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LC/ESI-MS/MS chromatogram of authentic vitamin B 12. Vitamin B 12 was analyzed with LCMS-IT-TOF (Shimadzu) as described in the text. The total ion chromatogram (TIC) of authentic vitamin B 12 is shown in panel (a). The mass spectrum of an ion peak from vitamin B 12 is shown in panel (b). The magnified mass spectrum from m/z 678 to 680 in vitamin B 12 is shown as an insert. The MS/MS spectrum of the peak of vitamin B 12 is shown in panel (c).
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Context 1
... evaluate escargot vitamin B 12 compounds, each vitamin B 12 extract was purified using a vitamin B 12 immu- noaffinity column and analyzed by LC/ESI-MS/MS. Authentic vitamin B 12 was eluted as peak with a retention time of 7.50 min (Figure 2(a)). Mass spectrum of authentic B 12 indicated that a doubly charged ion with an m/z of 678.2883 [M + 2H] 2+ was prominent (Figure 2(b)). The exact mass calculated from its formula (C 63 H 88 CoN 14 O 14 P) was 1354.5674, and the isotope distribution data showed that vitamin B 12 was the major doubly charged ion un- der the LC/ESI-MS conditions used in our assay. The MS/MS spectrum of authentic vitamin B 12 indicated that the dominant ion at m/z 359.0984 was attributable to the nucleotide moiety. The vitamin B 12 compounds purified from escargots were eluted as three ion peaks with m/z 679.7834, m/z 678.2914, and m/z 695.7657 at retention times of 7.35 min, 7.50 min, and 7.65 min, respectively (Figure 3(a)). The mass spectrum of the ion peak with m/z 678.2914 at a retention time of 7.50 min showed that the doubly charged ion was formed at m/z 678.2876 (Figure 3(b)). The MS/MS spectrum of the compound was identical to that of vitamin B 12 ( Figure 3(c)). The mass spectra of the ion peaks with retention times of 7.35 min and 7.65 min showed that the doubly charged ions were formed at m/z 679.7817 and 695.7633, respectively (Figure 3(d) and Figure 3(f)). The MS/MS spectra of the ion peaks of m/z 679.7817 and 695.7633 indicated that the dominant ions at m/z 362.0846 and m/z 394.0537, respectively, were attributable to each nucleotide moiety of these compounds; these spectral data coincided with the masses of nucleotide moieties of factor IIIm or methoxybenzimidazolyl cyanocobamide (C 62 H 86 CoN 14 O 15 P, 1356.5467) and factor S or 2-methylmercaptoadenyl cyanocobamide (C 60 H 85 CoN 17 O 14 PS, 1389.5252) (Figure 4). The results indicated that canned escargots (boiled plain) contained vitamin B 12 and oth- er two inactive corrinoid compounds, which are identified as factor IIIm and factor S. The similar results were obtained in the remaining samples B, C, D, and E. Relative contents of factor IIIm (34.4% ± 8.6%) and factor S (25.8% ± 6.9%) against vitamin B 12 (100%) were shown in these samples from calculating height of respective three peaks at 360 ...
