene expression. In addition, SCH-79797 showed good biocompatibility as determined by cytotoxicity assays.
Conclusion
SCH-79797 had an anti-biofilm effect and showed application prospects in the control of dental caries.