Context 2
... evaluate escargot vitamin B 12 compounds, each vitamin B 12 extract was purified using a vitamin B 12 immu- noaffinity column and analyzed by LC/ESI-MS/MS. Authentic vitamin B 12 was eluted as peak with a retention time of 7.50 min (Figure 2(a)). Mass spectrum of authentic B 12 indicated that a doubly charged ion with an m/z of 678.2883 [M + 2H] 2+ was prominent (Figure 2(b)). The exact mass calculated from its formula (C 63 H 88 CoN 14 O 14 P) was 1354.5674, and the isotope distribution data showed that vitamin B 12 was the major doubly charged ion un- der the LC/ESI-MS conditions used in our assay. The MS/MS spectrum of authentic vitamin B 12 indicated that the dominant ion at m/z 359.0984 was attributable to the nucleotide moiety. The vitamin B 12 compounds purified from escargots were eluted as three ion peaks with m/z 679.7834, m/z 678.2914, and m/z 695.7657 at retention times of 7.35 min, 7.50 min, and 7.65 min, respectively (Figure 3(a)). The mass spectrum of the ion peak with m/z 678.2914 at a retention time of 7.50 min showed that the doubly charged ion was formed at m/z 678.2876 (Figure 3(b)). The MS/MS spectrum of the compound was identical to that of vitamin B 12 ( Figure 3(c)). The mass spectra of the ion peaks with retention times of 7.35 min and 7.65 min showed that the doubly charged ions were formed at m/z 679.7817 and 695.7633, respectively (Figure 3(d) and Figure 3(f)). The MS/MS spectra of the ion peaks of m/z 679.7817 and 695.7633 indicated that the dominant ions at m/z 362.0846 and m/z 394.0537, respectively, were attributable to each nucleotide moiety of these compounds; these spectral data coincided with the masses of nucleotide moieties of factor IIIm or methoxybenzimidazolyl cyanocobamide (C 62 H 86 CoN 14 O 15 P, 1356.5467) and factor S or 2-methylmercaptoadenyl cyanocobamide (C 60 H 85 CoN 17 O 14 PS, 1389.5252) (Figure 4). The results indicated that canned escargots (boiled plain) contained vitamin B 12 and oth- er two inactive corrinoid compounds, which are identified as factor IIIm and factor S. The similar results were obtained in the remaining samples B, C, D, and E. Relative contents of factor IIIm (34.4% ± 8.6%) and factor S (25.8% ± 6.9%) against vitamin B 12 (100%) were shown in these samples from calculating height of respective three peaks at 360 ...
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... 8 5-Methoxybenzimidazolyl and 2-methylmercaptoadenyl cobamides are found in escargots. 9 Impact statement To prevent vitamin B 12 (B 12 ) deficiency in high-risk populations such as vegetarians and elderly subjects, it is necessary to identify foods that contain high levels of B 12 . B 12 is synthesized by only certain bacteria and archaeon, but not by plants or animals. ...
Vitamin B 12 is synthesized only by certain bacteria and archaeon, but not by plants. The synthesized vitamin B 12 is transferred and accumulates in animal tissues, which can occur in certain plant and mushroom species through microbial interaction. In particular, the meat and milk of herbivorous ruminant animals (e.g. cattle and sheep) are good sources of vitamin B 12 for humans. Ruminants acquire vitamin B 12 , which is considered an essential nutrient, through a symbiotic relationship with the bacteria present in their stomachs. In aquatic environments, most phytoplankton acquire vitamin B 12 through a symbiotic relationship with bacteria, and they become food for larval fish and bivalves. Edible plants and mushrooms rarely contain a considerable amount of vitamin B 12 , mainly due to concomitant bacteria in soil and/or their aerial surfaces. Thus, humans acquire vitamin B 12 formed by microbial interaction via mainly ruminants and fish (or shellfish) as food sources. In this review, up-to-date information on vitamin B 12 sources and bioavailability are also discussed.
Impact statement
To prevent vitamin B 12 (B 12 ) deficiency in high-risk populations such as vegetarians and elderly subjects, it is necessary to identify foods that contain high levels of B 12 . B 12 is synthesized by only certain bacteria and archaeon, but not by plants or animals. The synthesized B 12 is transferred and accumulated in animal tissues, even in certain plant tissues via microbial interaction. Meats and milks of herbivorous ruminant animals are good sources of B 12 for humans. Ruminants acquire the essential B 12 through a symbiotic relationship with bacteria inside the body. Thus, we also depend on B 12 -producing bacteria located in ruminant stomachs. While edible plants and mushrooms rarely contain a considerable amount of B 12 , mainly due to concomitant bacteria in soil and/or their aerial surfaces. In this mini-review, we described up-to-date information on B 12 sources and bioavailability with reference to the interaction of microbes as B 12 -producers.
The microbiological assay of total cobalamin (vitamin B12) by Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis ATCC7830 is now used worldwide in food analysis because of its high sensitivity, low running cost, and no expensive instruments. It has been recently reported that some foods contain a substantial number of inactive corrinoid compounds, some of which are active in this bacterium. These results indicate that the microbiological method must be replaced with high-performance liquid chromatography or liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry as there can specifically determine biologically active cobalamin. Nowadays, powerful tools, such as immunoaffinity columns, purify cobalamin simply and specifically. In this chapter, we summarized the determination methods of cobalamin and related compounds in foods. Various inactive corrinoids found in foods were also characterized.
In this study, we determined the vitamin B12 content of commercially-available edible insect products using a bioassay based on Lactobacillus delbrueckii ATCC 7830. Although the vitamin content of giant water bug, bee larva, grasshopper, and weaver ant products was low, we found that diving beetle and cricket products contained relatively high amounts of vitamin B12 (approximately 89.5 and 65.8 µg/100 g dry weight, respectively). In the cricket products most widely circulated as foods, specific corrinoid (vitamin B12) compounds were extracted and identified using ultra-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC–MS/MS). Despite the bioassay detecting high vitamin B12 content (approximately 50–75 µg/100 g dry weight) in these cricket products, UPLC–MS/MS analysis indicated that pseudovitamin B12 and 2-methylmercaptoadenyl cobamide (also known as factor S) were actually the predominant corrinoid compounds (∼74% and ∼21%, respectively), with authentic vitamin B12 making up only 5% of total corrinoids.
Vitamin B12 is synthesized by only certain bacteria and archaea but not by animals or plants. In marine environments, bacterial vitamin B12 is transferred and concentrated into fish and shellfish bodies by plankton in the marine food chain. Moreover, marine macrophytic red algae, Porphyra spp. specifically contain substantial amounts of vitamin B12, due to microbial interaction. Although some meats or viscera of edible fish and shellfish are excellent sources of biologically active vitamin B12, an inactive corrinoid, pseudovitamin B12, was found in some edible shellfish using liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization–tandem mass spectrometry. To prevent elderly people from developing vitamin B12 deficiency due to food protein-bound vitamin B12 malabsorption, we present a survey of marine foods containing free vitamin B12. The results of our study suggest that bonito and clam extracts (or soup stocks), which contain considerable amounts of free vitamin B12 are useful not only as seasonings and flavorings but also as excellent sources of free vitamin B12.
Over the past two decades, biotechnologies have provided a motor for innovation and sustainability in many economies all around the world by developing new processes and products in a bio-economy approach. Besides food and feed, increasing interest on biomass derived fuels, chemicals and materials, sustainably sourced and produced, has raised, providing an alternative to heavy reliance on finite fossil fuel resources. One of the most innovative and promising sectors of the bio-economy is related to bio-based products, obtained in part or entirely from organic biomass, which account for about 16% of world production of bio-economy’s products. Plant biomass is rich in high added value compounds; mainly antioxidants and fibres, which once extracted can serve as green fine chemicals or can be used in food supplements and/or nutraceutical sector.
A great deal of evidence has established that the secondary compounds of higher plants (i.e. polyphenols) inhibit and/or quench free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS) thus protecting against oxidative damage. These compounds can therefore be exploited as additives in a large number of different commodities, such as plastics and nanomaterials.
This chapter gives an insight into the relevant research results regarding the valorization of polyphenol fractions extracted from agricultural wastes, focusing on those derived from fruit production and transformation. Structure-activity relationships will be discussed in view of their use in the field of innovative materials.
Vitamin B12 was determined and characterized in 19 dried Chlorella health supplements. Vitamin contents of dried Chlorella cells varied from < 0.1 μg to approximately 415 μg per 100 g dry weight. Subsequent liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry analyses showed the presence of inactive corrinoid compounds, a cobalt-free corrinoid, and 5-methoxybenzimidazolyl cyanocobamide (factor IIIm) in four and three high vitamin B12-containing Chlorella tablets, respectively. In four Chlorella tablet types with high and moderate vitamin B12 contents, the coenzyme forms of vitamin B12 5'-deoxyadenosylcobalamin (approximately 32%) and methylcobalamin (approximately 8%) were considerably present, whereas the unnaturally occurring corrinoid cyanocobalamin was present at the lowest concentrations. The species Chlorella sorokiniana (formerly C. pyrenoidosa) is commonly used in dietary supplements and did not show an absolute requirement of vitamin B12 for growth despite vitamin B12 uptake from the medium being observed. In further experiments, vitamin B12-dependent methylmalonyl-CoA mutase and methionine synthase activities were detected in cell homogenates. In particular, methionine synthase activity was significantly increased following the addition of vitamin B12 to the medium. These results suggest that vitamin B12 contents of Chlorella tablets reflect the presence of vitamin B12 generating organic ingredients in the medium or the concomitant growth of vitamin B12-synthesizing bacteria under open culture conditions.
